CONTENTS

Listening Exercise Section p2

Reading Exercise Section p29

Listening Tapescripts p67

Reading Vocabulary p107

Answer Keys p153

1
LISTENING
EXERCISE SECTION

2
UNIT 1
Listen and complete the form. Write no more than TWO
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Exam advice

Form completion
Dubai Palm Apartments • Before you listen, think what
Enquiry taken by: Amanda information you need for each gap.
Name: 1……………………… • Do not write more words than the
instructions tell you to.
Address: 37 2……………………… Vienna
• Write words or numbers you hear.
Telephone number: 3………………………

Number of people: four

Starting date: 4……………………… January

Length of stay: 5………………………

Price per day: maximum 6……………………… euros

Other requirements:

o fully equipped 7………………………

o view of 8………………………
o air conditioning must be 9………………………
o 10……………………… for car

3
UNIT 2

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A Note completion

NUMBER for each answer. Exam advice

Name: Sanjay 1……………………… • Before you listen, decide

Age: 2……………………… what information you

need and what type of
Occupation: 3………………………
word or number you can
Other expeditions: write in each gap.
• Write words you hear and
• has crossed 4………………………
spell them correctly
• has climbed Mount 5………………………

Special skills:

• has done a 6………………………

• can speak 7………………………

Qualifications:

• degree in 8………………………

Free-time activities:

• 9………………………
• keeping 10………………………

4
UNIT 3

Listen and label the diagram. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer

Questions 6-10. Choose the correct letter: A, B Exam advice

or C. Labelling a diagram
6 At approximately what time will the ship arrive? • Look at the diagram and
A at 7 a.m. decide what type(s) of word
B at 8 a.m. you need.
C at 9 a.m.
• Look at the words on the
diagram and listen for similar
7 Which of these can children have in the
words and phrases to tell
restaurant?
you the answer is coming
A a children's menu
B earlier mealtimes
C a children's party

5
8 What are available at a reduced price?
A souvenirs of the ship
B first-class cabins
C train tickets

9 Which of these is situated in the lounge?

A a computer
B a coffee machine
C a television

10 What special event will happen during the voyage?

A a fashion show
B a concert
C a competition

6
UNIT 4

Questions 1-6. Complete the notes below. Exam advice

Electronics exhibition Sentence completion

1 The first section deals with electronics designed Underline the key idea(s) in each
to……………………. the environment. sentence and think what information

2 One new device is for checking……………….. you need to complete the sentences.

temperatures at different levels.

3 The theme of the second section is children and their........................

4 There are a number of inventions to avoid an…………….. in the home.

5 They demonstrate a device for checking if older children are at………………….

6 The third section contains devices for dealing with………………….

Questions 7-10. Listen and write the words when you hear them

7. Which TWO reasons does Irina give for

Exam advice
visiting the exhibition?
Pick from a list
A to meet a friend
• Underline the key idea in each
B to improve her knowledge question.

C to buy something • Listen carefully: you may hear

something about the wrong answers
D to check prices as well as the correct answers, and
the speakers may not use the same
E to entertain her child words as in the questions.

8 Which TWO devices has Irina bought recently?

A a calculator

B a computer

7
C a camera

D a phone

E a digital recorder

9 What TWO things does Irina like about the building?

A the electric lights

B the space

C the activity

D the ceiling

E the entrance

10 Which TWO problems did Irina have coming to the exhibition?

A driving in heavy traffic

B finding the car park

C parking the car

D waiting to enter the exhibition

E standing outside in the rain

8
UNIT 5

Listen and complete the table. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer

Animal World - today's events

Name of event Location Type of event Time

The World of the 1…………. 2 …………. 11 a.m.

Ants

3 …………….. 4 ……………. film 12 noon

Encouraging Exhibition Room demonstration 2.30 p.m.

5 …………….

Birds of Prey the lawn 6 ……………. 7……………. p.m.

Exam advice
Table completion

• Before you listen, read the table to

see what information you are given
and what information you need.
• You hear the answers in the same
order as the questions in the table.

9
Now listen and write the correct
letter (A-G), next to these
questions (1-3).

1. gift shop
2. restaurant
3. picnic area

Exam advice
Labelling a map or plan

Before you listen, check where

each of the options is in
relation to where:

• you are on the

map/plan;
• the things are which are
already labelled.

10
UNIT 6

What helped each person to become successful?

Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to Questions 1-4.

People Reasons for success

1 the film maker A. a personal style

B. a lot of money
2 the ballet dancer
C. an invention
3 the scientist D. a wise decision
E. a change of job
4 the chef

Questions 5-10. Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Questions 5-6. Which TWO criteria will the students

Exam advice
use to choose a successful person?
Matching

A. age
• Read the questions
B. gender
and options and
C. individual talent
think about what
D. fame
they mean.
E. global importance
• You hear the
answers in the same
order as the
questions

11
Questions 7-8 Which TWO things do the students agree to do before they meet again?

A. write a biography
B. conduct more research
C. find photographs
Exam advice
D. write a talk
Pick from a list
E. plan a seminar

• Underline the key idea

Questions 9-10 Which TWO things do the students
in each question.
agree are linked to success?
• Quickly read through
A. wealth the options before you
B. experience listen.
C. talent • Remember to choose
D. effort two answers for each
E. location question

12
UNIT 7

Listen and complete the form Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER for each answer

Online Writing Course

Request for brochure

First name: Alex

Last name: 1……………………..

Address: Flat 4A, 396 2…………………….. Road

Town/ City: Preston

Postcode: 3 ……………………..

Phone number: 4 ……………………..

Email address: [email protected]

Message box: deliver brochure 5 ……………………..

Exam advice
Form completion

• Use the words already on the form

to help you listen for the answers
you need.
• Check your spelling is correct.

13
 Questions 6-10 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

6. The caller wants to do a writing 8. How much does the course cost?
course to help with
A. £340
A. his hobby. B. £375
B. his job. C. £400
C. his children's education.
9. Alex's first assignment will be about
7. What does the course pack include? his

A. multimedia items A. family life.

B. a list of books to buy B. school experiences.
C. lesson and assignment dates C. expectations of the course.

10. What does the feedback include?

Exam advice
Multiple choice A. a tutorial
B. an exercise
• Underline the key idea(s) in C. a discussion group
each question.
• Listen for the same words or
words that have the same
meaning. This will tell you
that the answer is coming.
• Match what you hear to the
correct option - you may hear
the same words or a
paraphrase of the answer.

14
UNIT 8

Questions 1-5. Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/ OR A NUMBER.
1. Keep your ………….. in a safe place
Exam advice
throughout your visit.
Sentence completion
2. Pass through the ………….. to enter and
• Use words in the sentence to help
leave the museum.
you listen for the answer.
3. You need to buy a………….. if you want
• Check the completed sentences are
to use a camera in the museum.
grammatically correct.
4. Look after your ………….. and mobile
phone.
5. Arrive at the cinema about………….. before the start of the show.

Questions 6-10. Complete the table below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Exam advice .
Table completion
Use the title and headings in the table to
focus your listening.
3D film choice

Name of film Time What you will see

The Secrets of Nile 10 am the first 6…………………along the river Nile

7………………ocean 11.45 am life at the bottom of the sea

Dinosaurs Alive 8…………………… A re-creation of a 9…………………… of dinosaur

A trip across the 10……………… and a dive in the

Arabia 2.30 pm
Red Sea

15
UNIT 9
Exam advice
Matching
Questions 1-5. What comment does the tutor make about
each part of the presentation? • You may have to use the
same option more than
Write lite correct letter, A-C, next to Questions 1–5.
once.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
• Use the key ideas in each
question to help you

Parts of Presentation
1. the introduction
Comments
2. the background
A. lt needs to be shorter.
3. the description of the process
B. The ideas are difficult to follow.
4. the advantages/disadvantages
C. Some information should be added.
5. the conclusion

16
Questions 6-10
Exam advice
Complete the flow chart below.
Flow-chart completion
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for answer.
• Read through the flow
chart to understand the
The desalination process
process.
Introductory point: a 6 …………………… can desalinate
• Read around the gaps
sea water using its throat.
to predict the missing
information
Collection: sea water passes through a canal into the
7……………………

Treatment: rubbish is removed.

Salt removal: sea water passes through a membrane under

high pressure; a very 8………………… process.

Produces fresh water and salty brine - can harm

9……………………

Use: human consumption and irrigating 10………………

17
UNIT 10

Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Traditional Samoan Houses

Exam advice
Overall design
Note completion
• house: round or 1……….
• Use the headings and key
• no walls
ideas in the questions to help
• 2………....: to shelter occupants from wind and
you keep your place.
rain
• Read the notes through
• floor: .................. to control temperature
afterwards to check that they
Roof
make sense and that words
• dome-shaped and thatched using 4
are spelled correctly.
..............leaves.
• 5 ................. prevent dampness
• high top permits 6……….. loss
Supporting posts
• made using wood from the 7…………… around the village
• used to show 8 .......... of chiefs and speakers at meetings
• attached using rope made by the 9………….. in the village
• rope pulled tightly to form a 10………. around beams and posts

18
UNIT 11
Listen and answer the questions 1–5.
Complete the form below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

International Social Club (Application form) Exam advice

Name: Jenny Foo Form completion
Age: 21 • While you read the questions,
Nationality: 1………… think what type of information you
Address: 2…………………… Road, Bondi need for each gap.
Mobile phone: 3……………………. • You will often hear someone
Occupation: 4……………… spell a name or say a number.
Free-time interests: Singing and 5……………….. Make sure you know how to say
letters and numbers in English.
• Write numbers as figures, not
words.

Listen and answer the questions 6–10. Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
6. According to Don, what might be a problem for Jenny?
A. her accent
B. talking to her colleagues
C. understanding local people

7 How many members does the club have now?

A. 30
B. 50
C. 80

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8 How often does the club meet?
Exam advice
A. once a week
Multiple choice
B. once every two weeks
• Before you listen, underline
C. once a month
the key idea in each question.
• The correct answer is often
9 What is the club’s most frequent type of activity?
expressed using different words
A. a talk
from the words in the question.
B. a visit
C. a meal

10 The main purpose of the club is to help members to

A. meet Australians.
B. learn about life in Australia.
C. enjoy themselves together.

20
UNIT 12
Listen and answer questions 1-6. Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Exam advice
Customer’s name: Igor Petrov
Note and table completion
Length of holiday: 1……………
Will pay up to: 2……………. • Check how many words you are allowed to use.

Told him about 3……………for advance • Take care to spell your answers correctly.
• Write numbers as figures, not words.
payments
Need quote for 4…………… during
holiday
Requires 5……………… on plane
Must check if he needs a 6………………

Listen and answer questions 7-10. Complete the table below. Write ONE OR TWO
WORDS for each answer.

Eco-holidays
Type of holiday Accommodation Advantage
Dumbarton Watching animals House in a 7…….. Close to nature
Tablelands
Bago Nature Live with a 8…….. Village house Learn about way
Reserve of life
San Luis Island Working in a Hostel Holiday location
9…….. without 10……..

21
UNIT 13
Listen and answer the questions 1-5. Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
1. According to Debbie, why do some people fail to eat a balanced diet?
A. They don't know how to cook.
Exam advice
B. They don't have enough time to cook.
Multiple choice
C. They don't feel hungry enough to cook.
• Listen for the correct idea
or information - don't just
2. Debbie recommends that staff should keep fit by
match words.
A. using a gym.
• Make sure you answer all
B. taking up a new sport.
the questions.
C. changing some daily activities.

3. Which benefit of exercise does Debbie think is most important?

A. It helps you sleep.
B. It keeps your heart healthy.
C. It improves mental skills.

4 What advice does Debbie give the nurses about health and safety?
A. to avoid drinking coffee
B. to use the canteen at night
C. to take regular breaks

5 When she talks about hygiene, Debbie asks the nurses to

A. wash their hands regularly.
B. keep away from germs.
C. help with the cleaning.

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Listen and answer the questions 6-10. Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-
H, next to questions 6-10.

6 recreation centre ……….

7 health centre ……….
Exam advice
8 swimming pool and sauna ……….
Labelling a map or plan
9 health-food store ……….
• Look at the location of each
10 Jenny's Restaurant ……….
option on the map.
• The answer will come in the
same order as the questions.
• Listen for each place name
and follow the speaker's
directions.

23
UNIT 14
Listen and answer the questions 1-4
Which bank provides the following?
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A- F, next to questions
1-4.

A Evergreen D International Union

Exam advice
B Finley’s E Moneysafe
Matching
C Great Western F Northern Star
• Underline the key idea in
each question. Sometimes
1 a branch on the campus ……………. you will have to underline
2 a free gift for new customers ……………. the whole phrase.
3 special interest rates for students ……………. • Write only one letter for
4 no bank charges for certain customers ……………. each question - you will not
need to use all the letters.

Listen and answer the questions 5-10

24
UNIT 15
Listen and answer the questions 1-4. Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Questions 1-2
Which TWO activities will students do as part of Amanda's assignment?
A. analyse their own speech
B. record other students' speech
C. read something from a book Exam advice

D. repeat part of a lecture Pick from a list

E. remember part of a lecture • Underline the key ideas in the

question(s).

Questions 3-4 • Read through the options and

Which TWO features must Amanda check remember that only two of them are
when she chooses the extract? correct.
A. the time it takes to read • As you listen. tick the options you
B. the overall organisation hear. The correct answers may not
C. the number of words come in the same order in the
D. the number of sentences recording as they do in the question.
E. the inclusion of key ideas

25
Questions 5-8
Exam advice
Which comments do the speakers make about each
Matching
lecture?
• Underline key ideas in the
Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the
question and options.
correct letter, A - F, next to Questions 5-8.
• You will hear the answers to the
questions in the same order as the
questions appear on the pa per.

Lectures
Comments
5 History of English ………….
A The content is repetitive.
6 Gestures and signs………….
B It a long time to write
7 Intonation patterns…………..
C It was shorter than the others
8 Language and rhythm…………….
D It was well structured
E The content is relevant
F The topic was popular

Questions 9-10. Answer the questions below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each Exam advice
answer. Short-answer questions
Which TWO pieces of equipment will the • Underline the key ideas in
students use in the study? the question.
9 ............................... • Make sure you don't use
10 ............................... more words than you are
allowed.
• Check that you have spelled
your answers correctly.

26
UNIT 16
Questions 1-5. Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
1. What problem does Fumiko have with her psychology project?
A. She isn't interested in the topic.
B. She can't find enough information.
C. She doesn't know what to focus on. Exam advice
Listening Sections 1-4
2. What point does Victor make about • Look quickly at the number of tasks
Fumiko's tutor? and the number of questions in each
A. He explores his students' key interests. task.
B. He is a very hard-working member of • Use the signals you hear and the key
staff. ideas you underline to help you answer
C. He uses a limited range of project titles. the questions.
• Leave any questions you cannot do;
3. What has Fumiko already read on her topic? try to answer them when the recording
A. book extracts has finished.
B. journal articles
C. internet material

4. According to Mr Dresden, Fumiko's project must include

A. some graphic data.
B. a bibliography.
C. a public survey.

5. Victor and Fumiko arrange to

A. get in contact in half an hour.
B. meet up in the library.
C. have lunch together.

27
Listen and answer the questions 6-10. Complete the flow chart below. Write NO MORE
THAN TWO WORDS for each answer

Fumiko’s plan

Define 6……….using a diagram

Background: relationships in the 7………, e.g. apes

Present an overview of the 8……….. for human

relationships, e.g work, home

Look at six 9…………….. involved in a friendship (plus

survey)

Predict the future 10……….on friendship

28
 READING
EXERCISE SECTION

29
UNIT 1
The life of the European bee-eater
A brilliant movement of colour as it catches its food in the air, the European bee-eater
moves between three continents.

True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees (though their diet includes just about any flying
insect). When the bird catches a bee, it returns to its tree to get rid of the bees poison,
which it does very efficiently. It hits the insect's head on one side of the branch, then
rubs its body on the other. The rubbing makes its prey harmless.

European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form families that breed in the spring and
summer across an area that extends from Spain to Kazakhstan. Farmland and river
valleys provide huge numbers of insects. Flocks of bee-eaters follow tractors as they
work fields. When the birds come upon a beehive, they eat well - a researcher once
found a hundred bees in the stomach of a bee-eater near a hive.

European bees pass the winter by sleeping in their hives, which cuts off the bee-eater's
main source of food. So, in late summer, bee-eaters begin a long, dangerous journey.
Massive flocks from Spain, France and northern Italy cross the Sahara desert to their
wintering grounds in West Africa. Bee-eaters from Hungary and other parts of Central
and Eastern Europe cross the Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Desert to winter in
southern Africa. 'It's an extremely risky stratagem, this migration,' says C. Hilary Fry, a
British ornithologist who has studied European bee-eaters for more than 45 years. 'At
least 30 percent of the birds will be killed by predators before they make it back to
Europe the following spring.'

In April, they return to Europe. Birds build nests by digging tunnels in riverbanks. They
work for up to 20 days. By the end of the job, they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of soil -
more than 80 times their weight.

The nesting season is a time when families help each other, and sons or uncles help
feed their father's or brother's chicks as soon as they come out of their eggs. The
helpers benefit, too: parents with helpers can provide more food for chicks to continue
the family line.

It's a short, spectacular life. European bee-eaters live for five to six years. The
difficulties of migration and avoiding predators along the way affect every bird. Bee-
eaters today also find it harder to find food, as there are fewer insects around as a result
of pesticides. Breeding sites are also disappearing, as rivers are turned into concrete-
walled canals.

30
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

1 Bee-eaters’ prey are bees and

other ……………… Exam advice

2 Bee-eaters need to remove Sentence completion

the ………………from bees before
• Underline the key idea in each question.
eating them.
• Decide what type of information you
3 There is plenty of food for bee-eaters
need to complete the sentence.
on agricultural land and
Read the section of the passage which
in………………
deals with the key idea and choose your
4 Bee-eaters migrate to spend the winter in different answer.
parts of………………

5 Because of………………, almost one-third of bee-eaters do not survive migration.

Read the completed sentence to make sure it
6 Bee-eaters make nests in………………, which they build themselves.
is grammatically correct.

7 When nesting, the………………receive food from different family members.

8 One problem for bee-eaters is………………, which have reduced the amount of food available.

31
UNIT 2
The world’s friendliest city
A team of social psychologists from California has
spent six years studying the reactions of people in Exam advice
cities around the world to different situations. The
Table completion
results show that cities where people have less money
generally have friendlier populations. Rio de Janeiro in • Quickly look for words and
Brazil, which is often known for its crime, comes out phrases in the passage
top, and the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third.
which mean the same as
But what makes one city friendlier than another? The words and phrases in the
psychologists from California State University say it table (for example: not
has got more to do with environment than culture or
many - few; well-known -
nationality.
famous), then read around
They carried out a study into the way locals treated those words carefully.
strangers in 23 cities around the world. The team
• Copy the words from the
conducted their research through a series of tests,
where they dropped pens or pretended they were passage into the table
blind and needed help crossing the street. exactly as you see them.

The study concludes that people are more helpful in

cities with a more relaxed way of life such as Rio. While they were there, researchers
received help in 93 percent of cases, and the percentage in Lilong we was only a little
lower. However, richer cities such as Amsterdam and New York are considered the
least friendly. Inhabitants of Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 percent of cases
and in New York just 44 percent. The psychologists found that, in these cities, people
tend to be short of time, so they hurry and often ignore strangers.

Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

City Positive aspects Negative aspects % of help received

• friendly
• People don’t have so
inhabitants
Rio de much 2……………….
93%
Janeiro • more 1………….. • Has reputation
for 3 …………………..
lifestyle

32
 People .........

Amsterdam • richer Amsterdam: 53% New

• have little 4 ……………..
and New York York: 44%
• don’t pay attention
to 5 ……………………

33
UNIT 3

Mau Piailug, ocean navigator

Mau sailed from Hawaii to Tahiti using traditional methods.

In early 1976, Mau Piailug, a fisherman, led an expedition in which he sailed a

traditional Polynesian boat across 2,500 miles of ocean from Hawaii to Tahiti. The
Polynesiai Voyaging Society had organised the expedition. Its purpose was to find out if
seafarers in the distant past could have found their way from one island to the other
without navigational instruments, or whether the islands had been populated by
accident. At the time, Mau was the only man alive who knew how to navigate just by
observing the stars, the wind and the sea. He had never before sailed to Tahiti, which
was a long way to the south. However, he understood how the wind and the sea behave
around islands, so he was confident he could find his way. The voyage took him and his
crew a month to complete and he did it without a compass or charts.

His grandfather began the task of teaching him how to navigate when he was still a
baby. He showed him pools of water on the beach to teach him how the behaviour of
the waves and wind changed in different places. Later, Mau used a circle of stones to
memorise the positions of the stars. Each stone was laid out in the sand to represent a
star.

The voyage proved that Hawaii’s first inhabitants came in small boats and navigated by
reading the sea and the stars. Mau himself became a keen teacher, passing on his
traditional secrets to people of other cultures so that his knowledge would not be lost.
He explained the positions of the stars to his students, but he allowed them to write
things down because he knew they would never be able to remember everything as he
had done.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1 ?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 At the time of his voyage, Mau had unique navigational skills.
2 Mau was familiar with the sea around Tahiti.

34
3 Mau thought it would be difficult to use a
compass and charts. Exam advice
4 Mau’s grandfather was his only teacher. True/False/Not Given
5 Mau used stones to learn where each star • Find words and phrases in the
was situated in the sky. passage which are the same as or
similar to words and phrases in the
6 The first inhabitants of Hawaii could read
statements.
and write.
7 Mau expected his students to memorise the • Choose TRUE if the question says
positions of the stars. the same as the passage.

• Choose FALSE if the question says

something which is the opposite of
information in the passage.

• Choose NOT GIVEN if you cannot

find anything in the passage about
the information in the question.

35
UNIT 4

Making a change
How easy is it for us to change our lives - and why?
In 1990, a young American named Christopher McCandless gave up his career plans,
left behind everyone he knew, including his family, and went off on an adventure. He
was 22 at the time. In an act of kindness, he donated all his savings to the famous
charity, Oxfam International, and hitchhiked his way through America to Alaska. His
decisions were so unusual for his age that Jon Krakauer wrote a book about them
called Into the Wild, and Sean Penn directed a film that had the same title.
Of course, this is an unusual story. Most college graduates would not do quite the same
thing. However, studies do show that in teenage years, people are more likely to try out
new experiences. Instead of following the family career path, for example, and working
his way up the same organisation like his grandfather did, a 15-year-old may dream
about becoming a traveller - only to find in his early 20s that this fascination with new
places is declining and change is less attractive. This age-related trend can be
observed in all cultures.
The reason why people all over the world become less keen to change as they get older
may be because people’s lives generally follow similar patterns and involve similar
demands. Most people, wherever they are, aim to find a job and a partner. As they get
older, they may have young children to look after and possibly elderly family members.
These responsibilities cannot be achieved without some degree of consistency, which
means that new experiences and ideas may not have a place in the person’s life. New
experiences may bring excitement but also insecurity, and so most people prefer to stay
with the familiar.
However, not every individual is the same. One toddler may want to play a different
game every day and get fed up if nothing changes at the nursery. Another may seek out
and play with the same children and toys on every visit. Young children who avoid new
experiences will grow up to be more conventional than others. Psychologists argue that
those who have more open personalities as children are more open than others might
be when they are older. They also suggest that young men have a greater interest in
novelty than women, although, as they age, this desire for new experiences fades more
quickly than it does in women.
The truth is that, as we get older, we prefer the things we know. We tend to order the
same meals in restaurants, sit on the same side of the train when we commute to work,
go on holiday to the same places and construct our day in the same way. If you are
older than 20, remember that your openness to new experiences is slowly declining.So
you are better off making a new start today than postponing it until later.

36
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the
writer in the reading passage? Exam advice

Write Yes/No/Not Given

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of • Underline words in the
the writer statements to help you
find the right places in
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the
the passage.
writer
• Look for words in the
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks
passage that have the
about this
same meaning as or the
1 Teenagers are more ready to have new experiences opposite meaning to the
than young adults. ideas in the statements.
• If there is nothing in the
2 Grandparents usually encourage their grandchildren to
passage about the idea,
get a well-paid job.
the answer is 'NOT
3 Life demands are different depending on which country GIVEN'.
you live in.
4 Some toddlers find repetitive activities boring.
5 Children who dislike new experiences become more adventurous than others as adults.
6 If you want to change something in your life, you should avoid delay.

37
UNIT 5

Traffic jams – No end in sight

A There are no easy answers to the problems of traffic congestion. Traffic
congestion affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of
cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U.S., commuters spend
an average of a full work week each year sitting in traffic, according to the Texas
Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most
people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and
privacy.

B The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing,
whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In
theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train.
And in practice it seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced
traffic and pollution in city centers thanks to congestion pricing.

C Another way to reduce rush hour traffic is for employers to implement flextime, which
lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour.
Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars.Employers can
also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road
altogether.

D Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is
to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city
streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only
accommodate more of them.

E Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and
cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private
automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the
environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7
billion on helping to increase capacity on public transport systems and upgrade them
with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is
tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.

38
Read the paragraphs one by one to List of Headings
choose the correct headings.
i A solution which is no solution
1. Paragraph A
ii Changing working practices
2. Paragraph B iii Closing city centres to traffic
3. Paragraph C iv Making cars more environmentally friendly

4. Paragraph D v Not doing enough

vi Paying to get in
5. Paragraph E
vii A global problem

Exam advice
Matching headings
• Underline the key ideas in
the headings before you
read the passage.
• Read the paragraphs one
by one to choose the
correct headings.
• Read the headings very
carefully, underlining the
key ideas.
• Each paragraph heading
will cover the main idea of
the paragraph.

39
UNIT 6

The burden of thirst

Millions of women carry water long distances. If they had a tap by their door, whole
societies would be transformed.

A Aylito Binayo’s feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning, she can run
down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain back up to
her village with a container of water on her back. She has made this journey three times
a day since she was a small child.

So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of south-western
Ethiopia in Africa. Binayo left school when she was eight years old, in part because she
had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The water is unsafe to drink;
every year that the drought continues, the river carries less water, and its flow is
reduced. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.

B In developed parts of the world, people turn on a tap and out pours abundant,
clean water. Yet nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean water.
Furthermore, 2.5 billion people have no safe way to get rid of human waste. Polluted
water and lack of proper hygiene cause disease and kill 3.3 million people around the
world annually, most of them children. In southern Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a
lack of rain over the past few years has made even dirty water hard to find. But soon, for
the first time, things are going to change.

C Bringing clean water close to villagers’ homes is the key to the problem.
Communities where clean water becomes accessible and plentiful are transformed. All
the hours previously spent hauling water can be used to cultivate more crops, raise
more animals or even start a business. Families spend less time sick or caring for family
members who are unwell. Most important, not having to collect water means girls can
go to school and get jobs. The need to fetch water for the family, or to take care of
younger siblings while their mother goes, usually prevents them ever having this
experience.

D But the challenges of bringing water to remote villages like those in Konso are
overwhelming. Locating water underground and then reaching it by means of deep wells
requires geological expertise and expensive, heavy machines. Abandoned wells and
water projects litter the villages of Konso. In similar villages around the developing
world, the biggest problem with water schemes is that about half of them break down

40
soon after the groups that built them move on. Sometimes technology is used that can’t
be repaired locally, or spare parts are available only in the capital.

E Today, a UK-based international non-profit organisation called WaterAid is

tackling the job of bringing water to the most remote villages of Konso. Their approach
combines technologies proven to last - such as building a sand dam to capture and filter
rainwater that would otherwise drain away. But the real innovation is that WaterAid
believes technology is only part of the solution. Just as important is involving the local
community in designing, building and maintaining new water projects. Before beginning
any project, WaterAid asks the community to create a WASH (water, sanitation,
hygiene) committee of seven people. The committee works with WaterAid to plan
projects and involve the village in construction. Then it maintains and runs the project.

F The people of Konso, who grow their crops on terraces they have dug into the
sides of mountains, are famous for hard work. In the village of Orbesho, residents even
constructed a road themselves so that drilling machinery could come in. Last summer,
their pump, installed by the river, was being motorised to push its water to a newly built
reservoir on top of a nearby mountain. From there, gravity will carry it down in pipes to
villages on the other side of the mountain. Residents of those villages have each given
some money to help fund the project. They have made concrete and collected stones
for the structures. Now they are digging trenches to lay pipes. If all goes well, Aylito
Binayo will have a tap with safe water just a three-minute walk from her front door.
adapted from National Geographic magazine

The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each
paragraph from the list of headings below.

1 Paragraph A List of Headings

2 Paragraph B
i. Why some plans have failed
3 Paragraph C ii. A rural and urban problem
4 Paragraph D iii. A possible success
5 Paragraph E iv. Explaining a new management style

6 Paragraph F v. Some relevant statistics

vi. A regular trip for some people
vii. Treating people for disease
viii. How water can change people’s lives

41
Question 7-11. Complete the sentences below.
Exam advice
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR
A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Sentence completion
• Check how many words (or
7 The water levels in the Toiro River are
numbers) you can use for
falling because of ……………………. each gap.
• You will find the answers in
8 Globally, the number of people who die
the passage in the same
each year as a result of using dirty water order as the questions.
is ……………………. • Copy the words onto the
answer sheet exactly.
9 When families have clean water, they
can spend more time growing………………

10 Specialist knowledge and equipment are needed to dig…………………….

11 WaterAid uses a dam made of…………………….to capture rainwater.

Question 12-13. Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Exam advice
Which TWO of these activities were performed by the
Pick from a list
villagers of Orbesho?
• The answers may come
A building a transport route from one section of the
passage or from several
B digging a reservoir
paragraphs.
C gathering building materials • It does not matter which
order you write the two
D making pipes answers in.

E fitting taps

42
UNIT 7

Air conditioning

The history of an invention that makes life more pleasant

Willis Carrier designed the first air-conditioning unit in 1902, just a year after graduating
from Cornell University with a Masters in Engineering. At a Brooklyn printing plant,
fluctuations in heat and moisture were causing the size of the printing paper to keep
changing slightly, making it hard to align different colours. Carrier’s invention made it
possible to control temperature and humidity levels and so align the colours. The
invention also allowed industries such as film, processed food, textiles and
pharmaceuticals to improve the quality of their products.

