Defence Standard 91-091

Issue 17 Date: 28 June 2024

______________________________________
Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-
1; NATO Code: F-35; Joint Service
Designation: AVTUR

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Unless otherwise stated, the implementation date for

this Standard is 3 months from date of publication
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Section 1
Foreword
Defence Standard Structure
Section 1
• Revision Note
• Historical Record
• Warning
• Standard Clauses
Section 2 (Technical information provided by Subject Matter Expert)
• Title
• Introduction (optional)
• Table of Contents
• Scope
• Technical Information to include Tables and Figures
• Annexes (as required)
Section 3
• Normative References
• Definitions
• Abbreviation
• Changes Since Previous Issue

REVISION NOTE
Updated to introduce approval of additional co-processing for hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-
, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters, clarify requirements including additional testing
required, and clarification on the certfication requirements when blending batches of non-Def Stan 91-091
conventional blending components and SBCs. A full list of changes can be found in Section 3 of the Standard
HISTORICAL RECORD
This standard supersedes the following:
Def Stan 91-091 Issue 16

WARNING
The Ministry of Defence (MOD), like its contractors, is subject both to United Kingdom law and any EU-
derived law that has been retained under the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 regarding Health and
Safety at Work. Many Defence Standards set out processes and procedures that could be injurious to health
if adequate precautions are not taken. Adherence to those processes and procedures in no way absolves
users from complying with legal requirements relating to Health and Safety at Work.

STANDARD CLAUSES

a) This standard has been published on behalf of the Ministry of Defence (MOD) by UK Defence
Standardization (DStan).
b) This standard has been reached following broad consensus amongst the authorities concerned with its
use and is intended to be used whenever relevant in all future designs, contracts, orders etc. and whenever
practicable by amendment to those already in existence. If any difficulty arises which prevents application
of the Defence Standard, DStan shall be informed so that a remedy may be sought.
c) Please address any enquiries regarding the use of this standard in relation to an invitation to tender or to
a contract in which it is incorporated, to the responsible technical or supervising authority named in the
invitation to tender or contract.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
d) Compliance with this Defence Standard shall not in itself relieve any person from any legal obligations
imposed upon them.
e) This standard has been devised solely for the use of the MOD and its contractors in the execution of
contracts for the MOD. To the extent permitted by law, the MOD hereby excludes all liability whatsoever
and howsoever arising (including, but without limitation, liability resulting from negligence) for any loss or
damage however caused when the standard is used for any other purpose.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Section 2

Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-1: NATO Code: F-35; Joint Service Designation:
AVTUR

Introduction

Defence Standard 91-091 is the Standard for aviation turbine fuel, which the United Kingdom Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA) has agreed is under the technical authority of the Operational Energy Authority (OEA).

Note. The Technical Authority is the Operational Energy Authority, Cedar 3A MP #3360, MoD Abbey Wood,
Bristol, BS34 8JH, United Kingdom.

Contents
1 Scope ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-2
2 Warnings……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2-2
3 Normative References ……………………………………………………………………………… 2-2
4 Materials ……………………………………………………………………………...……………… 2-2
5 Quality Assurance …………………………………………………………………........................ 2-2
6 Testing ………………………………………………………………………………........................ 2-3
7 Containers and Marking of Containers …………………………………………………………… 2-3

Annexes
Annex A List of Qualified Additives ………………………………………………………….................. 2-7
Annex B Additional Requirements Applicable to Fuels from Non-Conventional Sources…………. 2-11
Annex C Product Integrity Management …………………………………………………..…............... 2-18
Annex D Product Certification and Traceability ………………………………………….…................ 2-20
Annex E Alternative Test Methods for use with Table 1 Test Requirements ………………………. 2-24
Annex F Additional Information on Fuel Properties (Sampling and Particulate Contamination,
Electrical Conductivity, Aviation Turbine Fuel Lubricity, Saybolt Colour and Bio-based
Carbon Content) ……………………………….................................................................... 2-26
Annex G Technically Equivalent ISO Methods for Table 1 and Table 5 Test Methods …………… 2-28

Tables
Table 1 Test Requirements ……………………………………………………………………………... 2-4
Table 2 Batch requirements for HN1/IPK Blend …………………………………………………….. 2-13
Table 3 Extended Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Co-hydroprocessed
Fatty Acid Esters and Fatty Acids ……………………………………………………………. 2-15

Table 4 Incidental Materials ………………………………………………………………...………….. 2-18

Table 5 Alternative Test Methods …………………………………………………………..………….. 2-24
Table 6 Technically Equivalent ISO Methods ………………………………………………………… 2-28

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1 Scope

1.1 This Defence Standard specifies the requirements for one grade of kerosene type aviation turbine fuel
intended for use in aircraft gas turbine engines. Fuel provided to this Standard shall possess satisfactory
performance and properties when used in appropriate aircraft or engines operated by the Crown, or for which
the CAA is the certificating agency.