In 1914, the first air-conditioning device was installed in a private house. However, its
size, similar to that of an early computer, meant it took up too much space to come into
widespread use, and later models, such as the Weathermaker, which Carrier brought
out in the 1920s, cost too much for most people. Cooling for human comfort, rather than
industrial need, really took off when three air conditioners were installed in the J.L.
Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan. People crowded into the shop to
experience the new invention. The fashion spread from department stores to cinemas,
whose income rose steeply as a result of the comfort they provided.

To start with, money-conscious employers regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They

considered that if they were paying people to work, they should not be paying for them
to be comfortable as well. So in the 1940s and ’50s, the industry started putting out a
different message about its product: according to their research, installing air
conditioning increased productivity amongst employees. They found that typists
increased their output by 24% when transferred from a regular office to a cooled one.
Another study into office working conditions, which was carried out in the late ’50s,
showed that the majority of companies cited air conditioning as the single most
important contributor to efficiency in offices.

However, air conditioning has its critics. Jed Brown, an environmentalist, complains that
air conditioning is a factor in global warming. Unfortunately, he adds, because air
conditioning leads to higher temperatures, people have to use it even more. However,
he admits that it provides a healthier environment for many people in the heat of
summer.

43
Question 1-5. Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Exam advice
1 When Willis Carrier invented air conditioning, his Multiple choice
aim was to
• Underline the key idea in the
A make workers feel cooler. question.
• Find the part of the passage
B produce more attractive paper.
which deals with the key
C set up a new business. idea and read it carefully.
• Exam Choose the option
D solve problems in a factory
which matches the
2 Home air conditioners were not popular at first information in the passage.
because they were
A too big and expensive.
B not considered necessary.
C too inefficient.
D complicated to use.
3 Employers refused to put air conditioning in workplaces at first because they
A could not afford to pay for it.
B thought it was more suitable for cinemas.
C did not want to spend money improving working conditions.
D thought people would not work so hard in comfortable conditions.
4 What was the purpose of the research done in the 1940s and ’50s?
A to make office workers produce more
B to compare different types of air conditioner
C to persuade businesses to buy air conditioners
D to encourage employees to change offices
5 What does Jed Brown say about air conditioning?
A In future, everyone will need it.
B Turning it off will not reduce global warming.
C It can seriously damage people’s health.
D It is good for people, but bad for the environment.

44
UNIT 8

The Pompidou centre

More than three decades after it was built, the Pompidou Centre in Paris has survived
its moment at the edge of architectural fashion and proved itself to be one of the most
remarkable buildings of the 20th century.
It was the most outstanding now building constructed in Paris for two generations. It
looked like an explosion of brightly coloured service pipes in the calm of the city centre.
However, when in 1977 the architects Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano stood among a
large crowd of 5,000 at the opening of the Centre Culturel d'Art Georges Pompidou
(known as the Pompidou), no one was really aware of the significance of this unusual
building.
Rogers was only 38 when he and Piano won the competition to design a new cultural
centre for Paris in the old market site. Young, unknown architects, they had been
chosen from a field of nearly 700 to design one of the most prestigious buildings of its
day. After six difficult years, with 25,000 drawings, seven lawsuits, battles over budgets,
and a desperate last-minute scramble to finish the building, it had finally been done.
Yet the opening was a downbeat moment. The Pompidou Centre had been rubbished
by the critics while it was being built, there was no more work in prospect for the
architects, and their partnership had effectively broken down. But this was just a
passing crisis. The Centre, which combined the national museum of modern art,
exhibition space, a public library and a centre for modern music, proved an enormous
success. It attracted six million visitors in its first year, and with its success, the critics
swiftly changed their tune.
The architects had been driven by the desire for ultimate flexibility, for a building that
would not limit the movement of its users. All the different parts were approached
through the same enormous entrance hall and served by the same escalator, which was
free to anyone to ride, whether they wanted to visit an exhibition or just admire the view.
With all the services at one end of the building, escalators and lifts at the other, and the
floors hung on giant steel beams providing uninterrupted space the size of two football
pitches, their dream had become a reality.
The image of the Pompidou pervaded popular culture in the 1970s, making
appearances everywhere - on record-album covers and a table lamp, and even acting
as the set for a James Bond 1 film. This did much to overcome the secretive nature of
the architectural culture of its time, as it enabled wider audience to appreciate the style
and content of the building and so moved away from the strictly professional view.

45
The following year, Rogers was commissioned to design a new headquarters for Lloyd's
Bank in London and went on to create one of Britain's most dynamic architectural
practices. Piano is now among the world's most respected architects. But what of their
shared creation?
It was certainly like no previous museum, with its plans for a flexible interior that not only
had movable walls but floors that could also be adjusted up or down. This second
feature did not in the end survive when the competition drawings were turned into a real
building. In other ways, however, the finished building demonstrated a remarkable
degree of refinement - of craftsmanship even - in the way the original diagram was
transformed into a superbly detailed structure. It was this quality which, according to
some critics, suggested that the Pompidou should be seen as closer to the 19th-century
engineering tradition than the space age.
Nevertheless, as a model for urban planning, it has proved immensely influential. The
Guggenheim in Bilbao* and the many other major landmark projects that were built in
the belief that innovatively designed cultural buildings can bring about urban renewal
are all following the lead of the Pompidou Centre.
Other buildings may now challenge it for the title of Europe s most outlandish work of
architecture. However, more than a quarter of a century later, this construction - it is
hard to call it a building when there is no façade, just a lattice of steel beams and pipes
and a long external escalator snaking up the outside - still seems extreme.
Today, the Pompidou Centre itself still looks much as it did when it opened. The shock
value of its colour-coded plumbing and its structure has not faded with the years. But
while traditionalists regarded it as an ugly attack on Paris when it was built, they now
see it for what it is - an enormous achievement, technically and conceptually.

Question 1-4. Choose the correct letter, A, B,

C or D.
Exam advice
1 What does the writer sav in the first
Multiple choice
paragraph about the opening of the Pompidou
Centre? • The answers to these
questions are in the same
A The elderly did not like it.
order in the passage.
B The architects were not present.
• When you have chosen your
C The atmosphere was very noisy. answer, quickly check that the
D The people did not realise its importance. other options are wrong.

46
2 What does the writer say in the second paragraph about the construction of the
Pompidou?
A There was a hurry to complete it.
B It cost less than expected.
C Other experts helped draw the plans.
D The market location was criticised.

3 What is the writer’s main purpose in the third paragraph?

A to explain the multi-functional role of the centre
B to praise the architects for their design ideas
C to say why some people’s opinions quickly altered
D to show how the media benefited from its success

4 What was the architects’ ‘dream’, referred to in the fourth paragraph?

A to become famous
B to provide entertainment
C to allow visitors to use it freely
D to build the biggest museum in the world

Question 5-8. Complete each sentence with

A reminded some people of past building
the correct ending, A-F, below.
styles.
5 The escalators and lifts inside the Pompidou
B were used to decorate everyday objects.
6 In the 1970s, pictures of the Pompidou
C fitted in well with the external surroundings.
7 The original plans for the floors of the
D were situated on one side of the building.
Pompidou
E showed people which area to visit.
8 The detailed structure of the finished building
F were changed during the construction
process.

47
 Exam advice
Matching sentence endings

• Underline the key ideas in the questions and use these to find the right place in the
passage. (You will find them in the same order).
• Underline the key ideas in the sentence endings and match one to each question.

• Read the completed sentences to check they say the same as the passage.

Question 9-14. Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Do the
following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer Exam advice
Yes/No/Not Given
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer • Use words in the
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks questions to find the
about this right place in the
passage (this applies
9 The Pompidou has influenced the way cities are designed.
to 'NOT GIVEN
10 The Guggenheim has been more popular than the questions, too)
Pompidou.
11 The word building fits the Pompidou better than the word construction.
12 The Pompidou’s appearance has changed considerably since it opened.
13 Nowadays, the design of the Pompidou fails to shock people.
14 The traditionalist view of the Pompidou has changed over the years.

48
UNIT 9
The happiest country in the world
Children growing up in Costa Rica are surrounded by some of the most beautiful and
diverse landscapes in the world. Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa Rica’s only
success, because the government also makes sure everyone has access to health-care
and education. So when the New Economics Foundation released its second Happy
Planet Index, Costa Rica came out number one. The index is a ranking of countries
based on their impact on the environment and the health and happiness of their
citizens.

According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid-
income country where citizens have plenty of time for themselves and for their
relationships with others. ‘A mid-income level allows most citizens to satisfy their basic
needs. The government makes sure that all Costa Ricans have access to education,
health and nutrition services.’ Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested in status or
spending money to show how successful they are.

Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index examines happiness on a national level and
ranks 143 countries according to three measurements: their citizens’ happiness, how
long they live (which reflects their health), and how much of the planet’s resources each
country consumes. According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, the Index also measures
the outcomes that are most important, and those are happy, healthy lives for everyone.

Choose ONE WORD OR ONE NUMBER from the

Exam advice
passage for each answer.
Note completion
The Happy Planet Index
• Read the title of the notes
Year started: 1 …………………. first and find the right
Number of countries it lists: 2………………… place(s) in the passage.
Measures each country's happiness according to:
• Carefully read the parts of
• its effect on the 3 ……………..(i.e. the quantity the passage which. deal with
of the Earth's 4…………… that it uses);
the key ideas in the
• the 5…………………….. of the population (i.e. questions - the answers may
how long people live); not come in passage order.

• how happy its 6 ………………… are.

49
UNIT 10
Freya Stark, explorer and writer
Freya Stark travelled to many areas of the Middle East, often alone. Frey Stark was an
explorer who lived during a time when exploreers were regarded as heroes.She
travelled to distant areas of the Middle East, where few Europeans – especially women
– had travelled before. She also travelled extensively in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Nepal
and Afghanistan.

Stark was born in Paris in 1893. Although she had no formal education as a child, she
moved about with her artist parents and learned French, German and Italian.She
entered London University in 1912, but at the start of World War I, she joined the nurse
corps and was sent to Italy. After the war, she returned to London and attended the
School of Oriental Studies.

Her studies there led to extensive travel in the Middle Studies, enabling her to
eventually become fluent in Persian, Russian and Turkish. Stark became well known as
a traveller and explorer in the Middle East. She travelled to the Lebanon in 1927 at the
age of 33 when she had saved enough money, and while there, she studied Arabic.

In 1928, she travelled bu donkey to the Jebel Druze, a mountainous area in Syria.
during another trip, she went to a distant region of the Elburnz, a mountain range in
Iran, where she made a map. She was searching for information about an ancient
Muslim sect known as the Assassions, which she wrote about in Valley of the Assassins
(1934), a classic for which she was awarded a Gold Medal by Royal Geogrpahic
Society.

For the next 12 years, she continued her career as a Exam advice
traveller and writer, establishing a style which Short-answer questions
combined an account of her journey with personal
• Underline the key ideas in
commentary on the people, places, customs, history
and politics of the Midle East. each question
• Read the passage quickly to
find where each key idea is
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A
NUMBER from the passage for each answer dealt with, then read carefully.
• Copy the words and/or
1. What word did people use to describe explorers
numbers you need from the
when Stark was alive?
2. What historical event interrupted Stark’s passage exactly.
university education?

50
3. What did Stark produce while travelling in Iran, in addition to a book?
4. What group of people did Stark research in Iran?

Read the passage and complete the flow chart below. Using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Freya Stark Exam advice

Flow-chart completion
Born in Paris in 1893 • Decide what information
you need in each gap.
• Spell your answers
First formal education at 1…………………..
correctly.

Worked as a 2………………….. in Italy

Studied at School of Oriental Studies

Travelled to the Lebanon, where she

learned 3…………………..

Made a journey to the Syrian mountains on

a 4…………………..

In 1934, won a 5………………….. for a

book

Spent a further 6………………….. in the

Middle East

51
UNIT 11

Rubik’s cube
Erno Rubik first studied sculpture and then later architecture in Budapest, where he
went on to become a teacher of interior design. It was while he was working as a
teacher that he began the preliminary work on an invention that he called the ‘Magic
Cube'.

Rubik was inspired by geometric puzzles such as the Chinese tangram, a puzzle
consisting of various triangles, a square and a parallelogram which can be combined to
create different shapes and figures. However, unlike the tangram, which is two-
dimensional, Rubik was more interested in investigating how three-dimensional forms,
such as the cube, could be moved and combined to produce other forms.

His design consisted of a cube made up of layers of individual smaller cubes, and each
smaller cube could be turned in any direction except diagonally. To ensure that the
cubes could move independently, without falling apart, Rubik first attempted to join them
together using elastic bands. However, this proved to be impossible, so Rubik then
solved the problem by assembling them using a rounded interior. This permitted them to
move smoothly and easily. He experimented with different ways of marking the smaller
cubes, but ended up with the simple solution of giving a different colour to each side.
The object was to twist the layers of small cubes so that each side of the large cube
was an identical colour.

Rubik took out a patent for the Cube in 1977 and started manufacturing it in the same
year. The Cube came to the attention of a Hungarian businessman, Tibor Laczi, who
then demonstrated it at the Nuremberg Toy Fair. When British toy expert Tom Kremer
saw it, he thought it was amazing and he persuaded a manufacturer, Ideal Toys, to
produce 1 million of them in 1979. Ideal Toys renamed the Cube after the toy’s inventor,
and in 1980, Rubik’s Cube was shown at toy fairs all over the world. It won that year’s
prize in Germany for Best Puzzle. Rubik’s Cube is believed to be the world’s best-
selling puzzle; since its invention, more than 300 million Cubes have been sold
worldwide.

52
Complete the summary. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for
each answer.

Rubik’s Cube
Originally named the 1………………….…, Rubik’s Cube
Exam advice
consists of a number of smaller cubes organised in 2
Summary completion
………………….…The smaller cubes can be twisted in • Read the carefully
almost any way, though not 3 ………………….…The Cube’s first: decide what
information and what
4 ………………….…is shaped in a way that allows the
type (s) of word you
smaller cubes to move smoothly. Each side of the smaller need for each gap.
cubes has a different colour, and the aim of the puzzle is to • When you have
organise the cubes so that the colours on the sides of the completed the
summary, read it
large cube are 5 . ………………….…The manufacturers of
again to check it
the puzzle changed the name of the Cube to the name of its makes sense
6 ………………….…it has now sold more than any other 7
………………….…in the world.

53
UNIT 12

The electric revolution

Your next car may be electric. We look at the technologies that will bring the revolution.

The main reasons why electric cars are not more popular at present are their price and
their relatively small range. Existing battery systems only allow electric cars to travel a
distance of between 100 and 160 km. However, this distance may not be a problem for
urban drivers. A recent Sydney study reported that 20 percent of journeys were 30 km
or less, and recent data from the US suggests that 77 percent of trips taken there are 48
km or less.

An innovative company called Better Place is aiming to make electric cars an option for
all drivers. It wants to see existing vehicles replaced by electric vehicles which, it says,
offer a number of benefits. Firstly, they can be powered by renewable energy which
produces zero emissions. What is more, electric motors are more efficient and can
convert more than 90 percent of power into
movement, whereas the efficiency of diesel or Exam advice
petrol engines is less than 20 percent. To Labelling a diagram
achieve its aim, Better Place plans to use
technology which is already available. • Find where the picture(s) is/are
dealt with in the passage.
The plan is simple but revolutionary. It starts • Find words in the passage that
with the installation of a home charge point,
and through this, the vehicle will be plugged mean the same as the words
into the electricity grid whenever it is in the already on the diagram.
garage, typically at night. In the morning, with • Decide what type(s) of word you
a fully charged battery, the car is capable of as
much as 160 km in urban motoring conditions. need for each gap.
In addition to the home charge point, the • Underline the word(s) you need
battery can be topped up by charge points at in the passage and copy it/them
work and at supermarkets.
exactly
The battery is linked to a control centre by
smart technology inside the vehicle. Better Place can then ensure that the car is
charged with electricity from renewable sources at the cheapest price. For longer trips,
a navigation system directs the driver to the nearest switch station, where the depleted
battery can be replaced with a charged one by a robot within a couple of minutes.

54
Complete the labels on the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

55
UNIT 13

Humpback whale breaks migration record

A whale surprises researchers with her journey.

A lone humpback whale travelled more than 9,800 kilometres from breeding areas in
Brazil to those in Madagascar, setting a record for the longest mammal migration ever
documented.

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known to have some of the longest
migration distances of all mammals, and this huge journey is about 400 kilometres
farther than the previous humpback record. The finding was made by Peter Stevick, a
biologist at the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine.

The whale’s journey was unusual not only for its length, but also because it travelled
across almost 90 degrees of longitude from west to east. Typically, humpbacks move in
a north-south direction between cold feeding areas and warm breeding grounds - and
the longest journeys which have been recorded until now have been between breeding
and feeding sites.

The whale, a female, was first spotted off the coast of Brazil, where researchers
photographed its tail fluke and took skin samples for chromosome testing to determine
the animal's sex. Two years later, a tourist on a whale-watching boat snapped a photo
of the humpback near Madagascar.

To match the two sightings, Stevick’s team used an extensive international catalogue of
photographs of the undersides of tail flukes, which have distinctive markings.
Researchers routinely compare the markings in each new photograph to those in the
archive.

The scientists then estimated the animal’s shortest possible route: an arc skirting the
southern tip of South Africa and heading north-east towards Madagascar. The minimum
distance is 9,800 kilometres, says Stevick, but this is likely to be an underestimate,
because the whale probably took a detour to feed on krill in the Southern Ocean near
Antarctica before reaching its destination.

Most humpback-whale researchers focus their efforts on the Northern Hemisphere

because the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic is a hostile environment and it is hard
to get to, explains Rochelle Constantine, who studies the ecology of humpback whales
at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. But, for whales, oceans in the Southern

56
Hemisphere are wider and easier to travel across, says Constantine. Scientists will
probably observe more long-distance migrations in the Southern Hemisphere as
satellite tracking becomes increasingly common, she adds.

Daniel Palacios, an oceanographer at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, says that the
record-breaking journey could indicate that migration patterns are shifting as
populations begin to recover from near-extinction and the population increases. But the
reasons why the whale did not follow the usual migration routes remain a mystery. She
could have been exploring new habitats, or simply have lost her way. 'We generally
think of humpback whales as very well studied, but then they surprise us with things like
this,’ Palacios says. ‘Undoubtedly there are a lot of things we still don’t know about
whale migration.’

1. What TWO aspects of the whale’s 2. The passage mentions reasons why whales
journey surprised researchers? generally migrate. What TWO reasons are
A. the destination given?
B. the direction A. to avoid humans
C. the distance B. to be safe
D. the reason C. to eat
E. the season D. to keep warm
E. to produce young

3. What TWO methods did researchers 4. The passage mentions places the whale
use to record the identity of the whale may have passed close to on its
near Brazil? journey.Which TWO places may the whale
A. They analysed part of the whale’s have passed?
body. A. Antarctica
B. They marked its tail. B. Hawaii
C. They made notes of its behaviour. C. Maine
D. They recorded the sounds it made. D. New Zealand
E. They took a picture. E. South Africa

57
5. The passage says that more research 6. The passage suggests why the whale made
is done in the Northern Hemisphere. a different journey from usual.
Which TWO reasons are given for Which TWO reasons does it suggest?
this? A. She did not know where she was going.
A. It contains more whales. B. She did not want to breed.
B. It has friendlier surroundings. C. She wanted to escape a danger.
C. There are more samples available. D. She was looking for a new place to live.
D. It is easier to reach. E. She was recovering from an illness.
E. It contains smaller whales.

7. Which TWO methods of finding out

where whales migrate are mentioned Exam advice

in the passage? Pick from a list

A. attaching radio transmitters • Underline the key ideas in
B. comparing pictures taken in the questions to help you
find the right place in the
different place
passage.
C. following them in boats • Match ideas in the
D. placing cameras in key positions passage to the options.
E. following their movements from
space.

58
UNIT 14

Reducing errors for memory

Sleep may reduce mistakes in memory, according to a first-of-its-kind study led by a
scientist at Michigan State University.
The findings, which appear in the September issue of the journal Learning El Memory,
have practical implications for many people, from students doing multiple-choice tests to
elderly people confusing their medicine, says Kimberly Fenn, principal investigator and
assistant professor of psychology.
‘It’s easy to muddle things in your mind,’ Fenn says. This research suggests that after
sleep, you’re better able to pick out the incorrect parts of that memory.’ Fenn and
colleagues from the University of Chicago and Washington University in St Louis
studied the presence of incorrect or false memory in groups of college students. While
previous research has shown that sleep improves memory, this study is the first one
that looks at errors in memory, she said.
Study participants were ‘trained’ by being shown or listening to lists of words. Then,
twelve hours later, they were shown individual words and asked to identify which words
they had seen or heard in the earlier session. One group of students was trained at 10
a.m. and tested at 10 p.m. after the course of a normal sleepless day. Another group
was trained at night and tested twelve hours later in the morning, after about six hours
of sleep. Three experiments were conducted. In each experiment, the results showed
that students who had slept did not have as many problems with false memory and
chose fewer incorrect words.
How does sleep help? The answer isn’t known, Fenn said, but she suspects it may be
due to sleep strengthening the source of the memory. The source, or context in which
the information is acquired, is a vital element of the memory process. In other words, it
may be easier to remember something if you can also remember where you first heard
or saw it. Or perhaps the people who didn’t sleep as much during the study received so
much other information during the day that this affected their memory ability, Fenn said.
Further research is needed, she said, adding that she plans to study different population
groups, particularly the elderly. ‘We know older individuals generally have worse
memory performance than younger individuals. We also know from other research that
elderly individuals tend to be more prone to false memories,’ Fenn said. ‘Given the work
we’ve done, it’s possible that sleep may actually help them to reject this false
information. And potentially this could help to improve their quality of life.’

59
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.

A. more B. complex C.12 D. six

E. less F. ten G. different H. no
I. fewer J. the same

Fenn’s Memory Experiments

The groups in the study saw or heard lists of words at 1 ………times of the day.
After 2 ………hours, the groups tried to identify these words correctly in a test. Before
the test, one group had 3 ………sleep and chose the words in the evening. The other
group had their test in the morning.

In three experiments, the results were 4 ……… the groups that had slept during the
experiment remembered 5 ………words correctly than the other groups.

Exam advice
Summary completion with a box
• Use the title to find the right
part of the passage.
• Read the summary and decide
what information you need for
each gap.
• Read the sentence (s) in the
passage carefully and
underline words that provide
the missing information.
• Choose the option in the box
that means the same.

60
UNIT 15

Speed reading
What is speed reading and why do we need it?

A Speed reading is not just about reading fast. It is also about how much
information you can remember when you have finished reading. The World
Championship Speed-Reading Competition says that its top competitors average
between 1,000 and 2,000 words a minute. But they must remember at least 50 percent
of this in order to qualify for the competition.

B Nowadays, speed reading has become an essential skill in any environment

where people have to master a large volume of information. Professional workers need
reading skills to help them get through many documents every day, while students
under pressure to deal with assignments may feel they have to read more and read
faster all the time.

C Although there are various methods to increase reading speed, the trick is
deciding what information you want first. For example, if you only want a rough outline
of an issue, then you can skim the material quickly and extract the key facts. However, if
you need to understand every detail in a document, then you must read it slowly enough
to understand this.

D Even when you know how to ignore irrelevant detail, there are other
improvements you can make to your reading style which will increase your speed. For
example, most people can read much faster if they read silently. Reading each word
aloud takes time for the information to make a complete circuit in your brain before
being pronounced. Some researchers believe that as long as the first and last letters
are in place, the brain can still understand the arrangement of the other letters in the
word because it logically puts each piece into place.

E Chunking is another important method. Most people learn to read either letter by
letter or word by word. As you improve, this changes. You will probably find that you are
fixing your eyes on a block of words, then moving your eyes to the next block of words,
and so on. You are reading blocks of words at a time, not individual words one by one.
You may also notice that you do not always go from one block to the next: sometimes
you may move back to a previous block if you are unsure about something.

F A skilled reader will read a lot of words in each block. He or she will only look at
each block for an instant and will then move on. Only rarely will the reader’s eyes skip

61
back to a previous block of words. This reduces the amount of work that the reader’s
eyes have to do. It also increases the volume of information that can be taken in over a
given period of time.

G On the other hand, a slow reader will spend a lot of time reading small blocks of
words. He or she will skip back often, losing the flow and structure of the text, and
muddling their overall understanding of the subject. This irregular eye movement quickly
makes the reader tired. Poor readers tend to dislike reading because they feel it is
difficult to concentrate and comprehend written information.

H The best tip anyone can have to improve their reading speed is to practise. In
order to do this effectively, a person must be engaged in the material and want to know
more. If you find yourself constantly having to re-read the same paragraph, you may
want to switch to reading material that grabs your attention. If you enjoy what you are
reading, you will make quicker progress.

Question 1-6. The reading passage has seven

paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the Exam advice

following information? Write the correct letter, A-H. Matching information

NB You may use any letter more than once. • Underline the key ideas in
each question.
1 the types of people who need to read more quickly
• Start with Paragraph A
2 the fastest reading speeds and decide if it matches a
3 how a reader can become confused question. If there is no
match, go on to the next
4 why reading material should be interesting
paragraph.
5 a definition of speed reading
6 what you should consider before you start reading

62
Question 7-13. Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage for each answer.

Chunking

Type of reader Reading method Effect of method on reader

• many 7……………….. in a • reader’s 8……………….. do less

skilled reader block work
• reader hardly ever goes back • more 9……………….. is processed

• small blocks • reader easily gets 12………………..

10………………..
• reader 11……………….. goes • finds it hard to 13……………….. on
back. passage.

Exam advice
Table completion

• Use the heading to find

the right place in the the
passage.

• Read around each gap to

predict the missing words.

63
UNIT 16

Here today, gone tomorrow

The Arctic and Antarctica are now within reach of the modern tourist, with many going to
see these icy wildernesses before it's too late. Christian Amodeo reports on the growth
of polar tourism.

Travel at the North and South Poles has become an expensive leisure activity, suitable
for tourists of all ages. The poles may be inhospitable places, but they are seeing
increasing numbers of visitors.

Annual figures for the Arctic, where tourism has existed since the 19th century, have
increased from about a million in the early 1990s to more than 1.5 million today. This is
partly because of the lengthening summer season brought about by climate change.

Most visitors arrive by ship. In 2007, 370,000 cruise passengers visited Norway, twice
the number that arrived in 2000. Iceland, a country where tourism is the second-largest
industry, has enjoyed an annual growth rate of nine percent since 1990. Meanwhile,
Alaska received some 1,029,800 passengers, a rise of 7.3 percent from 2006.
Greenland has seen the most rapid growth in marine tourism, with a sharp increase in
cruise-ship arrivals of 250 percent since 2004.

The global economic downturn may have affected the annual 20.6 percent rate of
increase in visitors to the Antarctic - last season saw a drop of 17 percent to 38,200 -
but there has been a 760 percent rise in land-based tourism there since 1997. More
people than ever are landing at fragile sites, with light aircraft, helicopters and all-terrain
vehicles increasingly used for greater access, while in the past two seasons, ‘fly-sail’
operations have begun. These deliver tourists by air to ships, so far more groups can
enjoy a cruise in a season; large cruise ships capable of carrying up to 800 passengers
are not uncommon.

In addition, it seems that a high number of visitors return to the poles. ‘Looking at six
years’ worth of data, of the people who have been to the polar regions, roughly 25
percent go for a second time,’ says Louisa Richardson, a senior marketing executive at
tour operator Exodus.

In the same period that tourism has exploded, the ‘health’ of the poles has
‘deteriorated’. ‘The biggest changes taking place in the Antarctic are related to climate

64
change,’ says Rod Downie, Environmental Manager with the British Antarctic Survey
(BAS). Large numbers of visitors increase these problems.

Although polar tourism is widely accepted, there have been few regulations up until
recently. At the meeting of the Antarctic Treaty in Baltimore, the 28 member nations
adopted proposals for limits to tourist numbers. These included safety codes for tourist
vessels in Antarctic waters, and improved environmental protection for the continent.
They agreed to prevent ships with more than 500 passengers from landing in
Antarctica, as well as limit the number of passengers going ashore to a maximum of
100 at any one time, with a minimum of one guide for every 20 tourists. ‘Tourism in
Antarctica is not without its risks,’ says Downie. After all, Antarctica doesn’t have a
coastguard rescue service.’

‘So far, no surveys confirm that people are going quickly to see polar regions before
they change,’ says Frigg Jorgensen, General Secretary of the Association of Arctic
Expedition Cruise Operators (AECO). ‘However, Hillary Clinton and many other big
names have been to Svalbard in the northernmost part of Norway to see the effects of
climate change. The associated media coverage could influence others to do the same.’

These days, rarely a week passes without a negative headline in the newspapers. The
suffering polar bear has become a symbol of a warming world, its plight a warning that
the clock is ticking. It would seem that this ticking clock is a small but growing factor for
some tourists. ‘There’s an element of “do it now”,’ acknowledges Prisca Campbell,
Marketing director of Quark Expeditions, which takes 7,000 People to the poles
annually. Leaving the trip until later, it seems, may mean leaving it too late.

Question 1-7. Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS Exam advice
AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each Summary completion
answer. • Remember that the answers may
not be in passage order.
Polar tourism - the figures
• Check that the summary makes
Tourism in the Arctic began in
sense and is grammatically correct
the 1……………………..and visitor numbers
when you have finished
have risen since that time. These days,
over 2…………………….. people travel
there, mostly by ship. The country with the greatest increase in visitors
is 3……………………...Tourism has expanded in the Arctic because
the 4……………………..lasts longer than it used to.

65
Travel to the Antarctic has fallen by 5……………………..over the past year. However,
many more people are using small planes and 6……………………to land on the ice.
Aircraft are also taking visitors to huge ships that hold as many as 7…………..…tourists.

Question 8-12. Look at the following statements and the list of people below. Match each
statement with the correct person, A-D. NB You may use any letter more than once.
8 Some tourists believe they should not delay their trip to the poles. List of People
9 There are some dangers to travelling in Antarctica. A Louisa Richardson
10 Some famous people have travelled to polar regions to look at the B Rod Downie
impacts of global warming.
C Frigg Jorgensen
11 Some tourists make more than one trip to the poles.
D Prisca Campbell
12 There is no evidence that visitors are hurrying to the poles.

Exam advice
Matching features

• Scan the passage for the options -

A, B, C, etc. - and underline them.
(They are always in the. same
order in the passage as they are
in the box, but they may occur
more than once).
• Underline the key ideas in each
question.

• Read around each option carefully

and match it to the question(s)

66
LISTENING
TAPESCRIPTS

67
UNIT 1
Amanda: Dubai Palm Apartments, Amanda speaking. How can I help you?
Leo: Oh hi, Amanda I’m ringing to enquire about a holiday apartment for the month after
next.
A: OK, no problem Let me get your details first, then I’ll tell you what we’ve got. Is that
all right?
L: Fine, go ahead.
A: OK. Can I have your name first, please?
L: Yes, it’s Leo Blucher, that’s L-E-0 - that’s my first name - and my surname is B-L-U-
C-H-E-R.
A: OK, I’ve got that Where are you from, just out of interest, Leo?
L: I’m Austrian.
A: Right, OK, and what’s your address?
L: It’s number 37 Blumengasse in Vienna
A: Right. Could you just spell Blumengasse for me, please, Leo? My German’s not too
good
L: Sure, it's B-L-U-M-E-N-G-A-double S-E.
A: Great, thanks, and what’s the weather like in Vienna at the moment?
L: It’s pretty grey and rainy, I’m afraid Hope it’s better in Dubai.
A: Yes, it’s lovely at the moment Sunny and warm, but not too hot. Now, can you give
me your phone number?
L: Yes, it's 4312 11057.
A: Great So, you’re looking for a holiday apartment, Leo How many people is it for, just
yourself?
L: No. there'll be four of us, two adults and two children
A: Fine, and when would you like it from?
L: Ideally from the 1st of January
A: January the 1st. OK I’ll have a look and see what we’ve got. How long would you like
to stay?
L: Well, it depends a little bit on the price, but I think that about nine days would be
perfect.

68
A: Fine And, talking of prices, what would be your maximum, do you think?
L: Well, I’ve looked on the Internet, but I don’t know if I’m being realistic if I say 200
euros per day Things seem to range from 150 to well over 400.
A: Well, it depends where, of course, but I think we could probably find something for
you at that price
L: Great. There are various other things, though. Our children are quite small, and we
don’t want to take them to restaurants all the time, so one thing we’d really appreciate is
a fully equipped kitchen so we can do some cooking.
A: Yes, I completely understand. Do you have any other special requirements?
L: Yes, we live in the city centre hundreds of miles from the sea, so we’d really like be
able to see it from our apartment.
A: OK. I'll note that down All our apartments come with air conditioning and central
heating, by the way.

L: Oh dear. One thing I don’t like is the noise of air conditioning in the background. Can
you make sure it’s as quiet as possible?
A: Yes, I’ll look into that Anything else?
L: Yes, just one more thing We’d like to hire a car while we’re in Dubai, so we’ll need to
have a parking space, I think - we don’t want to have to walk a long way from the car to
the apartment.
A: I think you’re quite right I’ll look into all these things and make a list of possible
apartments. Do you have an email address, so I can send them to you.

69
UNIT 2
Clive: Hello?
Debbie: Hi, Clive, is that you?

C: Yes, hi, Debbie.

D: Did you manage to see those candidates for our expedition?
C: Yes, I did, and there was an extra one who was quite a surprise. You know, he hadn't
applied and he just turned up out of the blue, so we haven't got any details for him.
D: Really? Tell me about him.
C: OK, and you can take some notes. Then we'll see what we think
D: Fine.
C: First, he's called Sanjay Dubashi.
D: OK. Sanjay is spelled S-A-N-J-A-Y, right?
C: Correct. And Dubashi is D-U-B-A-S-H-L D D-U-B-A-S-H-I, fine, thanks, I'm just
getting that down. And did you find out howtold he is?
C: Sure, he's round about our age, you know - well, a couple of years older, he's 27,
quite a big man, quite muscular, impressive, with a big moustache.
D: And what does he do?
C: Well, actually, he just says he's an office worker, you know, just one of those people
with quite a routine job in an office.
D: Mm, doesn't sound like he finds his job very interesting Has he got any experience,
do you know, of going off to remote places on foot?
C: Yes, he's been all over the place. He was telling me all about a trip he made in a
Land Rover across Central Africa from one side to the other, which sounded pretty
exciting. And dangerous.
D: Great! I think it would be really interesting to cross Central Africa. I'd love to do that.
Anything physical? I mean. where he actually had to walk instead of driving - you know,
being so muscular, as you say?
C: Mm, I was coming to that. Last year, he went to Russia with some friends in their
summer holidays and they went up a mountain. Let's see, um, Mount Elbrus, it's called.

70
D: Wow, now that's really quite something. By the way, Elbrus is spelled E-L-B-R-O-S,
isn't it? C Not quite, it's U-S. D Ah, OK... What qualifications does he have which would
interest us? Has he done any sort of specialist training, for example?
C: Well, he's done a course in first aid, which may be pretty useful. If any of us get
injured, he should know what to do
D: Good. It might be useful to have someone who knows how to do first aid in case
someone has an accident. Can he swim?
C: I didn't ask, now you mention it. I forgot. But he did tell me he can hold conversations
in five languages. He's not fluent in all of them, but he can get by. He grew up in India,
and I suppose that helps, you know, for learning languages, though now he lives over
here.
D: Right. What else? Has he been to university, for instance?
C: Yes, he graduated in media studies, though he says he's never worked in the media.
D: OK, and when he's not off on expeditions to remote e places, what does he like doing
in his spare time?
C: He seems to do all sorts of things. One thing he told me which could be useful is that
he likes fishing.
D: Yes, we'd better tell him to bring his fishing rod - that is, if we choose him.
C: And he seems to spend a lot of time at the gym - he says he really likes to keep fit.
And when you meet him, you'll believe it's true.
D: Great, another fitness fanatic, like you. Well, sounds like I ple should meet him,
doesn't it? When can you fix that up?

71
UNIT 3

Good evening and welcome aboard the Pride of Poole. In this recorded announcement,
we'll give you details of some of the facilities available on board this ship.
You're currently standing in the reception area in the centre of B Deck. If you're feeling
hungry after a long day's travelling, go up the stairs to A Deck, where you'll find the
restaurant. The restaurant caters for all appetites, with anything from a light snack to a
full three-course meal. The restaurant will be open from the moment the ship leaves
port to half an hour before arrival.
Next to the restaurant on A Deck in the lounge, there are reclining seats with music
headphones if you want to relax. The headphones are free, but people using this area
are encouraged to keep noise to a minimum so that other passengers can enjoy
themselves and sleep or read if they wish.
For those of you who'd like some entertainment, just next door to us on this deck is a
40-seat cinema showing the latest full- length feature films. The cinema programme is
available here at reception, but you'll have to buy the tickets themselves at the cinema
entrance just before you go in.
Just next to the cinema is the staircase leading down to the cabins on C Deck. To
access your cabin, just show your boarding pass to a steward, who will give you the
key.
On this deck, that is B Deck, you'll also find an area where you can either play games in
our special electronic games arcade or do your shopping.
Just beyond that on the same level, people who want a bit of fresh air or just want to
see the sea can go out onto the viewing deck, which is in the open air. Make sure you
wear a jacket or coat, as it can be quite cold and windy.

72
UNIT 4
Irina: Good morning. Can you tell me about the ticket options, please?
Man: Certainly, we've got various options, depending on whether you want to just visit
parts of the exhibition or all of it. It's organised into various different sections, and
because it's so large, you may not be interested in everything or have time for
everything. You can buy tickets just for the sections you want to visit, and that makes it
a lot cheaper.
I: Well, um. I've really come here to see things to do with electronics
M: Right. Then I think you'll find the first part of the exhibition as you go in is quite
relevant. It's all about electronics and how we can use them to protect the world around
us - you know, the environment and what we can do to avoid damaging it further.
I: Protecting the environment. That sounds interesting. Anything I should specially look
out for there?
M: There are lots of new devices. One which fascinated me when I went round was a
new instrument for measuring how the temperature of the ocean changes at different
levels, and this can be done from a ship on the surface right down to the bottom.
I: Great, I'll look out for that.
M: OK, and I see you've got your son with you, which is nice because the subject of the
next section is all about different things for keeping an eye on your children and looking
after their safety. It contains a range of things, from electronic instruments used in
medicine to children's electronic games and even a number of new devices to prevent
children from having an accident when they're at home.
I: That sounds useful.
M: Yes, there's even an invention for older children - you'll see a demonstration of it
while you're there - which helps parents to make sure their kids are going to school.
Really useful in families where both parents work. It sort of electronically tells parents
about their kids' attendance and sends them a signal via the Internet.
I: Very convenient. But my son is a bit young to worry about that yet. Are there any
other sections which feature electronics?
M: Sure. There's another section - it's the third you come to, I think - which should
interest everyone. It contains lots of new electronic instruments or devices for looking

73
after and working with money - you know, like that thing you must have heard of which
counts what you're putting into your supermarket trolley and adds up the bill as you go
around.
I: Right, money that sounds interesting, too. Well, thanks for the information. I'd like
tickets for myself and my son for those three sections, then, please

Woman: Excuse me.

Irina: Yes?
W: Before you go through, I wonder if you could help us by answering a few questions
for a survey. It won't take long.
I: No problem. We're not in any hurry.
W: Fine, thanks. Now, er, let's look at the questions.
I: OK.
W: Here they are. First one. Why are you visiting the exhibition?
I: Well, I want to keep up with the latest developments in electronics, you know - I was
recommended by a friend to come here and see what new devices and inventions are
coming out and learn a bit. I mean, I don't generally go shopping for new electronics. I'm
not the sort of person who goes out and buys all the latest gadgets - the prices are too
high when they're new. But it interests me, and I thought also there would be things
which would interest my son and he'd enjoy it as well, so that's why we're here.
W: OK and here's a question to find out what sort of consumer you are. Have you
bought any electronics recently?
I: Recently? Sure. I was thinking of buying a new calculator for the office, but I decided
it wasn't really necessary because I can do all the calculations just as easily on a
computer. Anyway, I got a new laptop recently because, you know, they have so many
applications and they don't take up much space either. Better to have lots of things on
the same device, I think. The other thing I bought was a present for my husband's
birthday. I thought it would be nice to have a record of our holidays. so I bought him a
camera and I'm hoping to get him more interested in photography. I'm not very keen on

74
the sort of pictures you can take with a mobile phone, you see. I think it's better to go for
higher quality.
W: Right. And here's a question about this building. I know you haven't had a chance to
look around a lot yet, but at first sight, what do you think of it?
I: Oh, it looks pretty good to me. It's got lots of natural light, so you don't have to put up
with lots of electric lighting. which can be quite tiring on the eyes. It feels very large and
spacious, which is great because although it's full of activity and quite noisy, it doesn't
feel too crowded. Also, when you look up at the ceiling near the entrance with the
design of stars and planets on it, that's something I really like. I'm not so keen on those
revolving doors, though. I always feel I'm going to get stuck in one
W: And did you have any difficulties getting to the exhibition?
I: Well, coming at this time of day the roads weren't too busy, so that was all right and
there were plenty of signposts, so the car park was easy to find. The only problem was
it was full when I arrived - I guess I should have come earlier - so I had to find another
one quite a long walk away, which was a pity. Then we had to stand outside for quite a
long time queuing to get in - this exhibition is pretty popular. That was a bit of a problem,
because my son gets impatient, but fortunately it wasn't raining, otherwise we might
have gone home.

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UNIT 5
Hi there, everybody, and welcome to Animal World. Before you start your visit, I'd just
like to tell you about a few special events happening here today. They're all free, and I'd
really encourage you to go to as many of them as you can, as I think you'll learn a lot.
The first event is called The World of Ants, and it's happening this morning quite soon
on the Insect house, which is just a short walk from here. The well-known entomologist
Dr David Crocker, who many of you will have seen on television, is giving a lecture all
about ants - the different types of ants, how they organise themselves, what they eat,
their behaviour and so on. It's actually a fascinating subject. So, The World of Ants, a
lecture by Dr Croker, in the Insect House, and it starts at 11 o'clock and lasts for 60
minutes.
At midday, that's 12 o'clock, there's a film which is just as fascinating and it's called The
Great Migration. This is all about birds and how they migrate across continents and
oceans using the Sun, the stars and Earth's magnetic field. As I said, it's a film - an
absolutely spectacular film - which all the family will enjoy, some fabulous photography -
and it's on in Theatre C, which you can see here just behind me - so bear that in mind
for 12 o'clock.
The next event is a demonstration taking place in the Exhibition Room and given by
Monica Chaddha. It's called Encouraging Garden Wildlife. Monica will be showing you
ways of encouraging animals, birds and other wildlife to visit and live in your garden,
how to place boxes for nests, what food to put out for them and all sorts of practical
advice. That's at 2.30, so just after lunch.
The final free event for today is Birds of Prey. Tasha, their keeper, will be giving a
display of some of our magnificent birds and how they fly, and I thoroughly recommend
this event. The display includes eagles, vultures and owls and will be starting at 4.35 on
the lawn outside. It's an unforgettable experience, so remember, on the front lawn at
3.45 to see the bird flying.

Now, I'll just give you a few directions before you leave. especially for those of you who
are feeling a bit hungry. When you leave the main building, you come to an area where

76
the path divides. If you take the right-hand path, you'll see the lake on your right, and
exactly opposite the lake on your left is the gift shop. Apart from selling gifts, it sells
snacks, sandwiches and light drinks. If you walk on past the lake, on your right you'll
also see the penguins. Go past the penguins and you'll come to the restaurant, also on
your right. Don't go too far, or you'll come to the aquarim. The aquarium is on your right
at the crossroad, and just over the crossroad, also on your right. is the lion enclosure. If
you're thinking of having a picnic, the best place to go is the picnic area, and for this you
need to turn left at the crossroad and walk along a few metres. At the end of the path,
you'll find the picnic area on your left. Now, if you have any questions, I'd be happy to
answer them and, once again, I really hope you enjoy your visit. Thank you

77
UNIT 6
Man: So we have to do a presentation on a successful person at our next seminar.
Woman: Yes, do you have any ideas?

M: Well, I've been on the Internet and picked out a couple.

W: OK-I've got some suggestions, too.
M: Right, well, you start.
W: OK... um, his name's Mahmoud Kaboor and he's a film maker in Dubai in the United
Arab Emirates.
M: Sounds good.
W: Yes. He's the managing director of a very big film company.
M: So what made him successful?
W: Apparently his uncle was a film student and because of that, he started making short
films when he was only 16.
M: That's quite young... and were they good?
W: Yup. He won a scholarship to go to Canada and study film, and that's how his career
developed.
M: Great. Um here's one of my suggestions. She was a ballet dancer - born in St
Petersburg in Russia in 1881.
W: Anna Pavlova. OK - why have you picked her?
M: Well, firstly, because her parents weren't wealthy - they were very poor, in fact - and
yet she still went to the School of Imperial Ballet at ten years of age.
W: That's so young! Was she very talented?
M: Yes, she was, but she didn't follow the rules of ballet. She was very individual and
did things that were different from other ballerinas at the time
W: Ah- and that's what made her stand out
M: Yes I've got another woman Marie Curie
M: She's very famous Wasn't she Polish?
W: Yeah, born in 1867, but did you know that she was the first woman professor at the
University of Paris and the first woman to win a Nobel prize?
M: Yes-amazing!

78
W: There were many brilliant scientists around when she was working.
M: So why did she do better?
W: Other scientists couldn't get ahead of her because she sensibly published her ideas
straight away.
M: What a clever thing to do!
W: Yeah - everyone does it automatically these days, but all those years ago. people
often didn't think about it.
M: Great! Well, here's one more.
W: OK-who is it?
M: This is an African-American guy who worked as a chef in the 1850s. His name was
George Crum.
W: Did he make a famous dish or something?
M: Not exactly - but without him, we wouldn't have the potato chip. Or crisps, as the
British call them.
W: Oh!
M: Yeah. Apparently, he had a customer who was annoyed because his French fries
were too fat and soft. So he sliced a new potato as thinly as he could and fried it until it
was hard and crunchy. Added lots of salt and a new snack was created.
M: Well, I. I think we've got some interesting people here

Woman: OK, so we have to choose one of these four people.

Man: It's going to be difficult.
W: Well, why don't we agree on some criteria that will help us?
M: Do you mean things like how old they were when they became successful?
W: Yeah - except I'm not sure how old they all were! Um, what about choosing a woman
M: Is it fair to select someone because of their gender? And look at celebrities - there
are lots of women.
W: But it was different in the past.
M: Oh, I see. Yeah, OK, let's pick a woman.

79
W: Great. Right, well, they're all pretty talented, aren't they? Some have even won
awards.
M: Yeah, but maybe their fame won't last for ever.
W: No so we should pick someone who's done something great on an international
level.
M: Yeah, that changed the world... OK, I think that's it. We've got our two criteria. So
what do we need to do before we meet again?
W: Well, how much information have we got?
M: Quite a lot of detail about their lives, but not enough about what they did.
W: OK - so before we meet again, let's both find out as much as we can. It's always
better to have too much information.
M: Yeah, you're right. What about pictures?
W: Yeah - I don't even know what this person looks like!
M: OK - well, we might get some from the library - but I can look on the Internet as well.
W: Once we've done that, we can get together and talk about the next stage.
M: Yeah - I don't think we can write the presentation for the seminar yet, do you?
W: No - anyway, it'll be fun working together.
M: Yeah! It's been quite an education doing this
W: Yes - it's made me think about success and what it really means.
M: It isn't about money, is it?
W: No- and you don't have to be experienced to achieve it. It can just be luck.
M: But perhaps in most cases you need to have some natural ability.
W: Yeah - I agree. And I also think you do have to work hard and be determined.
M: Yeah - and really want to succeed.
W: No matter where you are or what you've done before.
M: Mm. It's quite a curious thing.

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UNIT 7
Advisor: Good morning. The Writing School, can I help you?
Caller: Oh, hi. I'm ringing about the online writing courses you advertise on the Internet.
would you like me to send you a brochure?
C: Um, I would, but I also have some questions.
A: Yes A OK, well, let me take your details first, and then I can deal with the questions
after that.
C: OK.
A: I just need to fill out this form your first name, please? so, um, can you give me
C: Yes, it's Alex.
A: That's great, Alex. And what's your last name?
C: It's Sachdeva.
A: OK - can you spell that for me?
C: Yes, it's S-A-C-H-D-
A: Is that P?
C: No, D-E-V-A.
A: OK, I've got that. Now, can you give me your address?
C: Well, I'm staying with friends at the moment, but I'll be in my new flat in Preston next week.
A: Well, perhaps the Preſton address is best.
C: OK. So that's Flat 4A, 396 New Valley Road.
A: New Valley Road
C: Yes, that's right.
A: OK- that's great... and we know the town that's Preston.
C: Yes
A: Do you know what your postcode will be there?
C: Oh-I think I've got it somewhere on a piece of paper let me see... yes, here it is. Er,
it's PN6 3BZ A BS?
C: No, BZ.
A: Right. I guess you don't have a phone number yet?
C: No, not at the flat. And my mobile's not working right now I have to take it to the shop
and see what's wrong

81
A: Oh, I hope it's nothing serious,
C: Well, it's new, so it should be all right
A: You could give me the number anyway. For the future
C: Yes, OK. Um, it's 0787 345077
A: That's three-five-four-zero-double seven
C: No, three-four-five
A: Oh, thanks. I'll note that your phone is not working right now.
C: OK, thanks.
A: Now, the last thing I need is an email address.
C: OK, it's [email protected]. That's my personal address.
A: …..ptu dot com. Fine. Now, as you're moving. I'll put something in the message box
so that the brochure doesn't come too early.
C: Yes, could you do that?
A: I'll put 'deliver brochure next week
C: Oh, that's great.
A: Now, what would you like to do about…..

Advisor: Now, you can see on our website that we have a lot of courses what are you
interested in doing?
Caller: Well, I don't want to publish anything. I just want to raise the standard of my own
writing.
A: Yes, it depends on whether you want to, you know, write creatively or for fun. We
also have fiction writing - that includes writing children's stories.
C: Well, I work in an advertising agency, so I'd like to write better so that well, I'd like my
salary to rise.
A: OK, so we can send you our brochure for business writing and if you think it'll be right
for you, then you can enrol.
C: Great. What happens after that?
A: Then we send you the course pack.
C: What does that contain?

82
A: You get some books that will help you with your writing skills, an audio course on
CDs and instructional DVDs to watch, and some lesson texts to read.
C: OK. What if I change my mind?
A: Well, you can send the materials back to us. You have 21 days to decide, and we'll
refund your fees within that time.
C: Ah, that's quite good. I see. So the enrolment fee includes the course materials?
A: Yes, it does - for all our courses.
C: So are there different fees for different courses?
A: Yes, at the moment, your course is... let me see. They've just raised the prices it was
£340, but I think it's £375 now. Yes, fees rose a month ago, I'm afraid, um, by ten
percent - most of our courses are now between three and four hundred pounds.
C: OK, that's not bad - so, who will teach me?
A: Well, before we decide that, you do your first written assignment. It's like a personal profile.
C: Sol write about things like my background and where I was brought up?
A: No, it's the future we're interested in.
C: Oh, OK, so... what I want to get from the course, and how it will help me to achieve
my ambitions?
A: That's right. We get a picture of who you are and your needs and then we match you
to a personal tutor who will teach you and work with you.
C: That's a good idea. And how del get that to you?
A: Well, you send it in to us by post or through our website.
C: What about lessons?
A: There are 15 lessons altogether, and each one has an assignment.
C: And what sort of feedback will I get?
A: There's continuous online support, and part of that is a web-based facility for all the
students on your programme to get together.
C: Oh, so we can share ideas and things?
A: That's right. With no need to go into a classroom or be tied to weekly schedules.
C: OK. Thanks, I think that's all my questions.
A: Don't hesitate to call if you have any more.
C: OK, thanks. Bye.

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UNIT 8
Good morning, everyone, and welcome to the museum. Um... there are a few points
that you need to remember, so, before you go in, I'll just run through them. Then you
can all go off and have a good time!
So, first of all, you've all paid and you all have a ticket that allows you to go anywhere in
the museum and includes one trip to the 3D cinema. So you need to make sure that you
put the ticket somewhere that is secure but easy to find. This is partly because you'll
need to show it to our staff if you decide to go out at any time - there are two restaurants
which are outdoors, for example - and, um, anyone who does decide to go outside
should go and come back through the grey gates. Please don't use the emergency exits
unless there really is an emergency!
Now, I'm afraid that if you want to take photographs, you have to purchase a permit at
the entrance we don't allow visitors to take photographs of anything in the museum
unless they have a permit. If you'd like a picture of you and your friends at any time, just
let us know. We have a number of professional photographers who'll take a photo for
you.
Um, another thing is that you must keep everything that belongs to you with you all the
time. A lot of people will come to the museum during the day - you'll probably be here
for most of the day yourselves - so don't lose your wallet and make sure you don't leave
your mobile phone anywhere. It's easily done, and we aren't responsible for any losses
while you're here.
Er, as I mentioned earlier, you can go and see any of the films that are on in the 3D
cinema. I'll tell you about those in a minute there's also a schedule on the back of the
museum guide.
I suggest you get to the cinema entrance roughly five minutes early It takes very little
time to seat everyone, so you won't be waiting for the show to begin.
Well, I think those are all the instructions I need to give you.

OK... the films which are on today are being shown at different times. They're also about
some amazing subjects. Let me tell you a little bit about them.

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The first one is called The Secrets of the Nile and starts in half an hour at ten o'clock.
It's a beautiful film and it tells the story of the journey that was made down the river Nile
for the very first time starting in the mountains of Ethiopia and passing through the
Sudan and Egypt before reaching the Mediterranean Sea. You'll accompany the
travellers as they explore some of Africa's truly amazing landscapes.
The second film moves off land and into the sea. It's called Wild Ocean, and this one
begins at 11.45. So you have some time to look round the museum first if you choose
this title. In this film, you'll join the huge number of fish and other animals that live far
down near the bottom of the sea. You'll see them search for food, migrate and fight for
survival.
Dinosaurs Alive is the third film showing today. It starts at 1.45 p.m. and runs for just 30
minutes. This is a film for people who like special effects because there are plenty of
them! Scientists now have a lot of evidence to show that some animals from the
dinosaur family are still living on Earth. So in this film, you'll live with a new species of
dinosaur that has been re-created using computers.
Our final film today is simply titled Arabia. It starts at 2.30 and is a little longer than the
others, but it's a really wonderful experience. You'll ride through the desert on a camel.
You'll also dive among the treasures of the Red Sea where you'll explore the ruins of an
amazing lost city.
Well, these are all magical experiences, so I'll let you decide what you want to see. If
anyone has any questions.

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UNIT 9
Tutor: So, Fahad, let's talk about your presentation. Um, you've done a rough outline,
so, er, let's go over it and then you can go away and write it all up.
Fahad: Sure.
T: I asked you to choose a topic related to water, and you've chosen desalination -
removing salt from seawater. Now, why did you choose that?
F: Well, I come from the United Arab Emirates, and we have the world's largest
desalination plant.
T: Right, that's very relevant, and I think you should include that you know, your
personal, er reasons at the start.
F: Say why I decided on this topic?
T: Yes - just give a sentence or two, that'll do.
F: OK-I mean, I thought I should keep the introduction brief
T: Yes, but you can say why you like the topic it's a good choice of topic - very
interesting - and then I can follow the introduction easily
F: Ok
T: Now, let's go on to the historical background.
F: Mm, I want to make it clear that seawater purification isn't a new idea.
T: No - indeed, that's a good point to make.
F: So I'm going to describe some of the 'older' methods from the past.
T: Mmm. I got a bit lost reading your notes here.
F: Ah-ha. Is it too long?
T: Well, I think the real problem is that the information isn't in any logical order.
F: I see... well, it is just notes.
T: Well, you start in the 18th century, then move to the present day, then go back to the
20th century.
F: So it needs reorganising.
T: Yes, that would help.
F: OK - I'll make it clearer. What about the description of the process?
T: Ah, yes, that looks pretty good to me, but we'll go over it in more detail in a moment.
F: OK. I may need to cut it down.

86
T: Yes, definitely - it goes on for a long time and gets a bit technical.
F: Sure, er... OK. After the process, I want to talk about the pros and cons of
desalination, because that seems to be the big debate.
T: I totally agree. But you need to sort this section out.
F: Yes, it is a bit confusing.
T: I think you should present the main points one at a time.
F: OK-what, er, the advantages and disadvantages?
T: Yes, and talk about each one individually. OK - rather than presenting them all
together?
F: Mmm - it's hard for your listeners to take in like that.
T: It's all a bit unclear at the moment.
F: I see.
T: So, lastly, you conclude that we need to look for alternative ways to remove salt from
sea water
F: Well, yes. Do you think that's the wrong conclusion?
T: No, no- not at all. However, you should tell your audience exactly why you think this.
F: I will in the previous section.
T: Mmm, but you need to summarise the reasons again in the final part of your
presentation.
F: Oh, I see. Right... I'll mention them briefly, then.
T: Just a list will do. That'll make the conclusion a better length as well.
F: OK- thanks very much, Dr Tyler.

Tutor: OK, so let's have a closer look at the section on the process of desalination.
Fahad: Well, I just need to outline the principle of process, don't I?
T: Uh-huh. Yes, yes. You need to explain first what desalination means.
F: Well, I want to start by referring to a natural form of desalination Um, and to say that
a sea bird filters salt out of sea water in its throat
T: OK, that's interesting so they just spit the salt out, do they?
F: Yes.

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T: Right, that's a good introduction. Then you can go on to describe the mechanical
process.
F: Yes - well, the first stage is the collection um it involves a large plant that collects the
water - actually, it goes through a canal and that passes the water into the plant, which
treats it, you know
T: Removes all the rubbish.
F: Yes.
T: So the treatment's the second stage. What happens next ?
F: Well, the next stage is that it goes through a lot of pipes until it reaches the point
where the salt is removed.
T: OK so that's the next point on your chart
F: Yes - I can talk about this quite a lot the salt's separated from fresh water
T: Right the water passes through a membrane
F: Mmm - not exactly. That's the whole thing. The sea water has to be forced er,
pumped and a lot of pressure is involved.
T: Mmm - you need to make that point - explain that the water doesn't go freely.
F: No, because the salt is heavy. This is the really expensive part of the process.
T: OK... so after that, what happens?
F: Well, there's some more treatment after the high-pressure filtering process, but
eventually the system produces fresh water.
T: OK- it might be good to mention what's left over.
F: Salt, and that's a really big problem
T: Where does it go?
F: After the desalination process, the substance that remains it's called brine - it's a very
salty substance and it goes back - usually into the sea.
T: Mmm.

88
UNIT 10
Last week we looked at some of the features of modern houses and today we're going
to turn the clock back and look at traditional house design. I've chosen to start with
Samoa which is part of group of Polynesian islands in the South Pacific sea because
the influence of culture and weather on house design is quite clear there. So let's have a
look at first of all at the overall design of a traditional Samoan house.

Now these days house in Samoan have become more modern and are usually
rectangular but traditional designs were round or sometimes they were oval in shape.
Here's a picture. This traditional style is still used often for guest houses or meeting
houses and most Samoan villages have at least one of these buildings.

As you can see, there are no walls, so the air circulates freely around the house. The
Samoan is a place that experiences high temperatures. But the open design of the house
also reflects the openness of Samoan society. If the occupants want shelter, there are
several blinds made of coconut leaves, that can be lowered during rainy or windy weather
or indeed the blinds can also be pulled down if people want some privacy.