2 Warning

2.1 See Section 1 for warnings.

3 Normative References

3.1 The documents and publications shown in Section 3 are referred to in the text of this Standard.
Publications are grouped and listed in alpha-numeric order.

4 Materials

4.1 Jet fuel is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that varies depending on crude source and
manufacturing process. Consequently, it is impossible to define the exact composition of jet fuel. This Standard
has therefore evolved primarily as a performance Standard rather than a compositional Standard. It is
acknowledged that this largely relies on accumulated experience. Therefore, this Standard limits jet fuels to
those made from conventional sources or specifically approved synthetic processes.

4.1.1 Jet fuel, except as otherwise specified in this Standard, shall consist predominantly of refined
hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources including crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil,
shale oil, and oil sands, and qualified additives as listed in Annex A. The use of jet fuel blends containing
blending components from other sources is permitted only in accordance with Annex B.

4.1.2 Fuels containing synthetic components derived from non-petroleum sources are only permitted
provided that they meet the requirements of Annex B, in addition to those defined in Clause 5 Quality
Assurance.

4.2 Only additives qualified by and on behalf of the MOD’s Aviation Fuels Committee shall be permitted.
Details of qualified additives are given in Annex A. End users of fuel meeting this Standard should check with
their airframe OEMs to ensure that additives are approved for use in the equipment.

4.3 Additives shall be identified by the appropriate RDE/A/XXX or RDE/A/DSFA/XXX number as shown
in Annex A. The amount of all additive additions shall be reported to the purchaser on batch quality certificates
or as otherwise directed by the purchaser and/or contract.

4.4 Additional information on jet fuel lubricity can be found in Annex F.3.

4.5 The Ministry of Defence and/or its appointed agent(s) reserves the right to require that the material
and any components used are subject to toxicological and physiological tests to ascertain their suitability for
use.

5 Quality Assurance

5.1 Aviation fuel quality assurance is based on two key concepts: batches and traceability. A batch of fuel
is defined as a distinct quantity of jet fuel that can be characterised by one set of test results. It is essential
that manufacturers ensure batches are homogenous so that test results are representative of the product
supplied. Homogenous is defined as the density not varying by more than 3.0 kg/m³ across the batch. Special
care shall be taken to ensure homogeneity when blending semi-synthetic jet fuel particularly where the
component densities are significantly different.

5.2 At point of manufacture, the operator shall issue a Certificate of Quality (CoQ (RCQ if issued at a
refinery)) (see Annex D) to certify that the batch of fuel complies with all the requirements of this Standard.

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The certificate shall cover not only the quantitative Table 1 limits but also all other requirements set out in the
main sections and annexes of this Standard.

5.3 To certify compliance with Table 1 limits, representative samples shall be drawn using appropriate
procedures such as those outlined in IP 475 and ASTM D4057. Each homogeneous batch of the finished
product shall be tested against the requirements of Table 1. Results shall be reported on the appropriate
quality document. This requirement is not satisfied by averaging results from online analysis.

5.4 The minimum requirements for information to be shown on the fuel’s CoQ (RCQ) at point of
manufacture are given at Annex D. Documentation shall be provided by the supplier to the purchaser to show
that the fuel meets the requirements of this Standard and demonstrates traceability (see Annex D) to point of
manufacture. Upon request the Technical Authority or end user shall be provided with the documentation.

5.5 Jet fuel can come into contact with incidental materials during manufacture and distribution. At the
point of manufacture, processing materials might be carried over in trace quantities into aviation fuels and
some have been known to cause operational problems in aircraft fuel systems. In distribution, bulk jet fuel is
typically handled in non-dedicated systems such as multiproduct pipelines and marine vessels where contact
with incidental materials is unavoidable. Appropriate management of change measures shall be used at
manufacturing locations, distribution, and storage facilities to maintain product integrity (see Annex C).

5.6 Incidental materials may cause the fuel to be not fit for purpose despite the fuel meeting all the
specification test requirements. Some specific incidental materials in this category have been identified and
for these materials specific maximum limits are defined in Table 4 of Annex C.

5.7 In addition to the test requirements, this Standard also contains requirements for how the fuel shall be
handled and documented in the distribution chain. Further guidance on manufacture and distribution of jet fuel
may be found in the industry Standards EI/JIG 1530 and EI 1533, if a synthetic-containing jet fuel is involved.

6 Testing

6.1 Properties of the product shall not exceed the maximum nor be less than the minimum values set out
in Table 1 when tested by the methods referred to therein or Annex E.

Note. The IP 367 procedure, which covers the use of precision data, may be used for the interpretation of test
results in cases of dispute between purchaser and supplier.

6.2 Methods quoted in Table 1 are referee methods. In cases of dispute the referee methods shall be
used. Approved alternative methods are listed in Annex E. A list of ISO methods that were technically
equivalent to the IP test methods at the time of issue of this Standard can be found at Annex G.

7 Containers and Marking of Containers

7.1 The product shall be supplied in sound, clean and dry containers, suitable for the product and in
accordance with the requirements of the contract or order.

7.2 Coatings and paint finishes shall comply with the requirements of the contract or order. Markings shall
be in accordance with the requirements of Def Stan 05-052 (Part 1). The product identification shall be
specified in the contract or order.

7.3 It shall be the responsibility of the contractor to comply with any legal requirements for the marking of
containers.

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Table 1: Test Requirements
Test Property Units Limits Method
1 Appearance
1.1 Visual Appearance - Clear, bright and Visual (see Annex F.1)
visually free from
solid matter and
undissolved water
at ambient fuel
temperature
1.2 Colour - Report ASTM D156 or ASTM
D6045(1)
1.3 Particulate at point of manufacture (one of the following requirements shall be met)
1.3.1 or Contamination mg/l Max 1.0 IP423 / ASTM D5452(2)
1.3.2 Cumulative channel Individual Channel ISO IP 565 or IP 577(2,3)
particle counts channel Counts Code
counts &
ISO code
≥ 4 µm(c) - Report Max 19
≥ 6 µm(c) - Report Max 17
≥ 14 µm(c) - Report Max 14
≥ 21 µm(c) - Report Report
≥ 25 µm(c) - Report Report
≥ 30 µm(c) - Report Max 13
2 Composition
2.1 Total Acidity mg KOH/g Max 0.015 IP 354 / ASTM D3242
2.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types (one of the following requirements shall be met)
2.2.1 or Aromatics % v/v Max 25.0 IP 156 / ASTM D1319(4)
2.2.2 Total Aromatics % v/v Max 26.5 IP 436 / ASTM D6379(5)
2.3 Sulfur, Total % m/m Max 0.30 IP336
2.4 Mercaptans (one of the following requirements shall be met)
2.4.1 or Sulfur, Mercaptan % m/m Max 0.0030 IP 342 / ASTM D3227(6)
2.4.2 Doctor Test - Doctor Negative IP 30
2.5 Refining Components, at point of manufacture (7)
2.5.1 Non-Hydroprocessed % v/v Report
Components
2.5.2 Severely % v/v Report
Hydroprocessed
Components
2.5.3 Synthetic Components % v/v Report, for limits (8) (see Annex B)

see Annex B
3 Volatility
3.1 Distillation IP 123 / ASTM D86(9)
3.1.1 Initial Boiling Point °C Report
3.1.2 10% Recovery °C Max 205.0
3.1.3 50% Recovery °C Report
3.1.4 90% Recovery °C Report
3.1.5 End Point °C Max 300.0
3.1.6 Residue % v/v Max 1.5
3.1.7 Loss % v/v Max 1.5
3.2 Flash Point °C Min 38.0 IP 170
3.3 Density at 15°C kg/m3 Min 775.0; Max IP 365 / ASTM D4052
840.0
4 Fluidity
4.1 Freezing Point °C Max minus 47.0 IP 16 / ASTM D2386(10)
4.2 Viscosity at minus 20°C 2
mm /s Max 8.000 IP 71 / ASTM D445
5 Combustion
5.1 Smoke Point (one of the following requirements shall be met)
5.1.1 or Smoke Point mm Min 25.0 IP 598 / ASTM D1322(11)