The foundations of the house and that's the park beneath, the floor are raised slightly. In
the past, the height was linked to the importance of the occupants which we'll talk about
another time. However, the floor of the house was usually covered with River stones.
Today we have a range of methods for balancing the temperature inside a building but
the stones on the floor of a Samoan home are ideal for cooling the building on hot days.

Now let's have a close look at the roof, this, as you can see in the picture is dome
shaped and traditionally fetched or covered with leaves from the sugar cane. That's an
established crop in Samoan. This was a job for the women and it involved twisting the
leaves and then fastening them with a thin strip of coconut leaf before fixing them to the
roof in several layers.

89
Now the shape of the roof is important. You can see that the sides are quite steep and
that's done, so that the rain falls straight to the ground without moisture going through
the leaves and causing leaks or dampness inside the house. Then you'll notice how
high the top of the roof is. This is a way of allowing heat to rise on sunny days and go
through the fetching thereby cooling the house.

So, how does the house stay upright? Well, there are a number of evenly spaced post
inside, they they encircle the interior of the building and go up to the roof and support
the beams there. They're also buried usually about a metre and a half in the ground to
keep them firm. These posts are produced using local timber from the surrounding
forests, they're cut by men from the family or village and the number varies depending
on the size and importance of the house.

Now these posts were a very significant part of Samoan culture and did much more
than hold up the roof. When there were meetings people sat with their back to certain
posts depending on their status in society. So there were posts for Chiefs according to
their state and posts for speakers and so on. And ordinary people sat around the site on
mats.

The last area I want to look at today is the attachment of the beams and posts. What
you call fixing the construction traditionally no nails or screws were used anywhere in
such a building. Instead coconut fibers were braided into rope to fix the beams and
posts together. The old people of the village usually made and plaited the rope. This
was a lengthy process. An ordinary house used about forty thousand feet of this rope
and as you can see in this picture, the rope was pulled very tightly and wound round the
beams and posts in a complex pattern and in fact the process of tying it to the beams,
so that it was tight and strong enough to keep them together is one of the great
architectural achievements of Polynesia.

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UNIT 11
Don Hello, come in and take a seat.
Jenny Oh. thanks.
D Good ... and how can I help you?
J Well, I'd quite like to join this International Social Club and I was hoping you could
help me
D Yes, no problem. Let me just get the form up on my screen and I'll fill in your details.
Let's see .. yes, here we are. OK,the first thing we need is your name.
J Jenny Foo, that's F- double O.
D OK, great and can you tell me how old you are, Jenny?
J I'm 21.
D Great and how long have you been here in Australia, by the way?
J I arrived just last month, two weeks before the start of the academic year,just to sort
things out and settle in a bit.
D Good idea.Where are you from originally?
J I'm from Kuala Lumpur - that's where I was born and brought up.
D So, you're Malaysian, are you?
J That's nght though I lived in the United States for a couple of years when I was a
teenager - we went there for my father's job.
D Right. And can you tell me your current address, please? Sure. Just at the moment
I'm lodging with a family at 13 Anglesea Road in Bondi.
D OK,let me just type that in. Er. How do you spel lAnglesea, by the way?
J It's spelled A- N-G- L- E- S-E-A
D Thanks.That's quite a long way from the city centre, isn't it? Is it a problem gettting
into the city centre?
J Not really, because the buses are good, and it's a nice, quiet area to live in.
D Mm. that's true. So I guess you must have a cell-phone number you can give me so
we can keep you informed of events and so on.
J Yes.Let me just have a look-it's a new one,so I haven't learned the number yet. Ah.
here it is. It's 040 422 9160.
D ... 9160. OK, good. And you like the family you're living with?

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J Sure. They've got a little boy, who is quite noisy, but he's really no trouble.
D Fine. Now, let's see, what's next? Er. yep. Can you tell me what you do - I mean, are
you working or studying?
J Well, at the moment I'm doing a temporary job with a company here in Sydney - I'm
an economist in fact.
D OK-and how long do you think you'll be here in Sydney?
J At least a year. I may look for work here afterwards.
D Great. Now, you want to join the International Social Club, and it would be good to
know a bit about your free-time interests as well. What do you like doing?
J Well. I'm quite musical and I really enjoy singing.
D Mm-hm.
J Back home. I sang with a band - just you know, for fun. But for me, what I like best is
dancing. You know, the modern sort? I really love it.

Don So how are you getting on here? I mean, your level of English is better than most
people who come from overseas to work and you've got a really nice American accent.
so I don't suppose you have any communication problems in the office, though you
might find some of our Australian slang more difficult to understand.
Jenny Well, a bit, but I haven't met that many Australians yet - outside of work, I mean.
D Right.
J But could you tell me a bit about the International Club, now I've joined?
D Sure. We've got - er, let's see - currently about 50 members, but people join all the
time, so I should think that figure will go up. Last year, we had 30 members and the year
before just 18, so we're growing and getting better known. I reckon that at this rate, next
year we'll have about 80.
J And does the club hold regular meetings?
D Yes, every second Thursday evening in fact so a couple of times a month, though of
course when you start making friends, you'll be getting together with them more often
than that, I guess. The next meeting will be next Thursday if I'm not mistaken. Er, yes,
that's right.
J And what happens when the club meets - I mean, what sort of things are organised?

92
D The usual thing is for one of the members to give a little presentation about where
they're from, their customs and so on, but from time to time they do other things -
outings to places around Sydney, or meeting up to eat together in a restaurant or go to
a concert together or something like that.

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UNIT 12
Igor Morning
Travel agent Good morning. Just a moment and I’ll be with you. Um, now, how can I help you?
I Yes. I phoned you earlier about an eco-holiday - you know, one of those holidays where you
don't damage the environment at all and you get close to nature
T Yes. I remember Mr Petrov. isn't it?
I Yes, Igor Petrov. You said you were going to look up what was available at rather short notice
T I did, and I've got a few things here. Just before I show them to you, though, let me get down
a few details.
I OK
T Right, now. how long are you hoping to go for - a week, a month?
I I originally planned to go for three weeks, but I think actually two would be better.
T Fine. I'll just note that down. Mm. I think it's a good length for a holiday You don't want to go
for too long or it's difficult to get back to work again afterwards. I always think. And what's the
limit on how much you're prepared to pay?
I Yes, I don't really want to go above £1.750 if I can help it
T Mm Fine. but when you come to look at the brochures, I should just point out that each of
them has a discount if you pay in advance.
I Oh! That's good. How much is it?
T It depends on the holiday you choose. but it's worth bearing in mind. Do you have any special
requirements which I should note down, by the way?
I one thing I'm keen on is having travel insurance while I'm away, so can you give me a quote?
T Well, I can't actually at the moment because our Internet connection is down just now, but as
soon as we have it up and running again and we know what holiday you've chosen, I'll give you
a call. Is there anything else?
I Yes. there is. Actually I'm not a meat eater. so you'll need to specify to the airline that I need to
eat vegetarian meals when I fly.
T OK vegetarian meals. By the way, what nationality are you. Mr Petrov?
I I'm Russian. From St Petersburg originally.

94
T I just ask because I may need to see if you'll need a visa for some of the places you might
visit. I'm just pointing that out because you want to go fairly soon and it can sometimes be quite
a lengthy process
Igor So. what options are still available?
Travel agent OK. There are these three possibilities which I managed to point out earlier
I thought they looked good.
I OK, let's have a look.
T Um. the first is called the Dumbarton Tablelands. It looks pretty good to me. It's in Western
Australia. The holiday really involves being close to and watching animals - almost living with
them, in fact, because you get to stay in a quite luxurious house or cabin built high up in a tree
and surrounded by lovely countryside. And, you know, there are birds and lizards and things if
you like that sort of thing. So you're very sort of
I close to nature.
T Close to nature. that's right.
I Sounds interesting I guess I could enjoy that. Er, what else have you got?
T Well. there's this one in the Bago Nature Reserve. where you go and stay with a local family
in their house in a small mountain village away from other tourists and the usual tourist spots.
So you discover lots about the way they live and you sort of live in the family, share their meals,
help them with their work. that sort of thing.
I Mm. Not so much of a holiday, then.
T Well. It depends on you. It's very different, and they say a change is as good as a rest. And
then there's San Luis Island.
I Mm. What happens at San Luis?
T Well. It's a small island. Just a few miles from the coast of Central America, but I'm not sure if
it's really up your street. You might like it because International tourism hasn't spoil it yet. But I'd
say it's more a holiday for young people. You go and live in a hostel and, you know, you help
paint the local school and you get to meet the kids and sort of try your hand at teaching.
I Teaching what?
T Oh. English or maths, whatever you're good at. What makes the Island interesting. though, is
their emissions policy. There are no cars - you have to walk or use a bicycle to get about. and
you get there by sailing boat. I Sounds wonderful.

95
UNIT 13
Debbie
Good afternoon. My name is Debbie Green and I'm going to give you a short but
hopefully interesting introduction to working at this hospital. I'll start with some
guidelines about nutrition and fitness because a hospital environment can be stressful,
and so we always encourage our staff to stay fit and have a healthy lifestyle. So just a
few tips first. As you know, the key to good health is eating what we call 'a balanced
diet'; many people don't do this, however. For one thing. they don't eat enough fruit and
vegetables or home-prepared food. When you feel hungry, it's often too easy to grab
something quick because you’re tired or busy. Cooking a healthy meal takes longer and
this is often why people live on sandwiches and fast food instead. Please, don't fall into
this unhealthy trap.

Of course, you have to do a little exercise and keep fit as well. I know you'll have a lot of
work and may not have time to join a gym… but consider how often you take the lift,
rather than the stairs, or how often you drive rather than walk. Health wise, it may just
be a question of doing things differently, rather than starting a very active sport.

In fact, being generally active is much healthier than doing lots of exercise just
occasionally. As you know, this can be as risky for your heart as being inactive. As long
as you do at least an hour's exercise a day- and some of you will do more than that at
work- you'll find that you don't lie awake at night worrying about the next day - and that's
the main advantage of exercise. Remember, this is a hospital, and you are supposed to
be the healthiest people here.

Moving on to health and safety, I want to point out that it’s quite OK to take a break any
time that you're not busy We know that when there's an emergency you may have to
miss that cup of tea or coffee in the canteen or wherever you go, but generally you
shouldn't work for more than three hours without a break, otherwise your attention levels
will drop and you could then make a careless mistake.

96
Another important issue is hygiene. You're all trained to clean your hands at work, but
remember that germs can live for a long time, so please make sure that you don't leave
even a small amount of rubbish around. There are brooms in the cupboards, so use
them. We do have cleaners, but they aren't always here when you need them. I'm
afraid, and a little dirt can soon build up.

Now, as you're all new, I'm just going to show you a map of the hospital and point out a
few key places. Let's start with the recreation centre. At the moment. we're in the main
building, that's here and if you go out of the main entrance and just along the main road
to the east you'll find the staff recreation centre. It's this T-shaped building and there's a
range of things that you can do here to help you relax.

If you get ill, we do have a health centre for all registered employees and this is directly
behind the main hospital building. So,if you go out of the back exit, it's just in front of you
and there's a small pharmacy next to it. I'm based here and I have a few leaflets on
things if you want to come and see me.

Many of you will be doing shift work, so you might like to go to the 24-hour swimming pool and
sauna. They're very close by, and it doesn't cost much money to get in. If you walk out of the
front of the main building, there's a road straight ahead of you, go down that and turn left into
Tye Road -you'll see the pool entrance at the end of that road, just beyond the line of trees.

We've talked about eatting healthily, and there's a very useful store nearby that sells a
large range of organic products and health-food supplements. This is also in front of the
main building, but this time you need to go beyond the turning for Tye Road and you'll
see it on the right-hand corner, directly opposite another building.
Finally, if you want a healthy meal and you have very little time to get it, of course there's
always the canteen inside the main building. But I would recommend a place called Jenny's
Restaurant. Leave the front of the main building and head for the roundabout. When you're
there. take the second turning on the left. It’s just along that road before the trees. You can
get a number of excellent dishes here at a reasonable price. Well. I think that's all.

97
UNIT 14
So I thought that I'd first say a few words to help orientate you round the banking
system. As new arrivals, one of the first things you'll want to do is open a bank account.
This will allow you to receive your money transfers, pay your bills by direct debit and all
sorts of other things that will make your life easier.

One mistake I think a lot of people make is to just wander into the first bank they see,
thinking that all banks are much the same, and ask to open an account. In actual fact,
they all offer something slightly different, and some of the differences can affect you
quite seriously. For example, for those of you who are studying at the university here,
you may have noticed that there are two or three banks with branches near the
university - Great Western and Moneysafe, for example - but only one - Finley's -
actually has an office inside one of the university buildings. For the others, you'd have a
bit more of a walk.

Some banks give away free gifts: Evergreen offers a laptop to people who keep a
balance of more than £5,000 for nine months; with International Union, you'll get a
phone when you open your first account, and one or two others, like Moneysafe and
Northern Star, offer mountain bikes or vacuum cleaners if you put money on deposit.
That sort of thing. More seriously, you should look at the sort of interest rates the bank
will offer you. Both if you need an overdraft or loan, or if you're hoping to get some
interest on your savings. At the moment, Northern Star offers the highest rate of interest
to savers, but Great Western will lend money at a lower percentage than normal to
people registered on higher education courses. So you can see it really is worth looking
around.

Another thing it’s a good idea to enquire about are bank charges. Again, they're not all
the same. Some charge the same across the board, such as Evergreen, Finley's and
Northern Star, but Moneysafe actually say that if you're in credit. your account won't
cost a thing - though, just like the others, as soon as you go into the red, their prices
become pretty steep.

98
Of course, one of the things you'll want as soon as you open your account is a debit
card, so I thought I'd give you a little tour of these essential little pieces of plastic. If you
look at the slide,you'll see that on the front at the top they tend to have either the name
of the bank or the company which has issued the card. Then a bit more than halfway
down on the right. you'll see this hologram with a picture which appears to move as you
move the card around in front of you. This sort of detail makes cards very hard to forge.
Although like with anything else, there are people out there who'll try. Then, on the back,
there's another of those sophisticated high-tech details and that's the magnetic strip
which is this black thing going from one side to the other which contains certain coded
details. While we're on the back, you'll see another lighter strip with three numbers at
the end. That's your security number, which they always ask for when you use the card
for an Internet purchase or over the phone and it also has a space where you as the
card holder should put your signature so that shop assistants can compare it when you
sign a payment slip.

Going back to the front, in the bottom right-hand corner, you'll usually find the bank logo
and just to the left of it, there's your own name in raised print. One thing you always
need for telephone and Internet sales is the expiry date and on the card in front of you.
that's just above the cardholder's name. Finally, in most places, you have to insert your
card into a machine and key in your PIN. Just above the card number on the left, you
can see a chip, and that chip is there to verify that the PIN you have entered is correct.

99
UNIT 15
Tutor Come in
Amanda Hi
T Oh hi, Amanda .. You've come to discuss your mid-term assignment. haven't you?
A Yes.that's right
T So. what have you decided to do?
A Well, I thought I could base my study on pronunciation and get students to do some
self-assessment of their own pronunciation skills
T That's interesting. You mean get them to record themselves
A That's right then listen back and see where thew weaknesses lie
T Good idea You could also do some peer evaluation
A Oh yes see whether their assessment of themselves matches what their classmates
think.
T Ah-hah So. how are you planning to do the assignment?
A Well, I'm going to select a short extract from somewhere and ask them to read it
aloud. Maybe something from one of the textbooks we're reading
T Why don't you look up one of my lectures on the website and find a suitable extract
there? That way, you'll be using authentic spoken language, rather than written text, and
it will be a model for students to listen to.
A Oh yes. that's a much better idea I'll still have to write it out. though, won't I?
T Yes - I don't think you can expect them to remember it Even a sentence is hard to
recall
A No. and it isn't a memory test So when I choose the extract. what features do I need
to think about?
T Um. first I'd say pick something well. something that's about a paragraph long but that
makes sense out of the context of the lecture.
A Right - a clear well-structured passage
T Yes. because to read something well. you've got to be able to understand it, haven't
you?
A Yes. that might mean taking a while to make the selection. I guess it shouldn't consist
entirely of short words!

100
T No - that's an obvious one. You need to think about what features of pronunciation
you're going to focus on .Then make sure that your extract has examples of these
A So some multi-syllable words…. Things like probably and approximately
T Yes - some challenges! And then there's sentence length
A Mmm - I should include some complex sentences so that
the students have to show they know where to pause.
T Exactly, I wouldn't worry about how many sentences there are - but what you do need
are some obvious main points
A So that they can stress things?
T Yes, particular words or phrases should stand out as significant. You know, we've
already covered this in our classes over the weeks.

Tutor now let me see. Is there a lecture that I could recommend for you?
Amanda What about the one you did at the start of term on, on the history of English?
T Yes, you could go for that – it had a lot of information which was clearly sequenced
and presented, so you might find a nice chunk you can use The topic's a bit dull. though
A Uh-huh I guess it's good to use something enjoyable
T Yes, you might as well. You have a choice… so um ... the lecture on gestures and
signs certainly went down well.
A Oh, I really liked that one, but I'm not sure that the content is related to what I'm
doing.
T Mmm Does that matter? OK- there's the one on intonation patterns - I didn't take long
to put that together. though it might be a bit…
A the topic's certainly more closely linked to the whole area of pronunciation
T OK. so could be good just watch out in case there are too many examples or models
A The assignment after that lecture was fun
T What about language and rhythm? That was one of my mini-lectures…
A Oh right, so I wouldn't have to spend too much time going through the content to find
something

101
T No. whereas the one on intonation patterns was a lot longer. Well, you've got a few to
choose from there .
A So whatever I choose. I'll need to type it out and give them a copy each and then get
them to record themselves reading the paragraph aloud
T Yes - give them about ten minutes to prepare .You can record in next Tuesday's class
if you like.
A Oh thanks Do we have the equipment?
T That's also Important- yes ' They could use mobile phones. couldn't they? Though the
sound quality may not be good on all of them.
A Technology can be unreliable at times….. but OK
T Well, we can also bring in some of the department's digital recorders. You just need to
book those in advance.
A OK.thanks.
T Well, good luck, and let me know if you need any more help It will certainly be
interesting to look at your findings afterwards
A Thanks, Dr White.

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UNIT 16
Victor Hi Fumiko, how is the psychology course going?
Fumiko Oh hi, Victor. I’m really enjoying it, but I’ve got a project this term that is…
you know. part of my assessment. and the topics really hard
V Oh - is it ideas that you need?
F Oh thanks but I think I've got plenty that's the trouble - I don't really know where to
start. My tutor's given me such a huge area to cover that I can't seem to narrow it down
to something I can manage.
V So what's the topic, then? Maybe I can help.
F Well, it's ... er. oh, 'The mystery of human relationships'.
V Your tutor's Mr Dresden, I bet!
F How do you know?
V Well, he gives very ... shall we say 'broad' project titles. I mean, when I had him, one
of my topics was 'Happiness is dot. dot, dot'!
F He makes you think. doesn't he?
V Yeah. The thing about Mr Dresden is that he likes to find out what you really enjoy
working on.
F That's a good idea in theory. If I had more time, it would be fine.
V So what reading have you done so far?
F Well , he's done one lecture on my topic - that was a few weeks ago-and then he gave
us a couple of articles from a journal.
V Have you still got them?
F I put them away somewhere without looking at them - I'll find them eventually. But I've
just got these books from the library. I might find something useful in these.
V Have you been on the internet?
F I have, and there are some fascinating reports . .. but they made me realise just how
much has been written !
V Well, what exactly have you got to do for the project? I guess you have to present it.
so, er, there will be charts and things?
F Well, actually, Mr Dresden didn't ask for data - he said that the important thing was to
read about the topic and definitely include a list of all our sources.

103
V I told you, didn't I? He's just getting you to find stuff out.
F Mmm. I could do a survey and interview some people of different ages.
V OK - well, maybe I can help you a bit.
F Could you?
V I've got an English Lit seminar in ten minutes and I have to go in the library and find a
couple of handouts for it.
F Oh, OK. It'll be getting late after that.
V Look, tell you what. I'll text you in half an hour. If the seminar doesn't last too long, we
could have a coffee in the canteen afterwards.
F Oh, I hope so – that would be great.
V Right. so let's design a plan . What ideas have you got so far?
F Well, I wondered about doing something about relationships in the wild first - you
know, maybe starting with animals.
V That's quite a good idea ... but I think the very first thing you need to do is give a
definition of what you mean by your key terms.
F Oh, so I need to say what terms like 'relationship' mean? Yeah.
V Um. you could just do a diagram - you know. Like you do when you brainstorm
something.
F Oh yes- OK, I'll do that first.
V Right. After that. you could do a bit of background on the animal world ... yes. a quick
look at relationships among ape groups would work.
F Yeah - interesting -just to show that relationships are part of life ... So that's the
definition and background - what next?
V Well, then you have to move on to people. Are you going to target a particular age
group? Or something else?
F Well,I thought that first I would look at different...well, there are so many places. aren't
there, where we form relationships? In the office ...
V Yeah ... within the family. Even toddlers aged 18 months or under have relationships.
Yeah...so I'l lpresent those...
V You mean the 'contexts' for relationships.
F Yes, that's the word.

104
V You do have to find a way to limit the scope of the study.
F Yeah. I could examine the 21-to-30 age group.
V Or the next thing might be to select one type of relationship and go with that.
F Good idea! Um, I'll pick friendship and look at what makes that type of relationship
work and .. .
V Well, why don't you go through the stages in a friendship? But I would keep it simple -
just select six.
F Six, OK. I guess I could fit my practical work in here.
V Yes. it's the sort of area that you can canvas people's
opinions on. Ah, it might be good to get some opinions from people over the age of 60.
F And - as a contrast - why don't I end by looking into the future? Maybe the future
changes in ...
V Yeah, or better still, the influences - you know, with all the social networking that goes
on now.
F OK, Influences ... oh, that's been such a help, Victor. Thanks so much.
V No problem ... I'd better go and get some work done myself ...

105
READING
VOCABULARY

106
UNIT 1

A brilliant movement of colour as it catches - brilliant (adj) /ˈbrɪljənt/ rực rỡ

its food in the air, the European bee-eater - movement (n) /ˈmuvmənt/ sự chuyển động
moves between three continents. - as (conj) /æz/ khi
- catch (v) /kæʧ/ bắt lấy
- air (n) /ɛr/ không khí
- bee-eater (n) /bi/-/ˈitər/ chim trảu
- continent (n) /ˈkɑntənənt/ lục địa

True to their name, bee-eaters eat bees - bee (n) /bi/ con ong
(though their diet includes just about any - though (conj) /ðoʊ/ mặc dù
flying insect). When the bird catches a bee, - diet (n) /ˈdaɪət/ đồ ăn thường ngày
it returns to its tree to get rid of the bees - flying insect (Nphr) /ˈflaɪɪŋ/ /ˈɪnˌsɛkt/ côn trùng
poison, which it does very efficiently. It hits bay
the insect's head on one side of the branch, - bird (n) /bɜrd/ chim
then rubs its body on the other. The rubbing - catch (v) /kæʧ/ bắt lấy
makes its prey harmless. - return (v) /rɪˈtɜrn/ trở lại
- get rid of (phrase) /ɡɛt/ /rɪd/ /ʌv/ bỏ đi
- poison (n) /ˈpɔɪzən/ chất độc
- efficiently (adv) /ɪˈfɪʃəntli/ hiệu quả
- hit (v) /hɪt/ đánh
- insect (n) /ˈɪnˌsɛkt/ côn trùng
- head (n) /hɛd/ cái đầu
- branch (n) /brænʧ/ cành cây
- rub (v) /rʌb/ chà xát
- body (n) /ˈbɑdi/ cơ thể
- prey (n) /preɪ/ con mồi
- harmless (adj) /ˈhɑrmləs/ vô hại
European bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) form - form (v) /fɔrm/ hình thành
families that breed in the spring and summer - breed (v) /brid/ sinh sản
across an area that extends from Spain to - across (pre) /əˈkrɔs/ ở, trên
Kazakhstan. Farmland and river valleys - extend (v) /ɪkˈstɛnd/ mở rộng
provide huge numbers of insects. Flocks of - farmland (n) /ˈfɑrmˌlænd/ đất canh tác
bee-eaters follow tractors as they work - valley (n) /ˈvæli/ thung lũng
fields. When the birds come upon a - provide (v) /prəˈvaɪd/ cung cấp
beehive, they eat well - a researcher once - flock (n) /flɑk/ đàn
found a hundred bees in the stomach of a - follow (v) /ˈfɑloʊ/ theo
bee-eater near a hive. - tractor (n) /ˈtræktər/ máy kéo
- field (n) /fild/ cánh đồng
- come upon (Phr.verb) /kʌm/ /əˈpɑn/ xông vào
- beehive (n) /ˈbiˌhaɪv/ tổ ong
- stomach (n) /ˈstʌmək/ dạ dày
- hive (n) /haɪv/ tổ ong

107
European bees pass the winter by sleeping - pass (v) /pæs/ vượt qua
in their hives, which cuts off the bee-eater's - cut off (Phr.verb) /kʌt/ /ɔf/ cắt đứt
main source of food. So, in late summer, - source (n) /sɔrs/ nguồn
bee-eaters begin a long, dangerous - dangerous (adj) /ˈdeɪnʤərəs/ nguy hiểm
journey. Massive flocks from Spain, France - journey (n) /ˈʤɜrni/ hành trình
and northern Italy cross the Sahara desert to - massive (adj) /ˈmæsɪv/ lớn
their wintering grounds in West Africa. Bee- - desert (n) /ˈdɛzɜrt/ sa mạc
eaters from Hungary and other parts of - wintering (n) /ˈwɪntərɪŋ/ trú đông
Central and Eastern Europe cross the - ground (n) /ɡraʊnd/ nơi, vùng đất
Mediterranean Sea and Arabian Desert to - cross (v) /krɔs/ băng qua
winter in southern Africa. 'It's an extremely - Mediterranean (n) /ˌmɛdətəˈreɪniən/ Địa Trung
risky stratagem, this migration,' says C. Hải
Hilary Fry, a British ornithologist who has - extremely (adv) /ɛkˈstrimli/ vô cùng
studied European bee-eaters for more than - risky (adj) /ˈrɪski/ rủi ro
45 years. 'At least 30 percent of the birds will - stratagem (n) /ˈstrætəʤəm/ mưu kế
be killed by predators before they make it - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
back to Europe the following spring.' - ornithologist (n) /ˌɔrnɪˈθɑləʤɪst/ nhà điểu học,
nhà nghiên cứu chim
- kill (v) /kɪl/ giết
- predator (n) /ˈprɛdətər/ động vật ăn thịt
- make it back (phrase) /meɪk/ /ɪt/ /bæk/ quay trở
lại
- following (adj) /ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/ tiếp theo

In April, they return to Europe. Birds build - nest (n) /nɛst/ tổ

nests by digging tunnels in riverbanks. - dig (v) /dɪɡ/ đào
They work for up to 20 days. By the end of - tunnel (n) /ˈtʌnəl/ đường hầm
the job, they've moved 15 to 26 pounds of - riverbank (n) /ˈrɪvərˌbæŋk/ bờ sông
soil - more than 80 times their weight. - up to (pre) /ʌp/ /tu/ lên đến
- by the end of (phrase) /baɪ/ /ði/ /ɛnd/ /ʌv/ vào
cuối
- move (v) /muv/ di chuyển
- soil (n) /sɔɪl/ đất
- weight (n) /weɪt/ cân nặng

The nesting season is a time when families - nesting (n) /ˈnɛstɪŋ/ làm tổ
help each other, and sons or uncles help - season (n) /ˈsizən/ mùa
feed their father's or brother's chicks as - uncle (n) /ˈʌŋkəl/ chú
soon as they come out of their eggs. The - feed (v) /fid/ cho ăn
helpers benefit, too: parents with helpers - chick (n) /ʧɪk/ chim non
can provide more food for chicks to continue - as soon as (conj) /æz/ /sun/ /æz/ ngay khi
the family line. - helper (n) /ˈhɛlpər/ người giúp đỡ
- benefit (v) /ˈbɛnəfɪt/ hưởng lợi
- family line (Nphr) /ˈfæməli/ /laɪn/ Dòng họ

108
It's a short, spectacular life. European bee- - spectacular (adj) /spɛkˈtækjələr/ hùng vĩ
eaters live for five to six years. The - difficulty (n) /ˈdɪfəkəlti/ khó khăn
difficulties of migration and avoiding - avoid (v) /əˈvɔɪd/ tránh xa
predators along the way affect every bird. - affect (v) /əˈfɛkt/ ảnh hưởng
Bee-eaters today also find it harder to find - as (conj) /æz/ bởi vì
food, as there are fewer insects around as a - as a result of (phrase) /æz/ /ə/ /rɪˈzʌlt/ /ʌv/ vì, do
result of pesticides. Breeding sites are - pesticide (n) /ˈpɛstəˌsaɪd/ thuốc trừ sâu
also disappearing, as rivers are turned into - breeding (n) /ˈbridɪŋ/ sinh sản
concrete-walled canals. - site (n) /saɪt/ địa điểm
- disappear (v) /ˌdɪsəˈpɪr/ biến mất
- turn into (Phr.verb) /tɜrn/ /ˈɪntu/ trở thành
- concrete-wall (adj) /ˈkɑnkrit/-/wɔl/ Bức tường bê
tông
- canal (n) /kəˈnæl/ con kênh