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Table 1: Test Requirements
Test Property Units Limits Method
5.1.2 Smoke Point and mm Min 18.0 IP 598 / ASTM D1322
Naphthalenes % v/v Max 3.00 ASTM D1840
5.2 Specific Energy MJ/kg Min 42.80 (12)

6 Corrosion
6.1 Copper Strip Class Max 1 IP 154 / ASTM D130(13)
7 Thermal Stability IP 323 / ASTM D3241(14)
7.1 Test Temperature °C Min 260
7.2 Tube Rating (one of the following requirements shall be met) (15)

7.2.1 or Annex B VTR - Less than 3. No

Peacock (P) or
Abnormal (A)
7.2.2 Annex C ITR or Annex D nm Max 85
ETR, average over area
of 2.5mm2
7.3 Pressure Differential mm Hg Max 25
8 Contaminants
8.1 Existent Gum mg/100ml Max 7 IP 540
9 Water Separation Characteristics
9.1 Microseparometer at Point of Manufacture (one of the ASTM D3948(16)
following requirements shall be met)
9.1.1 or MSEP Without SDA Rating Min 85
9.1.2 MSEP With SDA Rating Min 70
10 Conductivity
10.1 Electrical Conductivity pS/m Min 50; Max 600 IP 274/ ASTM D2624(17)
11 Lubricity
11.1 Wear Scar Diameter mm Max 0.85 ASTM D5001(18)

Notes for Table 1:

1. The requirement to report Saybolt Colour shall apply at point of manufacture, thus enabling a colour
change during distribution to be quantified. Where the colour of the fuel precludes the use of the
Saybolt Colour test method, then the visual colour shall be reported. Unusual or atypical colours
should also be noted. For further information on the significance of colour see Annex F.4.
2. This limit shall apply at point of manufacture only. To meet the requirements of this standard the
limits of either particulate contamination (test 1.3.1) or particle counts (test 1.3.2) shall be met and
it is only necessary to report whichever property is being used to support release of the fuel. It is
the intention of the Technical Authority to make particle counting the referee method before the end
of 2025. For more information on particulate contamination or particle counting refer to Annex F.
3. The number of particles and the number of particles as a scale number as defined by Table 1 of
ISO 4406 shall be reported where either of these methods is being used to release the fuel (see
also Note 2). If limits are exceeded, Annex B of IP 565 or IP 577, may be applied to eliminate trace
free water, and cleanliness re-determined. In such cases, results before and after application of the
annex shall be reported.
4. Due to technical issues, dyes with lot numbers 3000000975 through to 3000000982 are
unacceptable for use and shall not be used in conjunction with these test methods.
The lot number of the dye shall be reported on the test certificate.
5. Inter laboratory studies have demonstrated the correlation between total aromatics content
measured by IP 156/ASTM D1319 and IP 436/ASTM D6379. Bias between the two methods
necessitates different equivalence limits as shown. In cases of dispute IP 156 will be the referee
method.
It is the intention of the Technical Authority to change the referee method to IP 436 at a later date.
6. Doctor Test (test 2.4.2) is an alternative requirement to Sulfur Mercaptan (test 2.4.1). If the Doctor
Test result is Positive, the Sulfur Mercaptan Test shall be carried out and reported.
7. Blend components used in the make-up of the batch shall be reported on the Certificate of Quality
as a percentage by volume of the total fuel in the batch. Severely hydroprocessed components are
defined as those petroleum derived hydrocarbons that have been subjected to a hydrogen partial
pressure of greater than 7000 kPa (70 bar or 1015 psi) during manufacture.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Note that the sum of the reported composition may be less than 100% if the batch includes a mildly
hydroprocessed component.
8. The semi-synthetic jet fuel CoQ at point of batch origination shall include a listing of the quality
documents relating to the conventional and synthetic blend component (SBC) batches in the blend
and their respective volumes to show compliance with the blending limits set out in the Annexes to
ASTM D7566. The SBC producer’s CoQ, COA or RT number shall be available for each SBC at the
point of batch origination including number, anti-oxidant concentration (as the concentration of
active material reported on originator’s CoQ) and corresponding formulation Qualification reference
per Annex A.2.4.
9. In methods IP 123 and ASTM D86 all fuels certified to this Standard shall be classed as group 4,
with a condenser temperature of zero to 4°C.
10. During downstream distribution if the freezing point of the fuel is very low and cannot be determined
within the IP 16 lowest achievable temperature of minus 65°C, if no crystals appear during cooling
of the fuel and when the thermometer indicates a temperature of minus 65°C, the freezing point
shall be recorded as below minus 65°C. This limit does not apply if the freezing point is measured
by the alternative test methods listed in Table 5.
11. Alternative test requirements identified in Table 1; Test Requirements 5.1 or 5.2 are equal primary
requirements. IP 598 includes both a manual and an automated method. The automated method in
IP 598 is the referee method.
12. Specific Energy by one of the methods listed in Annex E is acceptable. Where a measurement of
Specific Energy is deemed necessary, the method to be used shall be agreed between the
Purchaser and Supplier.
13. The sample shall be tested in a pressure vessel at 100±1°C for 2 hours ± 5 minutes.
14. Heater tubes other than those supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) shall not be
used.
Technically suitable heater tubes are a) PAC - Alcor, or b) Falex.
15. The annexes referred to in Table 1 and this note correspond to those in IP 323. If the technically
equivalent ASTM D3241 test method is used, the same protocol shall be followed using the
appropriate annex that corresponds to the visual (VTR), interferometric (ITR) or ellipsometric (ETR)
method. Tube deposit ratings shall be measured by IP 323 Annex C ITR or Annex D ETR, when
available. If the Annex C ITR device reports “N/A” for a tube’s volume measurement, the test shall
be a failure and the value reported as >85 nm. Visual rating of the heater tube shall be by the
method in IP 323. IP 323 Annex B (VTR) is not required when Annex C ITR or Annex D ETR deposit
thickness measurements are reported. In case of dispute between results from visual and
metrological methods, the metrological method shall be considered the referee.
16. Where SDA is added at point of manufacture the MSEP limit of 70 shall apply, except when using
the alternative method (ASTM D8073 / IP 624) when the limits of Table 5 note 6 apply. If water
separation property testing is carried out during downstream distribution no specification limits apply
and the results are not to be used as the sole reason for rejection of a fuel. A protocol giving
guidelines on water separation property testing can be found in the Joint Inspection Group's latest
bulletin in force, Bulletin Number 150 (at the time of this publication) – Testing Water Separation
Properties of Jet Fuel (MSEP) at [Link] Where SDA is added downstream of point of
manufacture, it is acknowledged that MSEP results using ASTM D3948 may be less than 70.
17. The conductivity limits are mandatory for product to meet this Standard. However, it is
acknowledged that in some manufacturing and distribution systems it is more practical to inject SDA
further downstream. In such cases the Certificate of Quality for the batch shall be annotated thus:
“Product meets requirements of Defence Standard 91-091 except for electrical conductivity”. The
Technical Authority is also aware of situations where conductivity can decrease rapidly and the fuel
can fail to respond to additional dosing of SDA (see Annex F.2 for more information).
18. The requirement to determine lubricity applies only to fuels whose composition is made up of a)
less than 5% non-hydroprocessed components and at least 20% severely hydroprocessed
components (see Note 7) or b) includes synthesised fuel components (see Note 8). The limit applies
only at the point of manufacture.

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Annex A
List of Qualified Additives

A.1 General Information on hydrocarbon diluents and additives

A.1.1 Some additives, as qualified, include a hydrocarbon diluent as a solvent and the amount to be added
is calculated based on the additive as received. These include Static Dissipator Additive and Lubricity Improver
Additive.

A.1.2 Other additives are qualified based on the active ingredient content as listed. These include Anti-
oxidant, Metal Deactivator Additive, Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII), and Leak Detection Additive.

A.1.3 Where it is necessary to dilute an additive for handling purposes any solvent used shall be hydrocarbon
derived from the sources detailed in Clause 4 Materials. In this case the vendor/manufacturer shall provide
directions for calculating dosage. This information shall be placed on the certificate of analysis or additive
quality documentation.