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UNIT 2

A team of social psychologists from - social (adj) /ˈsoʊʃəl/ xã hội

California has spent six years studying the - psychologist (n) /saɪˈkɑləʤəst/ nhà tâm lý
reactions of people in cities around the world học
to different situations. The results show that - spend (v) /spɛnd/ dành (thời gian)
cities where people have less money - study (v) /ˈstʌdi/ nghiên cứu
generally have friendlier populations. Rio - reaction (n) /riˈækʃən/ sự phản ứng lại
de Janeiro in Brazil, which is often known for - situation (n) /ˌsɪʧuˈeɪʃən/ tình huống
its crime, comes out top, and the capital of - result (n) /rɪˈzʌlt/ kết quả
Malawi, Lilongwe, comes third. - generally (adv) /ˈʤɛnərəli/ nói chung là
- friendly (adj) /ˈfrɛndli/ thân thiện
- population (n) /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ dân số
- crime (n) /kraɪm/ tội ác, sự phạm tội
- come out top (phrase) /kʌm/ /aʊt/ /tɑp/
đứng đầu
- capital (n) /ˈkæpətəl/ thủ đô
- third (adv) /θɜrd/ thứ ba
But what makes one city friendlier than - another (determiner) /əˈnʌðər/ khác
another? The psychologists from California - environment (n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ môi trường
State University say it has got more to do - culture (n) /ˈkʌlʧər/ văn hoá
with environment than culture or - nationality (n) /ˌnæʃəˈnæləti/ quốc tịch
nationality.
They carried out a study into the way locals - carry out (Phr.verb) /ˈkæri/ /aʊt/ tiến hành
treated strangers in 23 cities around the - study (n) /ˈstʌdi/ nghiên cứu
world. The team conducted their research - local (n) /ˈloʊkəl/ người dân địa phương
through a series of tests, where they - treat (v) /trit/ đối xử
dropped pens or pretended they were blind - stranger (n) /ˈstreɪnʤər/ người lạ
and needed help crossing the street. - conduct (v) /ˈkɑndʌkt/ tiến hành
- research (n) /riˈsɜrʧ/ nghiên cứu
- a series of (phrase) /ə/ /ˈsɪriz/ /ʌv/ một loạt
các
- test (n) /tɛst/ Bài kiểm tra
- drop (v) /drɑp/ làm rơi
- pretend (v) /priˈtɛnd/ giả vờ
- blind (adj) /blaɪnd/ mù
- cross (v) /krɔs/ đi qua
The study concludes that people are more - conclude (v) /kənˈklud/ kết luận
helpful in cities with a more relaxed way of - helpful (adj) /ˈhɛlpfəl/ hữu ích
life such as Rio. While they were there, - relaxed (adj) /rɪˈlækst/ thoải mái
researchers received help in 93 percent of - while (conj) /waɪl/ trong khi
cases, and the percentage in Lilongwe was - researcher (n) /ˈrisərʧər/ nhà nghiên cứu
only a little lower. However, richer cities - case (n) /keɪs/ trường hợp
such as Amsterdam and New York are - percentage (n) /pərˈsɛntəʤ/ phần trăm

110
considered the least friendly. Inhabitants of - low (adj) /loʊ/ thấp
Amsterdam helped the researchers in 53 - however (conj) /ˌhaʊˈɛvər/ Tuy nhiên
percent of cases and in New York just 44 - consider (v) /kənˈsɪdər/ coi, xem xét
percent. The psychologists found that, in - inhabitant (n) /ɪnˈhæbətənt/ cư dân
these cities, people tend to be short of time, - tend (v) /tɛnd/ có khuynh hướng
so they hurry and often ignore strangers. - be short of time (phrase) /bi/ /ʃɔrt/ /ʌv/ /taɪm/
thiếu thời gian
- hurry (v) /ˈhɜri/ vội vàng
- ignore (v) /ɪɡˈnɔr/ phớt lờ

111
UNIT 3

Mau sailed from Hawaii to Tahiti using - sail (v) /seɪl/ chèo thuyền
traditional methods. - traditional (adj) /trəˈdɪʃənəl/ truyền thống
- method (n) /ˈmɛθəd/ phương pháp
In early 1976, Mau Piailug, a fisherman, led - fisherman (n) /ˈfɪʃərˌmæn/ ngư dân
an expedition in which he sailed a traditional - lead (v) /lid/ chỉ huy
Polynesian boat across 2,500 miles of - expedition (n) /ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃən/ thám hiểm
ocean from Hawaii to Tahiti. The Polynesiai - boat (n) /boʊt/ thuyền
Voyaging Society had organised the - across (pre) /əˈkrɔs/ qua, ngang qua
expedition. Its purpose was to find out if - ocean (n) /ˈoʊʃən/ đại dương
seafarers in the distant past could have - voyaging (n) /ˈvɔɪəʤɪŋ/ du ngoạn
found their way from one island to the other - society (n) /səˈsaɪəti/ câu lạc bộ
without navigational instruments, or - organise (v) /ɔːr.ɡən.aɪz/ tổ chức
whether the islands had been populated by - purpose (n) /ˈpɜrpəs/ mục đích
accident. At the time, Mau was the only - seafarer (n) /ˈsiˌfɛrər/ người đi biển
man alive who knew how to navigate just by - distant (adj) /ˈdɪstənt/ xa xôi
observing the stars, the wind and the sea. - past (n) /pæst/ quá khứ
He had never before sailed to Tahiti, which - find sb's way (phrase) /faɪnd/ sb's /weɪ/ tìm
was a long way to the south. However, he đường đi
understood how the wind and the sea - without (pre) /wɪˈθaʊt/ không có
behave around islands, so he was confident - navigational (adj) /ˌnævəˈɡeɪʃənəl/ điều
he could find his way. The voyage took him hướng
and his crew a month to complete and he - instrument (n) /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ dụng cụ
did it without a compass or charts. - whether (conj) /ˈwɛðər/ liệu
- populate (v) /ˈpɑpjəˌleɪt/ cư trú
- by accident (phrase) /baɪ/ /ˈæksədənt/ vô
tình
- at the time (phrase) /æt/ /ðə/ /taɪm/ vào thời
điểm đó
- alive (adj) /əˈlaɪv/ còn sống
- navigate (v) /ˈnævəˌɡeɪt/ điều hướng
- observe (v) /əbˈzɜrv/ quan sát
- star (n) /stɑr/ ngôi sao
- wind (n) /wɪnd/ gió
- sea (n) /si/ biển
- south (n) /saʊθ/ phía nam
- understand (v) /ˌʌndərˈstænd/ hiểu
- behave (v) /bɪˈheɪv/ hoạt động
- confident (adj) /ˈkɑnfədənt/ tự tin
- voyage (n) /ˈvɔɪəʤ/ hành trình, chuyến đi
bằng tàu thuỷ
- crew (n) /kru/ đoàn thuỷ thủ
- complete (v) /kəmˈplit/ hoàn thành

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 - compass (n) /ˈkʌmpəs/ la bàn
- chart (n) /ʧɑrt/ bản đồ
His grandfather began the task of teaching - task (n) /tæsk/ nhiệm vụ
him how to navigate when he was still a - navigate (v) /ˈnævəˌɡeɪt/ điều hướng
baby. He showed him pools of water on the - show (v) /ʃoʊ/ chỉ cho thấy
beach to teach him how the behaviour of the - pool (n) /pul/ vũng
waves and wind changed in different places. - behaviour (n) /bɪˈheɪ.vjər/ hoạt động
Later, Mau used a circle of stones to - wave (n) /weɪv/ sóng
memorise the positions of the stars. Each - circle (n) /ˈsɜrkəl/ vòng tròn
stone was laid out in the sand to represent - stone (n) /stoʊn/ cục đá
a star. - memorise (v) /ˈmem.ə.raɪz/ ghi nhớ
- position (n) /pəˈzɪʃən/ vị trí
- lay out (Phr.verb) /leɪ/ /aʊt/ đặt, sắp đặt
- sand (n) /sænd/ cát
- represent (v) /ˌrɛprəˈzɛnt/ đại diện

The voyage proved that Hawaii’s first - prove (v) /pruv/ chứng minh
inhabitants came in small boats and - inhabitant (n) /ɪnˈhæbətənt/ cư dân
navigated by reading the sea and the stars. - keen (adj) /kin/ nồng nhiệt
Mau himself became a keen teacher, - pass on (Phr.verb) /pæs/ /ɑn/ truyền lại
passing on his traditional secrets to people - secret (n) /ˈsikrət/ bí mật
of other cultures so that his knowledge - culture (n) /ˈkʌlʧər/ văn hoá
would not be lost. He explained the - knowledge (n) /ˈnɑləʤ/ kiến thức
positions of the stars to his students, but he - lose (v) /luz/ mất đi
allowed them to write things down because - explain (v) /ɪkˈspleɪn/ giải thích
he knew they would never be able to - allow (v) /əˈlaʊ/ cho phép
remember everything as he had done.

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UNIT 4

How easy is it for us to change our lives - - life (n) /laɪf/ cuộc sống
and why? - give up (Phr.verb) /ɡɪv/ /ʌp/ từ bỏ
- career (n) /kəˈrɪr/ sự nghiệp
In 1990, a young American named - plan (n) /plæn/ kế hoạch
Christopher McCandless gave up his career - leave behind (Phr.verb) /liv/ /bɪˈhaɪnd/ bỏ
plans, left behind everyone he knew, lại phía sau
including his family, and went off on an - go off on (Phr.verb) /ɡoʊ/ /ɔf/ /ɑn/ đi tiếp
adventure. He was 22 at the time. In an act - adventure (n) /ædˈvɛnʧər/ cuộc phiêu lưu
of kindness, he donated all his savings to - in an act of kindness (phrase) /ɪn/ /ən/ /ækt/
the famous charity, Oxfam International, and /ʌv/ /ˈkaɪndnəs/ trong một hành động tử tế
hitchhiked his way through America to - donate (v) /ˈdoʊˌneɪt/ quyên tặng
Alaska. His decisions were so unusual for - saving (n) /ˈseɪvɪŋ/ tiết kiệm
his age that Jon Krakauer wrote a book about - charity (n) /ˈʧɛrɪti/ tổ chức từ thiện
them called Into the Wild, and Sean Penn - hitchhike (v) /ˈhɪʧˌhaɪk/ quá giang
directed a film that had the same title. - decision (n) /dɪˈsɪʒən/ quyết định
- unusual (adj) /ənˈjuʒˌuəl/ bất thường
- age (n) /eɪʤ/ tuổi
- direct (v) /dəˈrɛkt/ đạo diễn
- title (n) /ˈtaɪtəl/ tiêu đề

Of course, this is an unusual story. Most - college (n) /ˈkɑlɪʤ/ trường đại học
college graduates would not do quite the - graduate (n) /ˈɡræʤuɪt/ sinh viên tốt nghiệp
same thing. However, studies do show that - quite the same thing (phrase) /kwaɪt/ /ðə/
in teenage years, people are more likely to /seɪm/ /θɪŋ/ điều khá giống nhau
try out new experiences. Instead of - study (n) /ˈstʌdi/ nghiên cứu
following the family career path, for - teenage (n) /ˈtiˌneɪʤ/ thiếu niên
example, and working his way up the same - try out (Phr.verb) /traɪ/ /aʊt/ thử nghiệm
organisation like his grandfather did, a 15- - experience (n) /ɪkˈspɪriəns/ trải nghiệm
year-old may dream about becoming a - instead of (phrase) /ɪnˈstɛd/ /ʌv/ thay vì
traveller - only to find in his early 20s that - follow (v) /ˈfɑloʊ/ đi theo
this fascination with new places is declining - career (n) /kəˈrɪr/ sự nghiệp
and change is less attractive. This age- - path (n) /pæθ/ con đường
related trend can be observed in all - work sb's way up (phrase) /wɜrk/ sb's /weɪ/
cultures. /ʌp/ thăng tiến
- organization (n) /ˌɔrɡənəˈzeɪʃən/ tổ chức
- dream (v) /drim/ mơ
- traveller (n) /ˈtrævələr/ lữ khách
- fascination (n) /ˌfæsəˈneɪʃən/ mê hoặc
- decline (v) /dɪˈklaɪn/ giảm
- attractive (adj) /əˈtræktɪv/ hấp dẫn
- age-related (adj) /eɪʤ/-/rɪˈleɪtɪd/ liên quan
đến tuổi tác

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 - trend (n) /trɛnd/ xu hướng
- observe (v) /əbˈzɜrv/ quan sát
- culture (n) /ˈkʌlʧər/ văn hoá
The reason why people all over the world - keen (adj) /kin/ hứng thú
become less keen to change as they get - life (n) /laɪf/ cuộc sống
older may be because people’s lives - generally (adv) /ˈʤɛnərəli/ nói chung là
generally follow similar patterns and - follow (v) /ˈfɑloʊ/ theo
involve similar demands. Most people, - similar (adj) /ˈsɪmələr/ tương tự
wherever they are, aim to find a job and a - pattern (n) /ˈpætərn/ khuôn mẫu
partner. As they get older, they may have - involve (v) /ɪnˈvɑlv/ đòi hỏi
young children to look after and possibly - demand (n) /dɪˈmænd/ nhu cầu
elderly family members. These - wherever (conj) /wɛˈrɛvər/ bất cứ nơi nào
responsibilities cannot be achieved without - aim (v) /eɪm/ có mục tiêu
some degree of consistency, which means - partner (n) /ˈpɑrtnər/ người đối tác, cộng sự
that new experiences and ideas may not - look after (Phr.verb) /lʊk/ /ˈæftər/ chăm sóc
have a place in the person’s life. New - possibly (adv) /ˈpɑsəbli/ có thể
experiences may bring excitement but also - elderly (adj) /ˈɛldərli/ già
insecurity, and so most people prefer to - responsibility (n) /riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/ trách
stay with the familiar. nhiệm
- achieve (v) /əˈʧiv/ đạt được
- degree (n) /dɪˈɡri/ mức độ
- consistency (n) /kənˈsɪstənsi/ Tính nhất
quán
- experience (n) /ɪkˈspɪriəns/ trải nghiệm
- excitement (n) /ɪkˈsaɪtmənt/ sự phấn khích
- insecurity (n) /ˌɪnsɪˈkjʊrɪti/ sự bất an
- prefer (v) /prəˈfɜr/ thích hơn
- familiar (n) /fəˈmɪljər/ điều thân thuộc
However, not every individual is the same. - individual (n) /ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/ cá nhân
One toddler may want to play a different - toddler (n) /ˈtɑdlər/ trẻ mới biết đi
game every day and get fed up if nothing - fed up (phrase) /fɛd/ /ʌp/ chán
changes at the nursery. Another may seek - nursery (n) /ˈnɜrsəri/ nhà trẻ
out and play with the same children and toys - seek out (Phr.verb) /sik/ /aʊt/ tìm kiếm
on every visit. Young children who avoid new - avoid (v) /əˈvɔɪd/ tránh xa
experiences will grow up to be more - grow up (phr.verb) /ɡroʊ/ /ʌp/ lớn lên
conventional than others. Psychologists - conventional (adj) /kənˈvɛnʃənəl/ thông
argue that those who have more open thường
personalities as children are more open - psychologist (n) /saɪˈkɑləʤəst/ nhà tâm lý
than others might be when they are older. học
They also suggest that young men have a - personality (n) /ˌpɜrsəˈnælɪti/ tính cách
greater interest in novelty than women, - suggest (v) /səɡˈʤɛst/ gợi ý
although, as they age, this desire for new - interest (n) /ˈɪntrəst/ quan tâm
experiences fades more quickly than it does - novelty (n) /ˈnɑvəlti/ sự mới lạ
- although (conj) /ˌɔlˈðoʊ/ mặc dù

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in women. - age (v) /eɪʤ/ già đi
- desire (n) /dɪˈzaɪər/ sự mong muốn
- fade (v) /feɪd/ phai màu
The truth is that, as we get older, we prefer - truth (n) /truθ/ sự thật
the things we know. We tend to order the - tend (v) /tɛnd/ có khuynh hướng
same meals in restaurants, sit on the same - order (v) /ˈɔrdər/ đặt
side of the train when we commute to work, - commute (v) /kəmˈjut/ đi lại
go on holiday to the same places and - construct (v) /kənˈstrʌkt/ xây dựng
construct our day in the same way. If you - openness (n) /ˈoʊpənnəs/ sự cởi mở
are older than 20, remember that your - decline (v) /dɪˈklaɪn/ giảm
openness to new experiences is slowly - better off (phrase) /ˈbɛtər/ /ɔf/ tốt hơn
declining.So you are better off making a - start (n) /stɑrt/ sự khởi đầu
new start today than postponing it until - postpone (v) /poʊstˈpoʊn/ hoãn
later.

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UNIT 5

A There are no easy answers to the problems - traffic congestion (Nphr) /ˈtræfɪk/
of traffic congestion. Traffic congestion /kənˈʤɛsʧən/ tắc đường
affects people throughout the world. Traffic - affect (v) /əˈfɛkt/ ảnh hưởng
jams cause smog in dozens of cities - throughout (pre) /θruˈaʊt/ khắp
across both the developed and developing - traffic jam (Nphr) /ˈtræfɪk/ /ʤæm/ tắc
world. In the U.S., commuters spend an đường
average of a full work week each year sitting - cause (v) /kɑz/ gây ra
in traffic, according to the Texas - smog (n) /smɑɡ/ khói bụi
Transportation Institute. While alternative - dozen (n) /ˈdʌzən/ tá
ways of getting around are available, most - across (pre) /əˈkrɔs/ khắp
people still choose their cars because they - developed (adj) /dɪˈvɛləpt/ phát triển
are looking for convenience, comfort and - developing (adj) /dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ/ đang phát triển
privacy. - commuter (n) /kəmˈjutər/ người đi làm hàng
ngày
- average (n) /ˈævərɪʤ/ trung bình
- traffic (n) /ˈtræfɪk/ giao thông
- according to (phrase) /əˈkɔrdɪŋ/ /tu/ dựa
theo
- transportation (n) /ˌtrænspərˈteɪʃən/ giao
thông vận tải
- institute (n) /ˈɪnstəˌtut/ học viện
- alternative (adj) /ɔlˈtɜrnətɪv/ thay thế
- get around (phr.verb) /ɡɛt/ /əˈraʊnd/ đi lại
- available (adj) /əˈveɪləbəl/ có sẵn
- choose (v) /ʧuz/ chọn
- look for (phr.verb) /lʊk/ /fɔr/ tìm kiếm
- convenience (n) /kənˈvinjəns/ sự tiện lợi
- comfort (n) /ˈkʌmfərt/ thoải mái
- privacy (n) /ˈpraɪvəsi/ sự riêng tư
B The most promising technique for - promising (adj) /ˈprɑməsɪŋ/ hứa hẹn
reducing city traffic is called congestion - technique (n) /tɛkˈnik/ kỹ thuật
pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to - reduce (v) /rəˈdus/ giảm bớt
enter certain parts of town at certain times of - congestion pricing (Nphr) /kənˈʤɛsʧən/
day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, /ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ định giá tắc nghẽn
some drivers will cancel their trips or go by - whereby (adv) /wɛrˈbaɪ/ theo đó
bus or train. And in practice it seems to - charge (v) /ʧɑrʤ/ tính phí
work: Singapore, London and Stockholm - toll (n) /toʊl/ chi phí
have reduced traffic and pollution in city - enter (v) /ˈɛntər/ đi vào
centers thanks to congestion pricing. - certain (adj) /ˈsɜrtən/ nào đó
- in theory (phrase) /ɪn/ /ˈθɪri/ trên lý thuyết
- cancel (v) /ˈkænsəl/ Hủy bỏ

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 - in practice (phrase) /ɪn/ /ˈpræktəs/ trong
thực tế
- seem (v) /sim/ có vẻ
- reduce (v) /rəˈdus/ giảm bớt
- pollution (n) /pəˈluʃən/ sự ô nhiễm
C Another way to reduce rush hour traffic is - rush hour (Nphr) /rʌʃ/ /ˈaʊər/ giờ cao điểm
for employers to implement flextime, which - employer (n) /ɛmˈplɔɪər/ nhà tuyển dụng
lets employees travel to and from work at - implement (v) /ˈɪmpləmənt/ thực hiện
off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush - flextime (n) /ˈflɛkˌstaɪm/ thời gian linh hoạt
hour. Those who have to travel during busy - employee (n) /ɛmˈplɔɪi/ người lao động
times can do their part by sharing cars. - off-peek traffic time (Nphr) /ɔf/-/pik/ /ˈtræf.ɪk/
Employers can also allow more staff to /taɪm/ thời gian giao thông ngoài giờ cao
telecommute (work from home) so as to điểm
keep more cars off the road altogether. - avoid (v) /əˈvɔɪd/ tránh xa
- share (v) /ʃɛr/ chia sẻ
- telecommute (v) /ˈtɛləkəmˌjut/ làm việc từ
xa
- so as to (phrase) /soʊ/ /æz/ /tu/ để
- altogether (adv) /ˌɔltəˈɡɛðər/ toàn bộ
D Some urban planners still believe that the - urban (n) /ˈɜrbən/ đô thị
best way to ease traffic congestion is to build - ease (v) /iz/ xoa dịu
more roads, especially roads that can take - especially (adv) /əˈspɛʃli/ đặc biệt
drivers around or over crowded city streets. - crowded (adj) /ˈkraʊdəd/ đông đúc
But such techniques do not really keep - such () /sʌʧ/ như thế, như vậy
cars off the road; they only accommodate - technique (n) /tɛkˈnik/ kỹ thuật
more of them. - keep st off st (phrase) /kip/ /strit/ /ɔf/ /strit/
giữ cái gì khỏi đâu
- accommodate (v) /əˈkɑməˌdeɪt/ chứa, đáp
ứng
E Other, more forward-thinking, planners - forward-thinking (adj) /ˈfɔrwərd/-/ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ tư
know that more and more drivers and cars duy tiến bộ
are taking to the roads every day, and they - unwilling (adj) /ənˈwɪlɪŋ/ không sẵn lòng
are unwilling to encourage more private - encourage (v) /ɛnˈkɜrɪʤ/ khuyến khích
automobiles when public transport is so - private (adj) /ˈpraɪvət/ riêng tư
much better both for people and the - automobile (n) /ˈɔtəmoʊˌbil/ ô tô
environment. For this reason, the American - public transport (Nphr) /ˈpʌblɪk/ /ˈtrænspɔrt/
government has decided to spend some $7 phương tiện giao thông công cộng
billion on helping to increase capacity on - environment (n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ môi trường
public transport systems and upgrade them - government (n) /ˈɡʌvərmənt/ chính phủ
with more efficient technologies. But - increase (v) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
environmentalists complain that such - capacity (n) /kəˈpæsəti/ sức chứa
funding is tiny compared with the $50 - system (n) /ˈsɪstəm/ hệ thống
billion being spent on roads and bridges. - upgrade (v) /əpˈɡreɪd/ nâng cấp
- efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ có hiệu quả

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- technology (n) /tɛkˈnɑləʤi/ công nghệ
- environmentalist (n) /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəlɪst/
Nhà môi trường học
- complain (v) /kəmˈpleɪn/ phàn nàn
- funding (n) /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ kinh phí
- tiny (adj) /ˈtaɪni/ nhỏ xíu
- compared with (phrase) /kəmˈpɛrd/ /wɪð/ so
sánh với
- road (n) /roʊd/ đường
- bridge (n) /brɪʤ/ cầu

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UNIT 6

Millions of women carry water long - million (n) /ˈmɪljən/ triệu

distances. If they had a tap by their door, - carry (v) /ˈkæri/ mang vác
whole societies would be transformed. - distance (n) /ˈdɪstəns/ khoảng cách
- tap (n) /tæp/ vòi nước
A Aylito Binayo’s feet know the mountain. - by (pre) /baɪ/ gần
Even at four in the morning, she can run - whole (adj) /hoʊl/ toàn bộ
down the rocks to the river by starlight - society (n) /səˈsaɪəti/ cộng đồng, xã hội
alone and climb the steep mountain back up - transform (v) /trænˈsfɔrm/ biến đổi
to her village with a container of water on - feet (n) /fit/ bàn chân
her back. She has made this journey three - mountain (n) /ˈmaʊntən/ núi
times a day since she was a small child. - rock (n) /rɑk/ đá
- starlight (n) /ˈstɑrˌlaɪt/ ánh sao
So has every other woman in her village of - alone (adv) /əˈloʊn/ một mình
Foro, in the Konso district of south-western - climb (v) /klaɪm/ leo
Ethiopia in Africa. Binayo left school when - steep (adj) /stip/ dốc đứng
she was eight years old, in part because she - village (n) /ˈvɪləʤ/ ngôi làng
had to help her mother fetch water from the - container (n) /kənˈteɪnər/ thùng chứa
Toiro River. The water is unsafe to drink; - back (n) /bæk/ lưng
every year that the drought continues, the - journey (n) /ˈʤɜrni/ hành trình
river carries less water, and its flow is - district (n) /ˈdɪstrɪkt/ huyện
reduced. But it is the only water Foro has - south-western (adj) /saʊθ/-/ˈwɛstərn/ tây nam
ever had. - in part (phrase) /ɪn/ /pɑrt/ một phần
- fetch (v) /fɛʧ/ đem về
- unsafe (adj) /ənˈseɪf/ không an toàn
- drought (n) /draʊt/ hạn hán
- carry (v) /ˈkæri/ chứa
- flow (n) /floʊ/ dòng chảy
- reduce (v) /rəˈdus/ giảm bớt

B In developed parts of the world, people - turn on (phr.verb) /tɜrn/ /ɑn/ mở

turn on a tap and out pours abundant, - tap (n) /tæp/ vòi nước
clean water. Yet nearly 900 million people in - out pour (phrase) /aʊt/ /pɔr/ đổ ra
the world have no access to clean water. - abundant (adj) /əˈbʌndənt/ dồi dào
Furthermore, 2.5 billion people have no safe - yet (conj) /jɛt/ chưa
way to get rid of human waste. Polluted - have access to (phrase) /hæv/ /ˈækˌsɛs/ /tu/ có
water and lack of proper hygiene cause quyền truy cập vào
disease and kill 3.3 million people around the - furthermore (conj) /ˈfɜrðərˌmɔr/ hơn nữa
world annually, most of them children. In - get rid of (phrase) /ɡɛt/ /rɪd/ /ʌv/ loại bỏ
southern Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a - human waste (Nphr) /ˈhjumən/ /weɪst/ chất thải
lack of rain over the past few years has made của con người
even dirty water hard to find. But soon, for - polluted (adj) /pəˈlutəd/ ô nhiễm
- lack (n) /læk/ sự thiếu

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the first time, things are going to change. - proper (adj) /ˈprɑpər/ thích hợp
- hygiene (n) /ˈhaɪˌʤin/ vệ sinh
- cause (v) /kɑz/ gây ra
- disease (n) /dɪˈziz/ bệnh
- annually (adv) /ˈænjuəli/ hàng năm
- southern (adj) /ˈsʌðərn/ phía Nam
- even (adv) /ˈivɪn/ thậm chí
- dirty (adj) /ˈdɜrti/ bẩn thỉu

C Bringing clean water close to villagers’ - villager (n) /ˈvɪlɪʤər/ dân làng
homes is the key to the problem. - key (n) /ki/ chìa khóa
Communities where clean water becomes - problem (n) /ˈprɑbləm/ vấn đề
accessible and plentiful are transformed. - community (n) /kəmˈjunəti/ cộng đồng
All the hours previously spent hauling water - accessible (adj) /ækˈsɛsəbəl/ có thể truy cập
can be used to cultivate more crops, raise - plentiful (adj) /ˈplɛntəfəl/ dồi dào
more animals or even start a business. - transform (v) /trænˈsfɔrm/ biến đổi
Families spend less time sick or caring for - previously (adv) /ˈpriviəsli/ trước đây
family members who are unwell. Most - haul (v) /hɔl/ lôi, kéo
important, not having to collect water means - cultivate (v) /ˈkʌltəˌveɪt/ cày cấy
girls can go to school and get jobs. The need - raise (v) /reɪz/ nuôi dưỡng
to fetch water for the family, or to take care of - business (n) /ˈbɪznəs/ việc kinh doanh
younger siblings while their mother goes, - care for (phr.verb) /kɛr/ /fɔr/ chăm sóc cho
usually prevents them ever having this - unwell (adj) /ʌnˈwɛl/ không khỏe
experience. - collect (v) /kəˈlɛkt/ thu thập
- need (n) /nid/ nhu cầu
- sibling (n) /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ anh em ruột
- prevent (v) /prɪˈvɛnt/ ngăn chặn
- experience (n) /ɪkˈspɪriəns/ trải nghiệm

D But the challenges of bringing water to - challenge (n) /ˈʧælənʤ/ thử thách
remote villages like those in Konso are - remote (adj) /rɪˈmoʊt/ xa
overwhelming. Locating water - overwhelming (adj) /ˌoʊvərˈwɛlmɪŋ/ rất lớn
underground and then reaching it by - locate (v) /ˈloʊˌkeɪt/ định vị
means of deep wells requires geological - underground (adv) /ˈʌndərˌɡraʊnd/ bí mật
expertise and expensive, heavy machines. - reach (v) /riʧ/ tiếp cận
Abandoned wells and water projects litter - means (n) /minz/ cách thức, phương pháp
the villages of Konso. In similar villages - deep well (Nphr) /dip/ /wɛl/ giếng sâu
around the developing world, the biggest - geological (adj) /ˌʤiəˈlɑʤɪkəl/ Địa chất học
problem with water schemes is that about - expertise (n) /ˌɛkspərˈtiz/ chuyên môn
half of them break down soon after the - heavy (adj) /ˈhɛvi/ nặng
groups that built them move on. Sometimes - machine (n) /məˈʃin/ máy móc
technology is used that can’t be repaired - abandon (v) /əˈbændən/ bỏ hoang
locally, or spare parts are available only in - project (n) /ˈprɑʤɛkt/ dự án
the capital. - litter (v) /ˈlɪtər/ rải rác

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 - similar (adj) /ˈsɪmələr/ tương tự
- scheme (n) /skim/ hệ thống, chương trình
- break down (phr.verb) /breɪk/ /daʊn/ hỏng
- move on (phr.verb) /muv/ /ɑn/ tiếp tục
- technology (n) /tɛkˈnɑləʤi/ công nghệ
- repair (v) /rɪˈpɛr/ sửa chữa
- locally (adv) /ˈloʊkəli/ tại địa phương
- spare (adj) /spɛr/ dự phòng
- available (adj) /əˈveɪləbəl/ có sẵn
- capital (n) /ˈkæpətəl/ thủ đô
E Today, a UK-based international non- - base (v) /beɪs/ có trụ sở
profit organisation called WaterAid is - international (adj) /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/ quốc tế
tackling the job of bringing water to the most - non-profit (adj) /nɑn/-/ˈprɑfət/ phi lợi nhuận
remote villages of Konso. Their approach - organization (n) /ˌɔrɡənəˈzeɪʃən/ tổ chức
combines technologies proven to last - - tackle (v) /ˈtækəl/ giải quyết
such as building a sand dam to capture and - remote (adj) /rɪˈmoʊt/ xa
filter rainwater that would otherwise drain - approach (n) /əˈproʊʧ/ phương pháp, cách tiếp
away. But the real innovation is that cận
WaterAid believes technology is only part of - combine (v) /ˈkɑmbaɪn/ kết hợp
the solution. Just as important is involving - prove (v) /pruv/ chứng minh
the local community in designing, building - last (v) /læst/ bền vững, kéo dài
and maintaining new water projects. Before - sand (n) /sænd/ cát
beginning any project, WaterAid asks the - dam (n) /dæm/ đập
community to create a WASH (water, - capture (v) /ˈkæpʧər/ thu, hứng
sanitation, hygiene) committee of seven - filter (v) /ˈfɪltər/ lọc
people. The committee works with WaterAid - rainwater (n) /ˈreɪnˌwɔtər/ nước mưa
to plan projects and involve the village in - otherwise (conj) /ˈʌðərˌwaɪz/ nếu không thì
construction. Then it maintains and runs - drain away (phr.verb) /dreɪn/ /əˈweɪ/ chảy đi
the project. - real (adj) /riəl/ thực tế
- innovation (n) /ˌɪnəˈveɪʃən/ sự đổi mới
- solution (n) /səˈluʃən/ giải pháp
- involve (v) /ɪnˈvɑlv/ lôi kéo
- local (adj) /ˈloʊkəl/ địa phương
- design (v) /dɪˈzaɪn/ thiết kế
- maintain (v) /meɪnˈteɪn/ duy trì
- create (v) /kriˈeɪt/ tạo nên
- sanitation (n) /ˌsænəˈteɪʃən/ vệ sinh
- committee (n) /kəˈmɪti/ ủy ban
- plan (v) /plæn/ lên kế hoạch
- involve (v) /ɪnˈvɑlv/ lôi kéo
- construction (n) /kənˈstrʌkʃən/ sự thi công
- run (v) /rʌn/ vận hành
F The people of Konso, who grow their - grow (v) /ɡroʊ/ trồng trọt
crops on terraces they have dug into the - crop (n) /krɑp/ cây trồng

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sides of mountains, are famous for hard - terrace (n) /ˈtɛrəs/ ruộng bậc thang
work. In the village of Orbesho, residents - dig (v) /dɪɡ/ đào
even constructed a road themselves so that - resident (n) /ˈrɛzɪdənt/ người dân
drilling machinery could come in. Last - construct (v) /kənˈstrʌkt/ xây dựng
summer, their pump, installed by the river, - drilling (n) /ˈdrɪlɪŋ/ khoan
was being motorised to push its water to a - machinery (n) /məˈʃinəri/ máy
newly built reservoir on top of a nearby - pump (n) /pʌmp/ máy bơm
mountain. From there, gravity will carry it - install (v) /ɪnˈstɔl/ cài đặt
down in pipes to villages on the other side of - motorise (v) /'moutəraiz/ vận hành bằng động cơ
the mountain. Residents of those villages - push (v) /pʊʃ/ đẩy
have each given some money to help fund - reservoir (n) /ˈrɛzəˌvwɑr/ Hồ chứa
the project. They have made concrete and - on top of (phrase) /ɑn/ /tɑp/ /ʌv/ trên đỉnh
collected stones for the structures. Now they - nearby (adj) /ˈnɪrˈbaɪ/ lân cận
are digging trenches to lay pipes. If all goes - gravity (n) /ˈɡrævəti/ Trọng lực
well, Aylito Binayo will have a tap with safe - pipe (n) /paɪp/ đường ống
water just a three-minute walk from her front - fund (v) /fʌnd/ tài trợ
door. - concrete (n) /ˈkɑnkrit/ bê tông
- structure (n) /ˈstrʌkʧər/ công trình
- dig (v) /dɪɡ/ đào
- trench (n) /trɛnʧ/ mương
- lay (v) /leɪ/ đặt nằm
- walk (n) /wɔk/ đi bộ
- front (adj) /frʌnt/ đằng trước

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UNIT 7

The history of an invention that makes life - history (n) /ˈhɪstəri/ lịch sử
more pleasant - invention (n) /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ sự phát minh
- pleasant (adj) /ˈplɛzənt/ dễ chịu
Willis Carrier designed the first air- - air-conditioning (adj) /ɛr/-/kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ điều
conditioning unit in 1902, just a year after hòa không khí
graduating from Cornell University with a - unit (n) /ˈjunət/ bộ phận
Masters in Engineering. At a Brooklyn - graduate (v) /ˈɡræʤuɪt/ tốt nghiệp
printing plant, fluctuations in heat and - master (n) /ˈmæstər/ bằng thạc sĩ
moisture were causing the size of the - printing (n) /ˈprɪntɪŋ/ in ấn
printing paper to keep changing slightly, - plant (n) /plænt/ nhà máy
making it hard to align different colours. - fluctuation (n) /ˌflʌkʧuˈeɪʃən/ dao động
Carrier’s invention made it possible to - heat (n) /hit/ nhiệt
control temperature and humidity levels - moisture (n) /ˈmɔɪsʧər/ độ ẩm
and so align the colours. The invention also - cause (v) /kɑz/ gây ra
allowed industries such as film, processed - slightly (adv) /ˈslaɪtli/ nhẹ nhàng
food, textiles and pharmaceuticals to - align (v) /əˈlaɪn/ căn chỉnh
improve the quality of their products. - invention (n) /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ sự phát minh
- control (v) /kənˈtroʊl/ điều khiển
- temperature (n) /ˈtɛmprəʧər/ nhiệt độ
- humidity (n) /hjuˈmɪdəti/ độ ẩm
- invention (n) /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ sự phát minh
- allow (v) /əˈlaʊ/ cho phép
- industry (n) /ˈɪndəstri/ ngành
- process (v) /ˈprɑˌsɛs/ chế biến
- food (n) /fud/ thực phẩm
- textile (n) /ˈtɛkˌstaɪl/ dệt may
- pharmaceutical (n) /ˌfɑrməˈsutɪkəl/ dược
phẩm
- improve (v) /ɪmˈpruv/ cải thiện
- quality (n) /ˈkwɑləti/ chất lượng

In 1914, the first air-conditioning device - air-conditioning (adj) /ɛr/-/kənˈdɪʃənɪŋ/ điều

was installed in a private house. However, hòa không khí
its size, similar to that of an early computer, - device (n) /dɪˈvaɪs/ thiết bị
meant it took up too much space to come - install (v) /ɪnˈstɔl/ cài đặt
into widespread use, and later models, - private (adj) /ˈpraɪvət/ riêng tư
such as the Weathermaker, which Carrier - similar (adj) /ˈsɪmələr/ tương tự
brought out in the 1920s, cost too much for - take up (phr.verb) /teɪk/ /ʌp/ chiếm
most people. Cooling for human comfort, - space (n) /speɪs/ không gian
rather than industrial need, really took off - come into widespread use (phrase) /kʌm/
when three air conditioners were installed in /ˈɪntu/ /ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd/ /juz/ đi vào sử dụng
the J.L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, rộng rãi

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Michigan. People crowded into the shop to - model (n) /ˈmɑdəl/ mẫu
experience the new invention. The fashion - bring out (phr.verb) /brɪŋ/ /aʊt/ đưa ra
spread from department stores to cinemas, - cost (v) /kɑst/ trị giá
whose income rose steeply as a result of - cool (v) /kul/ Làm mát
the comfort they provided. - comfort (n) /ˈkʌmfərt/ sự thoải mái
- industrial (adj) /ɪnˈdʌstriəl/ có tính công
nghiệp
- need (n) /nid/ nhu cầu
- take off (phr.verb) /teɪk/ /ɔf/ nổi tiếng, thành
công
- install (v) /ɪnˈstɔl/ cài đặt
- crowded (adj) /ˈkraʊdəd/ chen chúc tới
- experience (v) /ɪkˈspɪriəns/ trải nghiệm
- fashion (n) /ˈfæʃən/ xu hướng
- spread (v) /sprɛd/ lan rộng
- whose (determiner) /huz/ của ai
- income (n) /ˈɪnˌkʌm/ thu nhập
- rise (v) /raɪz/ tăng lên
- steeply (adv) /ˈstipli/ nhanh chóng
- as a result of (phrase) /æz/ /ə/ /rɪˈzʌlt/ /ʌv/
bởi vì

To start with, money-conscious employers - money-conscious (adj) /ˈmʌni/-/ˈkɑnʃəs/ có

regarded air conditioning as a luxury. They ý thức về tiền bạc
considered that if they were paying people - employer (n) /ɛmˈplɔɪər/ nhà tuyển dụng
to work, they should not be paying for them to - regard (v) /rəˈɡɑrd/ coi, xem
be comfortable as well. So in the 1940s and - luxury (n) /ˈlʌɡʒəri/ sang trọng
’50s, the industry started putting out a - consider (v) /kənˈsɪdər/ cân nhắc
different message about its product: - comfortable (adj) /ˈkʌmfərtəbəl/ thoải mái
according to their research, installing air - as well (phrase) /æz/ /wɛl/ cũng
conditioning increased productivity - put out (phr.verb) /pʊt/ /aʊt/ đưa ra
amongst employees. They found that - according to (phrase) /əˈkɔrdɪŋ/ /tu/ dựa
typists increased their output by 24% when theo
transferred from a regular office to a cooled - increase (v) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
one. Another study into office working - productivity (n) /ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvəti/ năng suất
conditions, which was carried out in the - amongst (pre) /əˈmʌŋst/ giữa
late ’50s, showed that the majority of - typist (n) /ˈtaɪpɪst/ người đánh máy
companies cited air conditioning as the - increase (v) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
single most important contributor to - output (n) /ˈaʊtˌpʊt/ sản lượng
efficiency in offices. - transfer (v) /ˈtrænsfər/ chuyển
- regular (adj) /ˈrɛɡjələr/ thông thường
- cool (v) /kul/ làm mát
- condition (n) /kənˈdɪʃən/ tình trạng
- carry out (phr.verb) /ˈkæri/ /aʊt/ tiến hành

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 - show (v) /ʃoʊ/ chỉ ra
- majority (n) /məˈʤɔrəti/ số đông
- cite (v) /saɪt/ dẫn chứng
- single (adj) /ˈsɪŋɡəl/ đơn
- contributor (n) /kənˈtrɪbjətər/ yếu tố đóng
góp
- efficiency (n) /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ độ hiệu quả

However, air conditioning has its critics. Jed - critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ nhà phê bình
Brown, an environmentalist, complains that - environmentalist (n) /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəlɪst/
air conditioning is a factor in global Nhà môi trường học
warming. Unfortunately, he adds, because - complain (v) /kəmˈpleɪn/ phàn nàn
air conditioning leads to higher - factor (n) /ˈfæktər/ yếu tố
temperatures, people have to use it even - global warming (Nphr) /ˈɡloʊbəl/ /ˈwɔrmɪŋ/
more. However, he admits that it provides a sự nóng lên toàn cầu
healthier environment for many people in the - unfortunately (adv) /ənˈfɔrʧənətli/ Không
heat of summer. may
- lead to (phr.verb) /lid/ /tu/ dẫn đến
- temperature (n) /ˈtɛmprəʧər/ nhiệt độ
- admit (v) /ədˈmɪt/ thừa nhận
- provide (v) /prəˈvaɪd/ cung cấp
- healthy (adj) /ˈhɛlθi/ lành mạnh
- heat (n) /hit/ nhiệt

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UNIT 8

More than three decades after it was built, - decade (n) /dɛˈkeɪd/ thập kỷ
the Pompidou Centre in Paris has survived - survive (v) /sərˈvaɪv/ tồn tại
its moment at the edge of architectural - moment (n) /ˈmoʊmənt/ thời khắc
fashion and proved itself to be one of the - at the edge of (phrase) /æt/ /ði/ /ɛʤ/ /ʌv/ ở rìa
most remarkable buildings of the 20th - architectural (adj) /ˌɑrkəˈtɛkʧərəl/ kiến trúc
century. - fashion (n) /ˈfæʃən/ thời trang
It was the most outstanding now building - prove (v) /pruv/ chứng minh
constructed in Paris for two generations. It - remarkable (adj) /rɪˈmɑrkəbəl/ đáng chú ý
looked like an explosion of brightly - building (n) /ˈbɪldɪŋ/ toà nhà
coloured service pipes in the calm of the - outstanding (adj) /ˌaʊtˈstændɪŋ/ nổi bật
city centre. However, when in 1977 the - construct (v) /kənˈstrʌkt/ xây dựng
architects Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano - generation (n) /ˌʤɛnəˈreɪʃən/ thế hệ
stood among a large crowd of 5,000 at the - explosion (n) /ɪkˈsploʊʒən/ vụ nổ
opening of the Centre Culturel d'Art Georges - brightly (adv) /ˈbraɪtli/ rực rỡ
Pompidou (known as the Pompidou), no one - colour (v) /ˈkʌl.ər/ có màu sắc
was really aware of the significance of this - service (n) /ˈsɜrvəs/ dịch vụ
unusual building. - in the calm of (phrase) /ɪn/ /ðə/ /kɑm/ /ʌv/ trong
Rogers was only 38 when he and Piano won sự yên tĩnh của
the competition to design a new cultural - architect (n) /ˈɑrkəˌtɛkt/ kiến trúc sư
centre for Paris in the old market site. Young, - among (pre) /əˈmʌŋ/ giữa
unknown architects, they had been chosen - crowd (n) /kraʊd/ đám đông
from a field of nearly 700 to design one of - opening (n) /ˈoʊpənɪŋ/ lễ khai mạc
the most prestigious buildings of its day. - be aware of (phrase) /bi/ /əˈwɛr/ /ʌv/ biết
After six difficult years, with 25,000 - significance (n) /səɡˈnɪfɪkəns/ tầm quan trọng
drawings, seven lawsuits, battles over - unusual (adj) /ənˈjuʒˌuəl/ bất thường
budgets, and a desperate last-minute - competition (n) /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/ cuộc thi
scramble to finish the building, it had finally - cultural (adj) /ˈkʌlʧərəl/ có tính văn hóa
been done. - site (n) /saɪt/ địa điểm
- field (n) /fild/ số người thi đấu trong 1 giải
thưởng/cuộc thi
- prestigious (adj) /prɛˈstɪʤəs/ uy tín, danh giá
- of its day (phrase) /ʌv/ /ɪts/ /deɪ/ trong thời của
nó
- drawing (n) /ˈdrɔɪŋ/ bản vẽ
- lawsuit (n) /ˈlɔˌsut/ vụ kiện
- battle (n) /ˈbætəl/ cuộc chiến
- budget (n) /ˈbʌʤɪt/ ngân sách
- desperate (adj) /ˈdɛsprɪt/ tuyệt vọng
- last-minute (adj) /læst/-/ˈmɪnət/ phút cuối
- scramble (n) /ˈskræmbəl/ tranh giành

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Yet the opening was a downbeat moment. - yet (conj) /jɛt/ tuy nhiên
The Pompidou Centre had been rubbished - downbeat (n) /daʊnˈbit/ buồn bã, bi quan
by the critics while it was being built, there - moment (n) /ˈmoʊmənt/ khoảnh khắc
was no more work in prospect for the - rubbish (v) /ˈrʌbɪʃ/ chỉ trích nặng nề
architects, and their partnership had - critic (n) /ˈkrɪtɪk/ nhà phê bình
effectively broken down. But this was just a - prospect (n) /ˈprɑspɛkt/ tiềm năng
passing crisis. The Centre, which - partnership (n) /ˈpɑrtnərˌʃɪp/ quan hệ đối tác
combined the national museum of modern - break down (phr.verb) /breɪk/ /daʊn/ phá vỡ
art, exhibition space, a public library and a - passing (adj) /ˈpæsɪŋ/ thoáng qua
centre for modern music, proved an - crisis (n) /ˈkraɪsəs/ khủng hoảng
enormous success. It attracted six million - combine (v) /ˈkɑmbaɪn/ kết hợp
visitors in its first year, and with its success, - modern art (Nphr) /ˈmɑdərn/ /ɑrt/ nghệ thuật
the critics swiftly changed their tune. hiện đại
The architects had been driven by the desire - exhibition (n) /ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən/ triển lãm
for ultimate flexibility, for a building that - space (n) /speɪs/ không gian
would not limit the movement of its users. - public (adj) /ˈpʌblɪk/ công cộng
All the different parts were approached - library (n) /ˈlaɪˌbrɛri/ thư viện
through the same enormous entrance hall - modern (adj) /ˈmɑdərn/ hiện đại
and served by the same escalator, which - prove (v) /pruv/ chứng minh
was free to anyone to ride, whether they - enormous (adj) /ɪˈnɔrməs/ lớn lao
wanted to visit an exhibition or just admire - success (n) /səkˈsɛs/ thành công
the view. With all the services at one end of - attract (v) /əˈtrækt/ thu hút
the building, escalators and lifts at the other, - swiftly (adv) /ˈswɪftli/ nhanh chóng
and the floors hung on giant steel beams - tune (n) /tun/ tông giọng
providing uninterrupted space the size of - drive (v) /draɪv/ thúc đẩy
two football pitches, their dream had become - desire (n) /dɪˈzaɪər/ sự mong muốn
a reality. - ultimate (adj) /ˈʌltəmət/ tối đa
- flexibility (n) /ˌflɛksəˈbɪləti/ sự linh hoạt
- limit (n) /ˈlɪmət/ hạn chế, giới hạn
- movement (n) /ˈmuvmənt/ sự chuyển động
- approach (v) /əˈproʊʧ/ tiếp cận
- entrance (n) /ˈɛntrəns/ cổng vào
- hall (n) /hɔl/ sảnh
- serve (v) /sɜrv/ phục vụ
- escalator (n) /ˈɛskəˌleɪtər/ thang cuốn
- free (adj) /fri/ miễn phí
- ride (v) /raɪd/ đi (thang máy)
- whether (conj) /ˈwɛðər/ liệu
- admire (v) /ædˈmaɪr/ ngưỡng mộ
- service (n) /ˈsɜrvəs/ dịch vụ
- end (n) /ɛnd/ đầu (toà nhà)
- lift (n) /lɪft/ thang máy
- floor (n) /flɔr/ tầng
- hang (v) /hæŋ/ treo

128
 - giant (adj) /ˈʤaɪənt/ khổng lồ
- steel (n) /stil/ Thép
- beam (n) /bim/ dầm
- uninterrupt (v) /ʌnˌɪntəˈrʌpt/ không bị ngắt
quãng, thông suốt
- space (n) /speɪs/ không gian
- size (n) /saɪz/ kích cỡ
- pitch (n) /pɪʧ/ sân bóng đá
- reality (n) /ˌriˈæləˌti/ hiện thực

The image of the Pompidou pervaded - image (n) /ˈɪməʤ/ hình ảnh
popular culture in the 1970s, making - pervade (v) /pərˈveɪd/ tràn ngập
appearances everywhere - on record-album - appearance (n) /əˈpɪrəns/ sự xuất hiện
covers and a table lamp, and even acting - record-album (adj) /ˈrɛkərd/-/ˈælbəm/ album
as the set for a James Bond 1 film. This did thu âm
much to overcome the secretive nature of - cover (n) /ˈkʌvər/ bìa
the architectural culture of its time, as it - lamp (n) /læmp/ đèn
enabled wider audience to appreciate the - act (v) /ækt/ đóng vai trò
style and content of the building and so - set (n) /sɛt/ bối cảnh
moved away from the strictly professional - overcome (v) /ˈoʊvərˌkʌm/ vượt qua
view. - secretive (adj) /ˈsikrətɪv/ bí mật
- nature (n) /ˈneɪʧər/ bản chất
- architectural (adj) /ˌɑrkəˈtɛkʧərəl/ kiến trúc
- enable (v) /ɛˈneɪbəl/ cho phép
- wide audience (Nphr) /waɪd/ /ˈɑdiəns/ đối
tượng khán giả lớn
- appreciate (v) /əˈpriʃiˌeɪt/ đánh giá cao
- content (n) /ˈkɑntɛnt/ nội dung
- move away (phr.verb) /muv/ /əˈweɪ/ tránh xa
- strictly (adv) /ˈstrɪktli/ nghiêm ngặt
- professional (adj) /prəˈfɛʃənəl/ chuyên nghiệp
- view (n) /vju/ quan điểm

The following year, Rogers was - following (adj) /ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/ theo sau
commissioned to design a new - commission (v) /kəˈmɪʃən/ giao nhiệm vụ
headquarters for Lloyd's Bank in London - headquarter (n) /ˈhɛdˌkwɔrtər/ trụ sở chính
and went on to create one of Britain's most - go on (phr.verb) /ɡoʊ/ /ɑn/ tiếp tục
dynamic architectural practices. Piano is - dynamic (adj) /daɪˈnæmɪk/ năng động
now among the world's most respected - practice (n) /ˈpræktəs/ công trình
architects. But what of their shared - among (pre) /əˈmʌŋ/ nằm trong số
creation? - respected (adj) /rɪˈspɛktɪd/ được kính trọng
It was certainly like no previous museum, - share (adj) /ʃɛr/ chia sẻ
with its plans for a flexible interior that not - creation (n) /kriˈeɪʃən/ sự sáng tạo
only had movable walls but floors that could - certainly (adv) /ˈsɜrtənli/ chắc chắn

129
also be adjusted up or down. This second - previous (adj) /ˈpriviəs/ trước
feature did not in the end survive when the - plan (n) /plæn/ kế hoạch
competition drawings were turned into a - flexible (adj) /ˈflɛksəbəl/ linh hoạt
real building. In other ways, however, the - interior (n) /ɪnˈtɪriər/ nội thất
finished building demonstrated a - movable (adj) /ˈmuvəbəl/ có thể di chuyển
remarkable degree of refinement - of được
craftsmanship even - in the way the original - wall (n) /wɔl/ tường
diagram was transformed into a superbly - adjust (v) /əˈʤʌst/ điều chỉnh
detailed structure. It was this quality which, - feature (n) /ˈfiʧər/ tính năng
according to some critics, suggested that - in the end (phrase) /ɪn/ /ði/ /ɛnd/ đến cuối cùng
the Pompidou should be seen as closer to - survive (v) /sərˈvaɪv/ tồn tại
the 19th-century engineering tradition than - competition (n) /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/ cuộc thi
the space age. - drawing (n) /ˈdrɔɪŋ/ bản vẽ
- turn into (phr.verb) /tɜrn/ /ˈɪntu/ trở thành
- in other ways (phrase) /ɪn/ /ˈʌðər/ /weɪz/ theo
những cách khác
- demonstrate (v) /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/ chứng minh
- remarkable (adj) /rɪˈmɑrkəbəl/ đáng chú ý
- degree (n) /dɪˈɡri/ mức độ
- refinement (n) /rəˈfaɪnmənt/ sự tinh vi, sự tao
nhã
- craftmanship (n) /ˈkræfts.mən.ʃɪp/ nghề thủ
công
- original (adj) /əˈrɪʤənəl/ nguyên bản
- diagram (n) /ˈdaɪəˌɡræm/ biểu đồ
- transform into (phr.verb) /trænˈsfɔrm/ /ˈɪntu/
chuyển đổi thành
- superbly (adv) /ˈsupərbli/ tuyệt vời
- detailed (adj) /dɪˈteɪld/ chi tiết
- structure (n) /ˈstrʌkʧər/ kết cấu, công trình
- quality (n) /ˈkwɑləti/ chất lượng
- according to (phrase) /əˈkɔrdɪŋ/ /tu/ dựa theo
- close (adj) /kloʊs/ gần
- engineering (n) /ˈɛnʤəˈnɪrɪŋ/ kỹ thuật
- tradition (n) /trəˈdɪʃən/ truyền thống
- space (n) /speɪs/ không gian

Nevertheless, as a model for urban - nevertheless (conj) /ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs/ tuy nhiên

planning, it has proved immensely - model (n) /ˈmɑdəl/ mẫu
influential. The Guggenheim in Bilbao* and - urban (n) /ˈɜrbən/ đô thị
the many other major landmark projects that - planning (n) /ˈplænɪŋ/ lập kế hoạch
were built in the belief that innovatively - immensely (adv) /ɪˈmɛnsli/ vô cùng
designed cultural buildings can bring about - influential (adj) /ˌɪnfluˈɛnʧəl/ có ảnh hưởng
urban renewal are all following the lead of - major (adj) /ˈmeɪʤər/ lớn lao, chính

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the Pompidou Centre. - landmark (n) /ˈlændˌmɑrk/ phong cảnh
Other buildings may now challenge it for the - belief (n) /bɪˈlif/ niềm tin
title of Europe s most outlandish work of - innovatively (adv) /ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪvli/ một cách sáng
architecture. However, more than a quarter tạo
of a century later, this construction - it is - design (n) /dɪˈzaɪn/ thiết kế
hard to call it a building when there is no - cultural (adj) /ˈkʌlʧərəl/ thuộc văn hóa
façade, just a lattice of steel beams and - bring about (phr.verb) /brɪŋ/ /əˈbaʊt/ mang lại
pipes and a long external escalator - urban (n) /ˈɜrbən/ đô thị
snaking up the outside - still seems - renewal (n) /rɪˈnuəl/ sự đổi mới
extreme. - lead (n) /lid/ sự dẫn đầu
Today, the Pompidou Centre itself still looks - challenge (v) /ˈʧælənʤ/ thử thách
much as it did when it opened. The shock - title (n) /ˈtaɪtəl/ danh hiệu
value of its colour-coded plumbing and its - outlandish (adj) /aʊtˈlændɪʃ/ kì lạ, khác thường
structure has not faded with the years. But - architecture (n) /ˈɑrkəˌtɛkʧər/ ngành kiến trúc
while traditionalists regarded it as an ugly - a quarter (n) /ə/ /ˈkwɔrtər/ một phần tư
attack on Paris when it was built, they now - construction (n) /kənˈstrʌkʃən/ công trình
see it for what it is - an enormous - façade (n) /fəˈsɑːd/ mặt tiền
achievement, technically and - lattice (n) /ˈlætəs/ tấm mắt cáo
conceptually. - steel (n) /stil/ Thép
- beam (n) /bim/ dầm
- pipe (n) /paɪp/ đường ống
- external (adj) /ɪkˈstɜrnəl/ bên ngoài
- escalator (n) /ˈɛskəˌleɪtər/ thang cuốn
- snake up (phr.verb) /sneɪk/ /ʌp/ uốn khúc
- extreme (adj) /ɛkˈstrim/ cực đoan
- shock (n) /ʃɑk/ sốc, choáng váng
- value (n) /ˈvælju/ giá trị
- colour-coded (adj) /ˈkʌl.ər/-/ˈkoʊdɪd/ mã màu
- plumbing (n) /ˈplʌmɪŋ/ hệ thống ống nước
- fade (v) /feɪd/ phai màu
- traditionalist (n) /trəˈdɪʃənəlɪst/ người theo chủ
nghĩa truyền thống
- regard (v) /rəˈɡɑrd/ coi, xem (như)
- ugly (adj) /ˈʌɡli/ xấu xí
- attack (n) /əˈtæk/ tấn công
- achievement (n) /əˈʧivmənt/ thành tựu
- technically (adv) /ˈtɛknɪkəli/ về mặt kỹ thuật
- conceptually (adv) /kənˈsɛpʧuəli/ về mặt khái
niệm

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UNIT 9

Children growing up in Costa Rica are - grow up (phr.verb) /ɡroʊ/ /ʌp/ lớn lên
surrounded by some of the most beautiful - surround (v) /səˈraʊnd/ vây quanh
and diverse landscapes in the world. - diverse (adj) /daɪˈvɜrs/ phong phú
Preserving tropical rainforests isn’t Costa - landscape (n) /ˈlændˌskeɪp/ phong cảnh
Rica’s only success, because the - preserve (v) /prəˈzɜrv/ bảo tồn
government also makes sure everyone has - tropical (adj) /ˈtrɑpɪkəl/ nhiệt đới
access to health-care and education. So - rainforest (n) /ˈraɪnˌfɔrəst/ rừng nhiệt đới
when the New Economics Foundation - success (n) /səkˈsɛs/ sự thành công
released its second Happy Planet Index, - government (n) /ˈɡʌvərmənt/ chính phủ
Costa Rica came out number one. The index - make sure (phrase) /meɪk/ /ʃʊr/ bảo đảm
is a ranking of countries based on their - have access to (phrase) /hæv/ /ˈækˌsɛs/ /tu/
impact on the environment and the health có quyền truy cập/tiếp cận vào
and happiness of their citizens. - health-care (adj) /hɛlθ/-/kɛr/ chăm sóc sức
khỏe
- education (n) /ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən/ giáo dục
- foundation (n) /faʊnˈdeɪʃən/ quỹ tài trợ
- release (v) /riˈlis/ phát hành
- planet (n) /ˈplænət/ hành tinh
- index (n) /ˈɪndɛks/ chỉ số
- come out (phr.verb) /kʌm/ /aʊt/ đứng ở
- ranking (n) /ˈræŋkɪŋ/ sự xếp hạng
- based on (phrase) /beɪst/ /ɑn/ dựa trên
- impact (n) /ˈɪmpækt/ sự ảnh hưởng
- environment (n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ môi trường
- citizen (n) /ˈsɪtəzən/ công dân

According to Mariano Rojas, a Costa Rican - according to (phrase) /əˈkɔrdɪŋ/ /tu/ theo
economics professor, Costa Rica is a mid- - economics (n) /ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks/ Kinh tế học
income country where citizens have plenty - professor (n) /prəˈfɛsər/ giáo sư
of time for themselves and for their - mid-income (adj) /mɪd/-/ˈɪnˌkʌm/ thu nhập
relationships with others. ‘A mid-income trung bình
level allows most citizens to satisfy their - plenty of (phrase) /ˈplɛnti/ /ʌv/ nhiều
basic needs. The government makes sure - relationship (n) /riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪp/ mối quan hệ
that all Costa Ricans have access to - level (n) /ˈlɛvəl/ mức độ
education, health and nutrition services.’ - allow (v) /əˈlaʊ/ cho phép
Costa Ricans, he believes, are not interested - satisfy (v) /ˈsætəˌsfaɪ/ thỏa mãn
in status or spending money to show how - basic (adj) /ˈbeɪsɪk/ cơ bản
successful they are. - need (n) /nid/ nhu cầu
- nutrition (n) /nuˈtrɪʃən/ dinh dưỡng
- believe (v) /bɪˈliv/ tin tưởng
- status (n) /ˈstætəs/ địa vị

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Created in 2008, the Happy Planet Index - examine (v) /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/ nghiên cứu
examines happiness on a national level and - national (adj) /ˈnæʃənəl/ toàn quốc
ranks 143 countries according to three - rank (v) /ræŋk/ xếp hạng
measurements: their citizens’ happiness, - measurement (n) /ˈmɛʒərmənt/ phép đo
how long they live (which reflects their - reflect (v) /rəˈflɛkt/ phản ánh
health), and how much of the planet’s - resource (n) /ˈrisɔrs/ nguồn
resources each country consumes. - consume (v) /kənˈsum/ tiêu thụ
According to researcher Saamah Abdallah, - researcher (n) /ˈrisərʧər/ nhà nghiên cứu
the Index also measures the outcomes that - measure (v) /ˈmɛʒər/ đo lường
are most important, and those are happy, - outcome (n) /ˈaʊtˌkʌm/ kết quả
healthy lives for everyone. - healthy (adj) /ˈhɛlθi/ khỏe mạnh

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UNIT 10

Freya Stark travelled to many areas of the - Middle East (Nphr) /ˈmɪdəl/ /ist/ Trung đông
Middle East, often alone. Frey Stark was an - alone (adv) /əˈloʊn/ một mình
explorer who lived during a time when - explorer (n) /ɪkˈsplɔrər/ nhà thám hiểm
exploreers were regarded as heroes.She - regard (v) /rəˈɡɑrd/ coi (như), xem (như)
travelled to distant areas of the Middle East, - hero (n) /ˈhɪroʊ/ anh hùng
where few Europeans – especially women – - distant (adj) /ˈdɪstənt/ xa xôi
had travelled before. She also travelled - extensively (adv) /ɪkˈstɛnsɪvli/ một cách
extensively in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Nepal rộng lớn
and Afghanistan.
Stark was born in Paris in 1893. Although she - formal (adj) /ˈfɔrməl/ chính thức
had no formal education as a child, she - education (n) /ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən/ giáo dục
moved about with her artist parents and - move about (phr.verb) /muv/ /əˈbaʊt/ di
learned French, German and Italian.She chuyển tới
entered London University in 1912, but at - enter (v) /ˈɛntər/ đi vào
the start of World War I, she joined the - at the start of (phrase) /æt/ /ðə/ /stɑrt/ /ʌv/
nurse corps and was sent to Italy. After the lúc bắt đầu
war, she returned to London and attended - corp (n) /kɔrp/ tập đoàn
the School of Oriental Studies. - return (v) /rɪˈtɜrn/ trở lại

Her studies there led to extensive travel in - study (n) /ˈstʌdi/ việc học tập
the Middle Studies, enabling her to - lead to (phr.verb) /lid/ /tu/ dẫn đến
eventually become fluent in Persian, - enable (v) /ɛˈneɪbəl/ cho phép
Russian and Turkish. Stark became well - eventually (adv) /ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli/ sau cùng
known as a traveller and explorer in the - fluent (adj) /ˈfluənt/ lưu loát
Middle East. She travelled to the Lebanon in - well known (adj) /wɛl/ /noʊn/ nổi tiếng
1927 at the age of 33 when she had saved
enough money, and while there, she studied
Arabic.
In 1928, she travelled bu donkey to the Jebel - mountainous (adj) /ˈmaʊntənəs/ miền núi
Druze, a mountainous area in Syria. During - region (n) /ˈriʤən/ vùng đất
another trip, she went to a distant region of - range (n) /reɪnʤ/ dãy
the Elburnz, a mountain range in Iran, where - map (n) /mæp/ bản đồ
she made a map. She was searching for - search for (phr.verb) /sɜrʧ/ /fɔr/ tìm kiếm
information about an ancient Muslim sect - ancient (adj) /ˈeɪnʧənt/ cổ đại
known as the Assassions, which she wrote - sect (n) /sɛkt/ giáo phái
about in Valley of the Assassins (1934), a - valley (n) /ˈvæli/ thung lũng
classic for which she was awarded a Gold - assassin (n) /əˈsæsən/ kẻ ám sát
Medal by Royal Geographic Society. - classic (adj) /ˈklæsɪk/ cổ điển
- award (v) /əˈwɔrd/ trao thưởng
- royal (adj) /ˈrɔɪəl/ hoàng gia
- geographic (adj) /ˌʤiəˈɡræfɪk/ Địa lý
- society (n) /səˈsaɪəti/ Hiệp hội

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For the next 12 years, she continued her - continue (v) /kənˈtɪnju/ tiếp tục
career as a traveller and writer, establishing - career (n) /kəˈrɪr/ sự nghiệp
a style which combined an account of her - establish (v) /ɪˈstæblɪʃ/ thành lập
journey with personal commentary on the - style (n) /staɪl/ phong cách
people, places, customs, history and - combine (v) /ˈkɑmbaɪn/ kết hợp
politics of the Midle East. - account (n) /əˈkaʊnt/ câu chuyện kể lại
- journey (n) /ˈʤɜrni/ hành trình
- personal (adj) /ˈpɜrsɪnɪl/ cá nhân
- commentary (n) /ˈkɑmənˌtɛri/ bình luận
- custom (n) /ˈkʌstəm/ phong tục
- politics (n) /ˈpɑləˌtɪks/ chính trị

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UNIT 11

Erno Rubik first studied sculpture and then - sculpture (n) /ˈskʌlpʧər/ điêu khắc
later architecture in Budapest, where he - architecture (n) /ˈɑrkəˌtɛkʧər/ ngành kiến
went on to become a teacher of interior trúc
design. It was while he was working as a - go on (phr.verb) /ɡoʊ/ /ɑn/ tiếp tục
teacher that he began the preliminary work - interior (adj) /ɪnˈtɪriər/ nội thất
on an invention that he called the ‘Magic - preliminary (adj) /prɪˈlɪməˌnɛri/ ban đầu, sơ
Cube'. khai
- invention (n) /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ sự phát minh
- magic cube (Nphr) /ˈmæʤɪk/ /kjub/ khối ma
thuật

Rubik was inspired by geometric puzzles - inspire (v) /ɪnˈspaɪr/ truyền cảm hứng
such as the Chinese tangram, a puzzle - geometric (adj) /ˌʤiəˈmɛtrɪk/ hình học
consisting of various triangles, a square - puzzle (n) /ˈpʌzəl/ câu đố
and a parallelogram which can be - tangram (n) /ˈtæŋɡrəm/ trò chơi xếp hình
combined to create different shapes and của Trung Quốc
figures. However, unlike the tangram, which - consist of (phr.verb) /kənˈsɪst/ /ʌv/ bao gồm
is two- dimensional, Rubik was more - triangle (n) /ˈtraɪˌæŋɡəl/ Tam giác
interested in investigating how three- - square (n) /skwɛr/ hình vuông
dimensional forms, such as the cube, could - parallelogram (n) /pærə'leləgræm/ hình
be moved and combined to produce other bình hành
forms. - combine (v) /ˈkɑmbaɪn/ kết hợp
- shape (n) /ʃeɪp/ hình khối
- figure (n) /ˈfɪɡjər/ hình dạng
- unlike (pre) /ənˈlaɪk/ không giống
- dimensional (adj) /dɪˈmɛnʃənəl/ chiều
- investigate (v) /ɪnˈvɛstəˌɡeɪt/ nghiên cứu
- form (n) /fɔrm/ hình dạng

His design consisted of a cube made up of - make up of (phr.verb) /meɪk/ /ʌp/ /ʌv/ tạo
layers of individual smaller cubes, and each thành từ
smaller cube could be turned in any - layer (n) /ˈleɪər/ lớp
direction except diagonally. To ensure that - individual (adj) /ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/ riêng lẻ
the cubes could move independently, - turn (v) /tɜrn/ xoay
without falling apart, Rubik first attempted - direction (n) /dəˈrɛkʃən/ phương hướng
to join them together using elastic bands. - except (pre) /ɪkˈsɛpt/ ngoại trừ
However, this proved to be impossible, so - diagonally (adv) /daɪˈæɡənəli/ theo đường
Rubik then solved the problem by chéo
assembling them using a rounded interior. - ensure (v) /ɛnˈʃʊr/ đảm bảo
This permitted them to move smoothly and - independently (adv) /ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəntli/ độc
easily. He experimented with different ways lập
of marking the smaller cubes, but ended up - fall apart (phr.verb) /fɔl/ /əˈpɑrt/ rơi ra

136
with the simple solution of giving a different - attempt (v) /əˈtɛmpt/ nỗ lực
colour to each side. The object was to twist - elastic band (Nphr) /ɪˈlæstɪk/ /bænd/ dây
the layers of small cubes so that each side of thun đàn hồi
the large cube was an identical colour. - prove (v) /pruv/ chứng minh
- impossible (adj) /ɪmˈpɑsəbəl/ không thể
nào
- solve (v) /sɑlv/ giải quyết
- assemble (v) /əˈsɛmbəl/ lắp ráp
- rounded (adj) /ˈraʊndəd/ hình tròn
- interior (n) /ɪnˈtɪriər/ phần bên trong
- permit (v) /ˈpɜrˌmɪt/ cho phép làm gì
- smoothly (adv) /ˈsmuðli/ trơn tru
- experiment (v) /ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ thử nghiệm,
thí nghiệm
- mark (v) /mɑrk/ đánh dấu
- end up with (phr.verb) /ɛnd/ /ʌp/ /wɪð/ kết
thúc với
- solution (n) /səˈluʃən/ giải pháp
- side (n) /saɪd/ bên, phía
- object (n) /ˈɑbʤɛkt/ vật
- twist (v) /twɪst/ xoắn
- identical (adj) /aɪˈdɛntɪkəl/ giống hệt nhau

Rubik took out a patent for the Cube in 1977 - take out (phr.verb) /teɪk/ /aʊt/ đưa ra
and started manufacturing it in the same - patent (n) /ˈpætənt/ bằng sáng chế
year. The Cube came to the attention of a - manufacture (v) /ˌmænjəˈfækʧər/ sản xuất
Hungarian businessman, Tibor Laczi, who - attention (n) /əˈtɛnʃən/ sự chú ý
then demonstrated it at the Nuremberg Toy - demonstrate (v) /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/ trình diễn
Fair. When British toy expert Tom Kremer - fair (n) /fɛr/ hội chợ
saw it, he thought it was amazing and he - expert (n) /ˈɛkspərt/ chuyên gia
persuaded a manufacturer, Ideal Toys, to - persuade (v) /pərˈsweɪd/ thuyết phục
produce 1 million of them in 1979. Ideal Toys - manufacturer (n) /ˌmænjəˈfækʧərər/ nhà
renamed the Cube after the toy’s inventor, sản xuất
and in 1980, Rubik’s Cube was shown at toy - rename (v) /riˈneɪm/ đổi tên
fairs all over the world. It won that year’s - inventor (n) /ɪnˈvɛntər/ người phát minh
prize in Germany for Best Puzzle. Rubik’s - invention (n) /ɪnˈvɛnʃən/ sự phát minh
Cube is believed to be the world’s best- - worldwide (adv) /ˈwɜrlˈdwaɪd/ trên toàn thế
selling puzzle; since its invention, more than giới
300 million Cubes have been sold
worldwide.

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UNIT 12

Your next car may be electric. We look at the - electric (adj) /ɪˈlɛktrɪk/ điện
technologies that will bring the revolution. - technology (n) /tɛkˈnɑləʤi/ công nghệ
The main reasons why electric cars are not - revolution (n) /ˌrɛvəˈluʃən/ cuộc cách mạng
more popular at present are their price and - present (n) /ˈprɛzənt/ hiện tại
their relatively small range. Existing battery - price (n) /praɪs/ giá
systems only allow electric cars to travel a - relatively (adv) /ˈrɛlətɪvli/ tương đối
distance of between 100 and 160 km. - range (n) /reɪnʤ/ phạm vi
However, this distance may not be a - existing (adj) /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/ hiện có
problem for urban drivers. A recent Sydney - battery (n) /ˈbætəri/ ắc quy
study reported that 20 percent of journeys - system (n) /ˈsɪstəm/ hệ thống
were 30 km or less, and recent data from the - allow (v) /əˈlaʊ/ cho phép
US suggests that 77 percent of trips taken - distance (n) /ˈdɪstəns/ khoảng cách
there are 48 km or less. - urban (n) /ˈɜrbən/ đô thị
- recent (adj) /ˈrisənt/ gần đây
- report (v) /rɪˈpɔrt/ báo cáo
- journey (n) /ˈʤɜrni/ hành trình
- recent (adj) /ˈrisənt/ gần đây
- suggest (v) /səɡˈʤɛst/ gợi ý
An innovative company called Better Place - innovative (adj) /ˈɪnəˌveɪtɪv/ đổi mới
is aiming to make electric cars an option for - aim (v) /eɪm/ hướng tới
all drivers. It wants to see existing vehicles - option (n) /ˈɑpʃən/ lựa chọn
replaced by electric vehicles which, it says, - existing (adj) /ɪɡˈzɪstɪŋ/ hiện có
offer a number of benefits. Firstly, they can - vehicle (n) /ˈvihɪkəl/ phương tiện giao thông
be powered by renewable energy which - replace (v) /ˌriˈpleɪs/ thay thế
produces zero emissions. What is more, - offer (v) /ˈɔfər/ cung cấp, đưa ra
electric motors are more efficient and can - benefit (n) /ˈbɛnəfɪt/ lợi ích
convert more than 90 percent of power into - power (v) /ˈpaʊər/ cung cấp năng lượng
movement, whereas the efficiency of diesel - renewable (adj) /riˈnuəbəl/ tái tạo
or petrol engines is less than 20 percent. To - zero (n) /ˈzɪroʊ/ số không
achieve its aim, Better Place plans to use - emission (n) /ɪˈmɪʃən/ khí thải
technology which is already available. - motor (n) /ˈmoʊtər/ động cơ
- efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ có hiệu quả
- convert (v) /ˈkɑnvɜrt/ chuyển đổi
- movement (n) /ˈmuvmənt/ sự chuyển động
- whereas (conj) /wɛˈræz/ trong khi
- diesel (n) /ˈdisəl/ dầu diesel
- petrol (n) /ˈpɛtroʊl/ xăng dầu
- engine (n) /ˈɛnʤən/ động cơ
- achieve (v) /əˈʧiv/ đạt được
- technology (n) /tɛkˈnɑləʤi/ công nghệ
- already (adv) /ɔlˈrɛdi/ đã, rồi
- available (adj) /əˈveɪləbəl/ có sẵn

138
The plan is simple but revolutionary. It - plan (n) /plæn/ kế hoạch
starts with the installation of a home charge - simple (adj) /ˈsɪmpəl/ đơn giản
point, and through this, the vehicle will be - revolutionary (adj) /ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri/ mang
plugged into the electricity grid whenever it tính cách mạng
is in the garage, typically at night. In the - installation (n) /ˌɪnstəˈleɪʃən/ cài đặt
morning, with a fully charged battery, the - charge point (Nphr) /ʧɑrʤ/ /pɔɪnt/ điểm sạc
car is capable of as much as 160 km in - plug (v) /plʌɡ/ cắm điện
urban motoring conditions. In addition to - electricity (n) /ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti/ điện
the home charge point, the battery can be - grid (n) /ɡrɪd/ lưới
topped up by charge points at work and at - whenever (conj) /wɛˈnɛvər/ bất cứ khi nào
supermarkets. - garage (n) /ɡəˈrɑʒ/ ga-ra
- typically (adv) /ˈtɪpɪkli/ tiêu biểu
- fully (adv) /ˈfʊli/ đầy đủ
- charge (v) /ʧɑrʤ/ sạc pin
- battery (n) /ˈbætəri/ ắc quy
- capable of (phrase) /ˈkeɪpəbəl/ /ʌv/ có khả
năng
- urban (n) /ˈɜrbən/ đô thị
- motoring (n) /ˈmoʊtərɪŋ/ lái xe
- condition (n) /kənˈdɪʃən/ điều kiện
- in addition to (phrase) /ɪn/ /əˈdɪʃən/ /tu/ Bên
cạnh
- top up (phr.verb) /tɑp/ /ʌp/ nạp tiền

The battery is linked to a control centre by - control (n) /kənˈtroʊl/ điều khiển
smart technology inside the vehicle. Better - ensure (v) /ɛnˈʃʊr/ đảm bảo
Place can then ensure that the car is - source (n) /sɔrs/ nguồn
charged with electricity from renewable - navigation (n) /ˈnævəˈɡeɪʃən/ định vị
sources at the cheapest price. For longer - system (n) /ˈsɪstəm/ hệ thống
trips, a navigation system directs the driver - direct (v) /dəˈrɛkt/ hướng dẫn
to the nearest switch station, where the - switch (n) /swɪʧ/ chuyển mạch
depleted battery can be replaced with a - deplete (v) /dɪˈplit/ làm vơi, làm cạn
charged one by a robot within a couple of - within (pre) /wɪˈðɪn/ trong vòng
minutes. - a couple of (phrase) /ə/ /ˈkʌpəl/ /ʌv/ một vài

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UNIT 13

A whale surprises researchers with her - whale (n) /weɪl/ cá voi

journey. - surprise (v) /sərˈpraɪz/ gây ngạc nhiên
A lone humpback whale travelled more than - researcher (n) /ˈrisərʧər/ nhà nghiên cứu
9,800 kilometres from breeding areas in - lone (adj) /loʊn/ đơn chiếc, một mình
Brazil to those in Madagascar, setting a - humpback (n) /ˈhʌmpˌbæk/ lưng gù
record for the longest mammal migration - breeding (n) /ˈbridɪŋ/ sinh sản
ever documented. - set (v) /sɛt/ thiết lập
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) - record (n) /ˈrɛkərd/ kỉ lục
are known to have some of the longest - mammal (n) /ˈmæməl/ động vật có vú
migration distances of all mammals, and - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
this huge journey is about 400 kilometres - document (v) /ˈdɑkjəmɛnt/ ghi nhận
farther than the previous humpback record. - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
The finding was made by Peter Stevick, a - distance (n) /ˈdɪstəns/ khoảng cách
biologist at the College of the Atlantic in Bar - far (adj) /fɑr/ xa
Harbor, Maine. - record (n) /ˈrɛkərd/ kỉ lục
- finding (n) /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ Phát hiện
- biologist (n) /baɪˈɑləʤɪst/ nhà sinh vật học
- college (n) /ˈkɑlɪʤ/ trường cao đẳng, đại học

The whale’s journey was unusual not only - unusual (adj) /ənˈjuʒˌuəl/ bất thường
for its length, but also because it travelled - length (n) /lɛŋkθ/ chiều dài
across almost 90 degrees of longitude from - almost (adv) /ˈɔlˌmoʊst/ gần như
west to east. Typically, humpbacks move in - degree (n) /dɪˈɡri/ độ
a north-south direction between cold - longitude (n) /ˈlɑnʤəˌtud/ kinh tuyến
feeding areas and warm breeding grounds - - typically (adv) /ˈtɪpɪkli/ tiêu biểu
and the longest journeys which have been - move (v) /muv/ di chuyển
recorded until now have been between - north-south direction (Nphr) /nɔrθ/-/saʊθ/
breeding and feeding sites. /dəˈrɛkʃən/ hướng bắc nam
The whale, a female, was first spotted off - feeding (n) /ˈfidɪŋ/ kiếm ăn
the coast of Brazil, where researchers - ground (n) /ɡraʊnd/ khu vực
photographed its tail fluke and took skin - journey (n) /ˈʤɜrni/ hành trình
samples for chromosome testing to - record (v) /ˈrɛkərd/ ghi lại
determine the animal's sex. Two years later, - site (n) /saɪt/ địa điểm
a tourist on a whale-watching boat snapped - spot off (phr.verb) /spɑt/ /ɔf/ phát hiện
a photo of the humpback near Madagascar. - coast (n) /koʊst/ bờ biển
- photograph (v) /ˈfoʊtəˌɡræf/ chụp ảnh
- tail fluke (Nphr) /teɪl/ /fluk/ vây đuôi
- skin (n) /skɪn/ da
- sample (n) /ˈsæmpəl/ vật mẫu
- chromosome (n) /ˈkroʊməˌsoʊm/ nhiễm sắc thể
- testing (n) /ˈtɛstɪŋ/ cuộc kiểm tra, thử nghiệm
- determine (v) /dəˈtɜrmən/ xác định

140
 - sex (n) /sɛks/ giới tính
- boat (n) /boʊt/ thuyền
- snap (v) /snæp/ chụp (ảnh)
To match the two sightings, Stevick’s team - match (v) /mæʧ/ đối chiếu
used an extensive international catalogue - sighting (n) /ˈsaɪtɪŋ/ trường hợp nhìn thấy
of photographs of the undersides of tail - extensive (adj) /ɪkˈstɛnsɪv/ rộng rãi
flukes, which have distinctive markings. - international (adj) /ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl/ quốc tế
Researchers routinely compare the - catalogue (n) /ˈkætəˌlɔɡ/ mục lục
markings in each new photograph to those - underside (n) /ˈʌndərˌsaɪd/ phía bên dưới
in the archive. - distinctive (adj) /dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ đặc biệt, nổi bật
The scientists then estimated the animal’s - marking (n) /ˈmɑrkɪŋ/ dấu vết
shortest possible route: an arc skirting the - routinely (adv) /ruˈtinli/ thường xuyên
southern tip of South Africa and heading - marking (n) /ˈmɑrkɪŋ/ dấu vết
north-east towards Madagascar. The - archive (n) /ˈɑrˌkaɪv/ kho lưu trữ
minimum distance is 9,800 kilometres, says - estimate (v) /ˈɛstəmət/ ước lượng
Stevick, but this is likely to be an - possible (adj) /ˈpɑsəbəl/ khả thi
underestimate, because the whale probably - route (n) /rut/ tuyến đường
took a detour to feed on krill in the Southern - arc (n) /ɑrk/ hình cung
Ocean near Antarctica before reaching its - skirt (v) /skɜrt/ chạy vòng
destination. - tip (n) /tɪp/ mũi (biển)
- head (v) /hɛd/ hướng về
- towards (pre) /təˈwɔrdz/ về phía
- minimum (n) /ˈmɪnəməm/ tối thiểu
- distance (n) /ˈdɪstəns/ khoảng cách
- underestimate (n) /ˈʌndəˈrɛstəmət/ đánh giá quá
thấp
- whale (n) /weɪl/ cá voi
- detour (n) /dɪˈtʊr/ đi đường vòng
- feed (v) /fid/ cho ăn
- krill (n) /krɪl/ loài nhuyễn thể
- reach (v) /riʧ/ tiến tới
- destination (n) /ˌdɛstəˈneɪʃən/ điểm đến, đích đến

Most humpback-whale researchers focus - focus (v) /ˈfoʊkəs/ tập trung

their efforts on the Northern Hemisphere - effort (n) /ˈɛfərt/ sự nỗ lực
because the Southern Ocean near the - hostile (adj) /ˈhɑstəl/ thù địch
Antarctic is a hostile environment and it is - environment (n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ môi trường
hard to get to, explains Rochelle - explain (v) /ɪkˈspleɪn/ giải thích
Constantine, who studies the ecology of - study (v) /ˈstʌdi/ nghiên cứu
humpback whales at the University of - ecology (n) /ɪˈkɑləʤi/ sinh thái
Auckland in New Zealand. But, for whales, - ocean (n) /ˈoʊʃən/ đại dương
oceans in the Southern Hemisphere are - wide (adj) /waɪd/ rộng
wider and easier to travel across, says - across (pre) /əˈkrɔs/ băng ngang qua
Constantine. Scientists will probably - probably (adv) /ˈprɑbəbli/ có lẽ

141
observe more long-distance migrations in - observe (v) /əbˈzɜrv/ quan sát
the Southern Hemisphere as satellite - long-distance (adj) /lɔŋ/-/ˈdɪstəns/ khoảng cách xa
tracking becomes increasingly common, - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
she adds. - satellite (n) /ˈsætəˌlaɪt/ vệ tinh
- tracking (n) /ˈtrækɪŋ/ theo dõi
- increasingly (adv) /ɪnˈkrisɪŋli/ ngày càng
- common (adj) /ˈkɑmən/ phổ biến

Daniel Palacios, an oceanographer at the - oceanographer (n) /ˌoʊʃəˈnɑɡrəfər/ nhà hải dương
University of Hawaii at Manoa, says that the học
record-breaking journey could indicate that - record-breaking (adj) /ˈrɛkərd/-/ˈbreɪkɪŋ/ phá kỷ lục
migration patterns are shifting as - indicate (v) /ˈɪndəˌkeɪt/ chỉ ra
populations begin to recover from near- - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
extinction and the population increases. But - pattern (n) /ˈpætərn/ mô hình
the reasons why the whale did not follow the - shift (v) /ʃɪft/ thay đổi
usual migration routes remain a mystery. - as (conj) /æz/ khi
She could have been exploring new - population (n) /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ dân số
habitats, or simply have lost her way. 'We - recover (v) /rɪˈkʌvər/ hồi phục
generally think of humpback whales as very - near-extinction (adj) /nɪr/-/ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ gần tuyệt
well studied, but then they surprise us with chủng
things like this,’ Palacios says. ‘Undoubtedly - reason (n) /ˈrizən/ lý do
there are a lot of things we still don’t know - follow (v) /ˈfɑloʊ/ đi theo
about whale migration.’ - migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư
- route (n) /rut/ tuyến đường
- remain (v) /rɪˈmeɪn/ duy trì
- mystery (n) /ˈmɪstəri/ bí ẩn
- explore (v) /ɪkˈsplɔr/ khám phá
- habitat (n) /ˈhæbəˌtæt/ môi trường sống
- simply (adv) /ˈsɪmpli/ đơn giản
- lose (v) /luz/ thua
- generally (adv) /ˈʤɛnərəli/ nói chung là
- surprise (v) /sərˈpraɪz/ gây ngạc nhiên
- undoubtedly (adv) /ənˈdaʊtɪdli/ chắc chắn
- still (adv) /stɪl/ vẫn
- migration (n) /maɪˈɡreɪʃən/ di cư

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UNIT 14

Sleep may reduce mistakes in memory, - reduce (v) /rəˈdus/ giảm bớt
according to a first-of-its-kind study led by a - mistake (n) /mɪsˈteɪk/ sai lầm
scientist at Michigan State University. - memory (n) /ˈmɛməri/ ký ức
The findings, which appear in the - first-of-its-kind (adj) /fɜrst/-/ʌv/-/ɪts/-/kaɪnd/ loại
September issue of the journal Learning El đầu tiên
Memory, have practical implications for - lead (v) /lid/ dẫn dắt
many people, from students doing multiple- - scientist (n) /ˈsaɪəntɪst/ nhà khoa học
choice tests to elderly people confusing - finding (n) /ˈfaɪndɪŋ/ Phát hiện
their medicine, says Kimberly Fenn, - appear (v) /əˈpɪr/ xuất hiện
principal investigator and assistant - issue (n) /ˈɪʃu/ số báo
professor of psychology. - journal (n) /ˈʤɜrnəl/ tạp chí chuyên ngành
- practical (adj) /ˈpræktəkəl/ thực tế
- implication (n) /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/ hàm ý, ý nghĩa
- multiple-choice (adj) /ˈmʌltəpəl/-/ʧɔɪs/ nhiều lựa
chọn
- elderly (adj) /ˈɛldərli/ người già
- confuse (v) /kənˈfjuz/ gây bối rối
- medicine (n) /ˈmɛdəsən/ thuốc
- principal (adj) /ˈprɪnsəpəl/ chính
- investigator (n) /ɪnˈvɛstəˌɡeɪtər/ người điều tra
- assistant (n) /ə'sistənt/ người trợ lý
- professor (n) /prəˈfɛsər/ giáo sư
- psychology (n) /saɪˈkɑləʤi/ tâm lý
‘It’s easy to muddle things in your mind,’ - muddle (v) /ˈmʌdəl/ gây lộn xộn
Fenn says. This research suggests that after - mind (n) /maɪnd/ tâm trí
sleep, you’re better able to pick out the - suggest (v) /səɡˈʤɛst/ gợi ý, cho rằng
incorrect parts of that memory.’ Fenn and - pick out (phr.verb) /pɪk/ /aʊt/ chọn ra
colleagues from the University of Chicago - incorrect (adj) /ɪnkəˈrɛkt/ không đúng
and Washington University in St Louis - memory (n) /ˈmɛməri/ ký ức
studied the presence of incorrect or false - colleague (n) /ˈkɑliɡ/ đồng nghiệp
memory in groups of college students. While - presence (n) /ˈprɛzəns/ sự hiện diện
previous research has shown that sleep - incorrect (adj) /ɪnkəˈrɛkt/ không đúng
improves memory, this study is the first one - FALSE (adj) /fɔls/ sai
that looks at errors in memory, she said. - college (n) /ˈkɑlɪʤ/ trường cao đẳng, đại học
- previous (adj) /ˈpriviəs/ trước
- improve (v) /ɪmˈpruv/ cải thiện
- look at (phr.verb) /lʊk/ /æt/ xem xét, nhìn vào
- error (n) /ˈɛrər/ lỗi
Study participants were ‘trained’ by being - participant (n) /pɑrˈtɪsəpənt/ người tham gia
shown or listening to lists of words. Then, - train (v) /treɪn/ đào tạo
twelve hours later, they were shown - list (n) /lɪst/ danh sách
individual words and asked to identify - individual (adj) /ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/ riêng lẻ

143
which words they had seen or heard in the - identify (v) /aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/ nhận dạng
earlier session. One group of students was - early (adj) /ˈɜrli/ sớm
trained at 10 a.m. and tested at 10 p.m. after - session (n) /ˈsɛʃən/ phiên họp
the course of a normal sleepless day. - test (v) /tɛst/ kiểm tra
Another group was trained at night and - course (n) /kɔrs/ quá trình
tested twelve hours later in the morning, after - normal (adj) /ˈnɔrməl/ Bình thường
about six hours of sleep. Three experiments - sleepless (adj) /ˈslipləs/ không ngủ
were conducted. In each experiment, the - another (determiner) /əˈnʌðər/ một cái khác nữa
results showed that students who had slept - experiment (n) /ɪkˈspɛrəmənt/ cuộc thí nghiệm
did not have as many problems with false - conduct (v) /ˈkɑndʌkt/ chỉ đạo
memory and chose fewer incorrect words. - result (n) /rɪˈzʌlt/ kết quả

How does sleep help? The answer isn’t - suspect (v) /ˈsʌˌspɛkt/ nghi ngờ
known, Fenn said, but she suspects it may - due to (pre) /du/ /tu/ bởi vì
be due to sleep strengthening the source - strengthen (v) /ˈstrɛŋθən/ tăng cường
of the memory. The source, or context in - source (n) /sɔrs/ nguồn
which the information is acquired, is a vital - context (n) /ˈkɑntɛkst/ bối cảnh
element of the memory process. In other - acquire (v) /əˈkwaɪər/ giành được
words, it may be easier to remember - vital (adj) /ˈvaɪtəl/ thiết yếu
something if you can also remember where - element (n) /ˈɛləmənt/ yếu tố
you first heard or saw it. Or perhaps the - memory (n) /ˈmɛməri/ ký ức
people who didn’t sleep as much during the - process (n) /ˈprɑˌsɛs/ quá trình
study received so much other information - easy (adj) /ˈizi/ dễ
during the day that this affected their memory - perhaps (adv) /pərˈhæps/ có lẽ
ability, Fenn said. - ability (n) /əˈbɪləti/ khả năng
Further research is needed, she said, adding - further (adj) /ˈfɜrðər/ xa hơn, thêm nữa
that she plans to study different population - population (n) /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ dân số
groups, particularly the elderly. ‘We know - particularly (adv) /ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli/ cụ thể
older individuals generally have worse - elderly (n) /ˈɛldərli/ người già
memory performance than younger - individual (n) /ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/ cá nhân
individuals. We also know from other - generally (adv) /ˈʤɛnərəli/ nhìn chung
research that elderly individuals tend to be - worse (adj-er) /wɜrs/ tệ hơn
more prone to false memories,’ Fenn said. - performance (n) /pərˈfɔrməns/ hiệu suất
‘Given the work we’ve done, it’s possible - tend (v) /tɛnd/ có khuynh hướng
that sleep may actually help them to reject - be prone to (phrase) /bi/ /proʊn/ /tu/ dễ bị
this false information. And potentially this - given (pre) /ˈɡɪvən/ xét đến
could help to improve their quality of life.’ - possible (adj) /ˈpɑsəbəl/ khả thi
- actually (adv) /ˈækʧuəli/ Thực ra
- reject (v) /ˈriʤɛkt/ từ chối
- potentially (adv) /pəˈtɛnʃəli/ có tiềm năng
- quality (n) /ˈkwɑləti/ chất lượng

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UNIT 15

What is speed reading and why do we need - speed (n) /spid/ tốc độ, nhanh
it? - championship (n) /ˈʧæmpiənˌʃɪp/ chức vô
địch
A Speed reading is not just about reading - competition (n) /ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən/ cuộc thi
fast. It is also about how much information - average (v) /ˈævərɪʤ/ đạt trung bình
you can remember when you have finished - at least (phrase) /æt/ /list/ ít nhất
reading. The World Championship Speed- - in order to (phrase) /ɪn/ /ˈɔrdər/ /tu/ để
Reading Competition says that its top - qualify for (phr.verb) /ˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/ /fɔr/ đủ
competitors average between 1,000 and điều kiện cho
2,000 words a minute. But they must
remember at least 50 percent of this in order
to qualify for the competition.
B Nowadays, speed reading has become an - nowadays (adv) /ˈnaʊəˌdeɪz/ Ngày nay
essential skill in any environment where - essential (adj) /ɪˈsɛnʃəl/ thiết yếu
people have to master a large volume of - skill (n) /skɪl/ kỹ năng
information. Professional workers need - environment (n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/ môi trường
reading skills to help them get through many - where (pronoun) /wɛr/ nơi, ở nơi
documents every day, while students under - master (v) /ˈmæstər/ tinh thông, thành thạo
pressure to deal with assignments may - volume (n) /ˈvɑljum/ lượng
feel they have to read more and read faster - information (n) /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/ thông tin
all the time. - professional (adj) /prəˈfɛʃənəl/ chuyên
nghiệp
- get through (phr.verb) /ɡɛt/ /θru/ vượt qua
- under pressure (phrase) /ˈʌndər/ /ˈprɛʃər/
chịu áp lực
- deal with (phr.verb) /dil/ /wɪð/ đối phó với
- assignment (n) /əˈsaɪnmənt/ bài tập
- all the time (phrase) /ɔl/ /ðə/ /taɪm/ mọi lúc
C Although there are various methods to - although (conj) /ˌɔlˈðoʊ/ mặc dù
increase reading speed, the trick is - various (adj) /ˈvɛriəs/ nhiều
deciding what information you want first. For - method (n) /ˈmɛθəd/ phương pháp
example, if you only want a rough outline of - increase (v) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
an issue, then you can skim the material - trick (n) /trɪk/ mẹo
quickly and extract the key facts. However, - decide (v) /ˌdɪˈsaɪd/ quyết định
if you need to understand every detail in a - for example (phrase) /fɔr/ /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/ Ví dụ
document, then you must read it slowly - rough (adj) /rʌf/ sơ bộ
enough to understand this. - outline (n) /ˈaʊtˌlaɪn/ tóm tắt
- issue (n) /ˈɪʃu/ vấn đề
- skim (v) /skɪm/ đọc lướt nhanh
- material (n) /məˈtɪriəl/ tài liệu
- quickly (adv) /ˈkwɪkli/ một cách nhanh
chóng

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 - extract (v) /ˈɛkˌstrækt/ rút ra
- key (adj) /ki/ chính
- fact (n) /fækt/ thông tin, sự thật
- however (conj) /ˌhaʊˈɛvər/ Tuy nhiên
- detail (n) /dɪˈteɪl/ chi tiết
- document (n) /ˈdɑkjəmɛnt/ tài liệu
- then (adv) /ðɛn/ vậy thì
D Even when you know how to ignore - even (adv) /ˈivɪn/ thậm chí
irrelevant detail, there are other - ignore (v) /ɪɡˈnɔr/ phớt lờ
improvements you can make to your - irrelevant (adj) /ɪˈrɛləvənt/ không liên quan
reading style which will increase your speed. - detail (n) /dɪˈteɪl/ chi tiết
For example, most people can read much - improvement (n) /ɪmˈpruvmənt/ sự cải tiến
faster if they read silently. Reading each - for example (phrase) /fɔr/ /ɪɡˈzæmpəl/ Ví dụ
word aloud takes time for the information to - silently (adv) /ˈsaɪləntli/ một cách thầm lặng
make a complete circuit in your brain before - aloud (adv) /əˈlaʊd/ lớn tiếng
being pronounced. Some researchers - circuit (n) /ˈsɜrkət/ mạch
believe that as long as the first and last - brain (n) /breɪn/ não
letters are in place, the brain can still - pronounce (v) /prəˈnaʊns/ phát âm
understand the arrangement of the other - researcher (n) /ˈrisərʧər/ nhà nghiên cứu
letters in the word because it logically puts - as long as (phrase) /æz/ /lɔŋ/ /æz/ miễn là
each piece into place. - last (adj) /læst/ cuối cùng
- be in place (phrase) /bi/ /ɪn/ /pleɪs/ nằm
đúng vị trí
- brain (n) /breɪn/ não
- arrangement (n) /əˈreɪnʤmənt/ sự sắp xếp
- letter (n) /ˈlɛtər/ chữ cái
- logically (adv) /ˈlɑʤɪkli/ một cách hợp lý
- piece (n) /pis/ mảnh
- put st into place (phrase) /pʊt/ /strit/ /ˈɪntu/
/pleɪs/ đặt cái gì vào đúng vị trí
E Chunking is another important method. - chunking (n) /ˈʧʌŋkɪŋ/ sự chia nhỏ
Most people learn to read either letter by - method (n) /ˈmɛθəd/ phương pháp
letter or word by word. As you improve, this - either...or... (phrase) /ˈiðər/.../ɔr/...
changes. You will probably find that you are hoặc...hoặc...
fixing your eyes on a block of words, then - as (conj) /æz/ khi
moving your eyes to the next block of words, - fix (v) /fɪks/ dồn (ánh mắt)
and so on. You are reading blocks of words - block (n) /blɑk/ khối
at a time, not individual words one by one. - move back to (phr.verb) /muv/ /bæk/ /tu/ di
You may also notice that you do not always chuyển trở lại
go from one block to the next: sometimes you - previous (adj) /ˈpriviəs/ trước
may move back to a previous block if you - unsure (adj) /ənˈʃʊr/ không chắc chắn
are unsure about something.

146
F A skilled reader will read a lot of words in - skilled (adj) /skɪld/ có kĩ năng
each block. He or she will only look at each - instant (n) /ˈɪnstənt/ ngay lập tức
block for an instant and will then move on. - move on (phr.verb) /muv/ /ɑn/ tiếp tục
Only rarely will the reader’s eyes skip back to - rarely (adv) /ˈrɛrli/ hiếm khi
a previous block of words. This reduces the - reduce (v) /rəˈdus/ giảm bớt
amount of work that the reader’s eyes have - increase (v) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
to do. It also increases the volume of - volume (n) /ˈvɑljum/ lượng
information that can be taken in over a given - given (pre) /ˈɡɪvən/ được cho
period of time. - period of time (phrase) /ˈpɪriəd/ /ʌv/ /taɪm/
khoảng thời gian

G On the other hand, a slow reader will - on the other hand (phrase) /ɑn/ /ði/ /ˈʌðər/
spend a lot of time reading small blocks of /hænd/ Mặt khác
words. He or she will skip back often, losing - slow (asj) /sloʊ/ chậm
the flow and structure of the text, and - skip back (phr.verb) /skɪp/ /bæk/ tua lại
muddling their overall understanding of the - lose (v) /luz/ làm mất đi
subject. This irregular eye movement quickly - flow (v) /floʊ/ mạch
makes the reader tired. Poor readers tend to - structure (n) /ˈstrʌkʧər/ kết cấu
dislike reading because they feel it is difficult - muddle (v) /ˈmʌdəl/ làm xáo trộn
to concentrate and comprehend written - overall (adj) /ˈoʊvəˌrɔl/ tổng thể
information. - irregular (adj) /ɪˈrɛɡjələr/ không đều
- tired (adj) /ˈtaɪərd/ mệt
- poor (adj) /pur/ yếu, kém
- dislike (v) /dɪˈslaɪk/ không thích
- concentrate (v) /ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/ tập trung
- comprehend (v) /ˌkɑmpriˈhɛnd/ hiểu
- information (n) /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/ thông tin

H The best tip anyone can have to improve - tip (n) /tɪp/ mẹo
their reading speed is to practise. In order to - improve (v) /ɪmˈpruv/ cải thiện
do this effectively, a person must be - practise (v) /'præktis/ luyện tập
engaged in the material and want to know - effectively (adv) /ɪˈfɛktɪvli/ có hiệu quả
more. If you find yourself constantly having - engage in (v) /ɛnˈɡeɪʤ/ /ɪn/ tham gia vào,
to re-read the same paragraph, you may có dính líu với
want to switch to reading material that grabs - material (n) /məˈtɪriəl/ tài liệu
your attention. If you enjoy what you are - constantly (adv) /ˈkɑnstəntli/ liên tục
reading, you will make quicker progress. - re-read (v) /reɪ/-/rid/ đọc lại
- switch (v) /swɪʧ/ chuyển sang
- grab sb's attention (phrase) /ɡræb/ sb's
/əˈtɛnʃən/ thu hút sự chú ý của ai
- progress (n) /ˈprɑˌɡrɛs/ sự tiến bộ

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UNIT 16

The Arctic and Antarctica are now within - Arctic (n) /ˈɑrktɪk/ Bắc Cực
reach of the modern tourist, with many going - Antarctica (n) /ˌænˈtɑrktɪkə/ Nam Cực
to see these icy wildernesses before it's too - within (pre) /wɪˈðɪn/ nằm trong
late. Christian Amodeo reports on the - reach (n) /riʧ/ khoảng cách tới được
growth of polar tourism. - icy (adj) /ˈaɪsi/ băng giá
- wilderness (n) /ˈwɪldərnəs/ sự hoang dã
Travel at the North and South Poles has - report (v) /rɪˈpɔrt/ báo cáo
become an expensive leisure activity, - growth (n) /ɡroʊθ/ sự phát triển
suitable for tourists of all ages. The poles - polar (adj) /ˈpoʊlər/ vùng cực
may be inhospitable places, but they are - tourism (n) /ˈtʊˌrɪzəm/ ngành du lịch
seeing increasing numbers of visitors. - pole (n) /poʊl/ cực
- leisure (n) /ˈlɛʒər/ thời gian rảnh rỗi
- inhospitable (adj) /ɪnˈhɑspətəbəl/ không hiếu
khách
- increasing (adj) /ɪnˈkrisɪŋ/ đang tăng

Annual figures for the Arctic, where tourism - annual (adj) /ˈænjuəl/ hàng năm
has existed since the 19th century, have - figure (n) /ˈfɪɡjər/ số liệu
increased from about a million in the early - exist (v) /ɪɡˈzɪst/ tổn tại
1990s to more than 1.5 million today. This is - since (pre) /sɪns/ từ
partly because of the lengthening summer - century (n) /ˈsɛnʧəri/ thế kỷ
season brought about by climate change. - partly (adv) /ˈpɑrtli/ một phần
- lengthening (adj) /ˈlɛŋθənɪŋ/ kéo dài
Most visitors arrive by ship. In 2007, 370,000 - bring about (phr.verb) /brɪŋ/ /əˈbaʊt/ mang lại
cruise passengers visited Norway, twice the - climate change (Nphr) /ˈklaɪmət/ /ʧeɪnʤ/ biến
number that arrived in 2000. Iceland, a đổi khí hậu
country where tourism is the second-largest - ship (n) /ʃɪp/ tàu thủy
industry, has enjoyed an annual growth - passenger (n) /ˈpæsənʤər/ hành khách
rate of nine percent since 1990. Meanwhile, - twice (adv) /twaɪs/ hai lần
Alaska received some 1,029,800 - arrive (v) /əˈraɪv/ đến
passengers, a rise of 7.3 percent from 2006. - tourism (n) /ˈtʊˌrɪzəm/ ngành du lịch
Greenland has seen the most rapid growth in - industry (n) /ˈɪndəstri/ ngành công nghiệp
marine tourism, with a sharp increase in - growth (n) /ɡroʊθ/ phát triển, tăng trưởng
cruise-ship arrivals of 250 percent since - rate (n) /reɪt/ tỷ lệ
2004. - meanwhile (conj) /ˈminˌwaɪl/ trong khi đó
- rise (n) /raɪz/ sự gia tăng
- marine (adj) /məˈrin/ hàng hải
- sharp (adj) /ʃɑrp/ đột ngột
- cruise (n) /kruz/ du thuyền
- arrival (n) /əˈraɪvəl/ sự cập bến, tới nơi

148
The global economic downturn may have - global (adj) /ˈɡloʊbəl/ toàn cầu
affected the annual 20.6 percent rate of - downturn (n) /ˈdaʊnˌtɜrn/ suy thoái
increase in visitors to the Antarctic - last - affect (v) /əˈfɛkt/ ảnh hưởng
season saw a drop of 17 percent to 38,200 - - annual (adj) /ˈænjuəl/ hàng năm
but there has been a 760 percent rise in - increase (n) /ˈɪnˌkris/ tăng
land-based tourism there since 1997. More - season (n) /ˈsizən/ mùa
people than ever are landing at fragile - land-based (adj) /lænd/-/beɪst/ ở trên đất liền
sites, with light aircraft, helicopters and all- - tourism (n) /ˈtʊˌrɪzəm/ du lịch
terrain vehicles increasingly used for - ever (adv) /ˈɛvər/ bao giờ
greater access, while in the past two - land (v) /lænd/ hạ cánh
seasons, ‘fly-sail’ operations have begun. - fragile (adj) /ˈfræʤəl/ dễ tổn thương
These deliver tourists by air to ships, so far - site (n) /saɪt/ địa điểm
more groups can enjoy a cruise in a season; - light (adj) /laɪt/ nhẹ
large cruise ships capable of carrying up to - aircraft (n) /ˈɛrˌkræft/ phi cơ
800 passengers are not uncommon. - helicopter (n) /ˈhɛlɪˌkɑptər/ trực thăng
- all-terrain vehicle (Nphr) /ɔl/-/təˈreɪn/ /ˈvihɪkəl/
phương tiện di chuyển trên mọi địa hình
- increasingly (adv) /ɪnˈkrisɪŋli/ ngày càng
- great (adj) /ɡreɪt/ Tuyệt
- access (n) /ˈækˌsɛs/ tiếp cận
- past (adj) /pæst/ vừa qua
- season (n) /ˈsizən/ mùa
- fly-sail (adj) /flaɪ/-/seɪl/ thuyền buồm
- operation (n) /ˌɑpəˈreɪʃən/ hoạt động
- deliver (v) /dɪˈlɪvər/ vận chuyển
- air (n) /ɛr/ đường hàng không
- cruise (n) /kruz/ chuyến du thuyền
- capable of (phrase) /ˈkeɪpəbəl/ /ʌv/ có khả
năng
- carry (v) /ˈkæri/ mang, chở
- up to (pre) /ʌp/ /tu/ lên đến
- uncommon (adj) /ənˈkɑmən/ không phổ biến

In addition, it seems that a high number of - in addition (phrase) /ɪn/ /əˈdɪʃən/ Ngoài ra
visitors return to the poles. ‘Looking at six - return (v) /rɪˈtɜrn/ trở lại
years’ worth of data, of the people who have - worth (adj) /wɜrθ/ có giá trị
been to the polar regions, roughly 25 - region (n) /ˈriʤən/ vùng đất
percent go for a second time,’ says Louisa - roughly (adv) /ˈrʌfli/ gần, khoảng
Richardson, a senior marketing executive at - senior (adj) /ˈsinjər/ cao cấp
tour operator Exodus. - executive (n) /ɪɡˈzɛkjətɪv/ giám đốc điều hành
- operator (n) /ˈɑpəˌreɪtər/ nhà điều hành
In the same period that tourism has - explode (v) /ɪkˈsploʊd/ bùng nổ
exploded, the ‘health’ of the poles has - health (n) /hɛlθ/ sức khỏe
‘deteriorated’. ‘The biggest changes taking - deteriorate (v) /dɪˈtɪriəˌreɪt/ xấu đi

149
place in the Antarctic are related to climate - take place (phrase) /teɪk/ /pleɪs/ diễn ra
change,’ says Rod Downie, Environmental - related to (phrase) /rɪˈleɪtɪd/ /tu/ có liên quan
Manager with the British Antarctic Survey tới
(BAS). Large numbers of visitors increase - environmental (adj) /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəl/ thuộc
these problems. về môi trường
- survey (n) /ˈsɜrˌveɪ/ sự khảo sát

Although polar tourism is widely accepted, - although (conj) /ˌɔlˈðoʊ/ mặc dù

there have been few regulations up until - widely (adv) /ˈwaɪdli/ rộng rãi
recently. At the meeting of the Antarctic - accept (v) /ækˈsɛpt/ chấp nhận
Treaty in Baltimore, the 28 member nations - regulation (n) /ˌrɛɡjəˈleɪʃən/ quy định
adopted proposals for limits to tourist - up until recently (phrase) /ʌp/ /ənˈtɪl/ /ˈrisəntli/
numbers. These included safety codes for cho đến gần đây
tourist vessels in Antarctic waters, and - adopt (v) /əˈdɑpt/ áp dụng, thông qua
improved environmental protection for the - proposal (n) /prəˈpoʊzəl/ đề xuất
continent. They agreed to prevent ships - limit (n) /ˈlɪmət/ giới hạn
with more than 500 passengers from - include (v) /ɪnˈklud/ bao gồm
landing in Antarctica, as well as limit the - safety (n) /ˈseɪfti/ sự an toàn
number of passengers going ashore to a - code (n) /koʊd/ quy tắc
maximum of 100 at any one time, with a - vessel (n) /ˈvɛsəl/ tàu
minimum of one guide for every 20 tourists. - improve (v) /ɪmˈpruv/ cải thiện
‘Tourism in Antarctica is not without its - protection (n) /prəˈtɛkʃən/ sự bảo vệ
risks,’ says Downie. After all, Antarctica - continent (n) /ˈkɑntənənt/ lục địa
doesn’t have a coastguard rescue service.’ - prevent (v) /prɪˈvɛnt/ ngăn chặn
- passenger (n) /ˈpæsənʤər/ hành khách
- land (v) /lænd/ lên bờ, đổ bộ
- as well as (phrase) /æz/ /wɛl/ /æz/ cũng như
- limit (v) /ˈlɪmət/ giới hạn
- ashore (adv) /əˈʃɔr/ lên bờ
- maximum (n) /ˈmæksəməm/ tối đa
- minimum (n) /ˈmɪnəməm/ tối thiểu
- guide (n) /ɡaɪd/ người hướng dẫn viên
- without (pre) /wɪˈθaʊt/ không có
- risk (n) /rɪsk/ rủi ro
- after all (phrase) /ˈæftər/ /ɔl/ sau tất cả
- coastguard (n) /'kəʊstgɑ:d/ bảo vệ bờ biển
- rescue (n) /ˈrɛskju/ cứu hộ
- service (n) /ˈsɜrvəs/ dịch vụ

‘So far, no surveys confirm that people are - so far (phrase) /soʊ/ /fɑr/ cho đến nay
going quickly to see polar regions before they - survey (n) /ˈsɜrˌveɪ/ sự khảo sát
change,’ says Frigg Jorgensen, General - confirm (v) /kənˈfɜrm/ xác nhận
Secretary of the Association of Arctic - general secretary (Nphr) /ˈʤɛnərəl/ /ˈsɛkrəˌtɛri/
Expedition Cruise Operators (AECO). tổng thư ký

150
‘However, Hillary Clinton and many other big - association (n) /əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/ hiệp hội
names have been to Svalbard in the - expedition (n) /ˌɛkspəˈdɪʃən/ cuộc thám hiểm
northernmost part of Norway to see the - cruise (n) /kruz/ hành trình
effects of climate change. The associated - operator (n) /ˈɑpəˌreɪtər/ nhà điều hành
media coverage could influence others to - however (conj) /ˌhaʊˈɛvər/ Tuy nhiên
do the same.’ - northernmost (adj) /ˈnɔrðərnˌmoʊst/ cực bắc
- effect (n) /ɪˈfɛkt/ tác động
- associate (v) /əˈsoʊsiət/ liên quan
- media (n) /ˈmidiə/ phương tiện truyền thông
- coverage (n) /ˈkʌvərəʤ/ việc phủ sóng, đưa tin
- influence (v) /ˈɪnfluəns/ ảnh hưởng

These days, rarely a week passes without - these days (phrase) /ðiz/ /deɪz/ những ngày
a negative headline in the newspapers. The này
suffering polar bear has become a symbol - rarely (adv) /ˈrɛrli/ hiếm khi
of a warming world, its plight a warning that - pass (v) /pæs/ trôi qua
the clock is ticking. It would seem that this - without (pre) /wɪˈθaʊt/ không có
ticking clock is a small but growing factor for - negative (adj) /ˈnɛɡətɪv/ tiêu cực
some tourists. ‘There’s an element of “do it - headline (n) /ˈhɛˌdlaɪn/ tiêu đề
now”,’ acknowledges Prisca Campbell, - suffering (adj) /ˈsʌfərɪŋ/ chịu đựng đau khổ
Marketing director of Quark Expeditions, - polar bear (Nphr) /ˈpoʊlər/ /bɛr/ gấu Bắc cực
which takes 7,000 People to the poles - symbol (n) /ˈsɪmbəl/ biểu tượng
annually. Leaving the trip until later, it - plight (v) /plaɪt/ hoàn cảnh khó khăn
seems, may mean leaving it too late. - warning (n) /ˈwɔrnɪŋ/ lời cảnh báo
- clock (n) /klɑk/ cái đồng hồ
- tick (v) /tɪk/ kêu tích tắc
- growing (adj) /ˈɡroʊɪŋ/ đang phát triển
- element (n) /ˈɛləmənt/ yếu tố
- acknowledge (v) /ækˈnɑlɪʤ/ thừa nhận
- marketing (n) /ˈmɑrkətɪŋ/ tiếp thị
- annually (adv) /ˈænjuəli/ hàng năm
- leave (v) /liv/ rời khỏi

151
ANSWER
KEYS

152
LISTENING ANSWERS
1. Leo Blucher 1. C
2. Blumengasse 2. B
3. 4312 11057 3. A
4. 1st 4. B
5. nine/9 days 5. C
UNIT 1 6. two hundred / 200 UNIT 9 6. seabird/sea (-) bird
7. kitchen 7. plant
8. (the) sea 8. expensive
9. quiet 9. fish/ marine life
10. parking space/parking/space 10. farmland/ farm (-)land

1. Dubashi 1. oval/oval(-) shaped

2. 27/twenty-seven 2. blinds
3. office worker 3. (river) stones
4. Central Africa 4. sugar cane / sugar(-) cane
5. Elbrus 5. steep
UNIT 2 UNIT 10
6. first (-)aid 6. heat
7. five languages 7. forest (s)
8. media studies 8. status
9. fishing 9. old people
10. fit 10. (complex) pattern
1. snack 1. Malaysian
2. entrance 2. 13 Anglesea
3. key(s) 3. 040 422 9160
4. shopping 4. economist
5. viewing 5. dancing
UNIT 3 UNIT 11
6. B 6. C
7. A 7. B
8. C 8. B
9. C 9. A
10. C 10. A
1. protect 1. two/2 weeks
2. ocean 2. 1,750
3. safety 3. discount
4. accident 4. (travel) insurance
UNIT 4 5. school UNIT 12 5. vegetarian meals
6. money 6. visa
7. B & E 7. tree
8. B & C 8. (local) family
9. B & D 9. school

153
 10. C & D 10. cars
1. Insect House 1. B
2. (a) lecture 2. C
3. Great Migration 3. A
4. Theatre C 4. C
5. Garden Wildlife 5. C
UNIT 5 UNIT 13
6. (a) (bird) display 6. C
7. 3.45 7. B
1. F 8. H
2. E 9. E
3. A 10. A
1. C 1. B
2. A 2. D
3. E 3. C
4. D 4. E
5-6. B & E 5. picture
UNIT 6 7-8. B & C UNIT 14 6. magnetic strip
9-10. C & D 7. signature
8. bank logo
9. date
10. chip
1. Sachdeva 1. D
2. New Valley 2. A
3. PN6 3BZ 3. E
4. 0787 345077 4. B
5. next week 5. D
UNIT 7 UNIT 15
6. B 6. F
7. A 7. E
8. B 8. C
9. C 9. mobile phone(s)
10. C 10. digital recorder(s)
1. ticket 1. C
2. grey gates 2. A
3. permit 3. C
4. wallet 4. B
5. five/5 minutes 5. A
UNIT 8 UNIT 16
6. journey 6. key terms
7. Wild 7. animal world
8. 1.45 p.m. 8. contexts
9. 9 new species 9. stages
10. 10 desert 10. influences

154
READING ANSWERS

1. (flying) insects 1. 2008

2. poison 2. 143
3. river valleys 3. environment
4. Africa 4. resources village
UNIT 1 UNIT 9
5. predators 5. health
6. tunnels. 6. citizens
7. chicks
8. pesticides
1. relaxed 1. heroes
2. money 2. World War I
3. crime 3. (a) map
4. time 4. (the) Assassins
5. strangers
UNIT 2 UNIT 10 1. London University
2. nurse
3. Arabic
4. donkey
5. Gold Medal
6. 12/twelve years
1. True 1. Magic Cube
2. False 2. layers
3. Not Given 3. diagonally
UNIT 3 4. Not Given UNIT 11 4. interior
5. True 5. identical
6. Not Given 6. inventor
7. False 7. puzzle
1. Yes 1. (electricity) grid
2. Not given 2. 160 km
3. No 3. work
UNIT 4 UNIT 12
4. Yes 4. price
5. No 5. Navigation system
6. Yes 6. Robot
1. vii 1. B&C
2. vi 2. C&E
3. ii 3. A&E
UNIT 5 4. i UNIT 13 4. A&E
5. v 5. B&D
6. A&D
7. B&E

155
 1. vi 1. G
2. v 2. C
3. viii 3. H
4. i 4. J
5. iv 5. A
6. Iii
UNIT 6 7. drought UNIT 14
8. 3.3 million
9. 9 crops
10. wells
11. sand
12. A
13. C
1. D 1. B
2. A 2. A
3. C 3. G
4. C 4. H
5. D 5. A
6. C
UNIT 7 UNIT 15 7. Words
8. Eyes
9. Information
10. Slow reader
11. Often
12. Tired
13. Concentrate
1. D 1. 19th century
2. A 2. 1.5 million
3. C 3. Greenland
4. C 4. summer (season)
5. D 5. 17 percent/%
6. B 6. helicopters
7. F 7. 800
UNIT 8 UNIT 16
8. A 8. D
9. Yes 9. B
10. Not given 10. C
11. No 11. A
12. No 12. C
13. No
14. Yes

156