A.2 Anti-oxidant (AO)

A.2.1 AO can be used to prevent peroxidation and gum formation during storage.

A.2.2 The use of AO or mixtures of AO is optional for fuels manufactured from petroleum sources (see 4.1.1).
Permitted AOs, detailed in A.2.4, may be added at concentrations specified in A.2.5 to prevent peroxidation
and gum formation.

A.2.3 Refer to Annex B.2 of this Standard for specific AO requirements for fuels produced to ASTM D7566.

A.2.4 The following AO formulations are qualified:

Formulation Qualification Reference

2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol RDE/A/606
2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl-phenol RDE/A/607
2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol RDE/A/608
75% minimum, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol RDE/A/609
25% maximum, tertiary and tritertiary-butyl-phenols
55% minimum, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol 15% minimum, 4 RDE/A/610
methyl-2,6-ditertiary-butyl-phenol
Remainder, 30% maximum, as a mixture of monomethyl and dimethyl-
tertiary-butyl-phenols
72% minimum, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol 28% maximum, RDE/A/611
mixture of tertiary-butyl-methyl-phenols and tertiary-butyl dimethyl
phenols

A.2.5 The concentrations in which the qualified materials shall be used are as follows:

A.2.5.1 Synthesised fuels: refer to the appropriate Annex in ASTM D7566.

A.2.5.2 Petroleum fuels: the total concentration of active material(s) in the final batch shall not exceed 24.0
mg/l.

A.2.6 If AO is added to the fuel, report the AO concentration as a total active material in the final batched
fuel.

Note: To account for residual tank heel concentrations of AO, where new batches do not contain AO, it is not
required to report the concentration of active material in the final batch once the calculated dosage is <0.5
mg/l.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
A.2.6.1 If AO is added post manufacture, report the total active material concentration in the final batched fuel
on the Certificate of Analysis and the Release Certificate.

A.3 Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA)

A.3.1 An MDA, of a type detailed in A.3.3 and at a concentration detailed in A.3.4, may be added to fuel
under the following conditions:

a) At Point of Manufacture
1) No more than 5% of the jet fuel batches produced in a 12-month period may be treated with
MDA to meet Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements (260°C test temperature).
2) The batch of fuel shall pass Table 1 thermal oxidative stability requirements at a test
temperature of 245°C prior to any MDA addition.
3) The fuel batch after MDA addition (2.0 mg/l maximum MDA) shall pass Table 1 thermal
oxidative stability requirements at a test temperature of 275°C.
4) The thermal oxidative stability test result at 245°C prior to MDA addition, the original test result
at 260°C, the test result at 275°C (post MDA addition) and the concentration of MDA added
shall be reported on the manufacturer’s Certificate of Quality.
b) During Distribution
1) MDA may be added to jet fuel in the distribution system to recover thermal oxidative stability
performance lost during distribution (after release from point of manufacture). The Certificate
of Analysis shall show the initial thermal oxidative stability test result, the result after the
addition of the MDA and the concentration of MDA added.

A.3.2 Initial addition of more than 2.0 mg/l MDA to jet fuel that meets Table 1 thermal oxidative stability
requirements (260°C test temperature) prior to MDA addition is permitted when fuel will be transported in
supply chains where copper contamination can occur: the maximum cumulative addition still applies.

A.3.3 The following material is qualified:

Product Qualification Reference

N,N’-disalicylidene 1,2-propanediamine RDE/A/650

A.3.4 The concentration of active material used on initial doping of the fuel shall not exceed 2.0 mg/l.
Cumulative addition of MDA when redoping the fuel shall not exceed 5.7 mg/l. The requirements of A.3.1 shall
be met when doping or redoping.

A.4 Static Dissipator Additive (SDA)

A.4.1 Where necessary to meet the conductivity requirements an SDA, of a type detailed in A.4.2 and at a
concentration detailed in A.4.3, shall be added to the fuel to impart electrical conductivity in accordance with
Table 1, Test 10.1.

A.4.2 The following materials are qualified:

Product Manufacturer Qualification Reference

Stadis® 450 Innospec LLC RDE/A/621
AvGuard SDA Afton Chemical Ltd RDE/A/DSFA/001

A.4.3 Concentration and redoping limits:

A.4.3.1 The concentration of SDA to be used in newly manufactured, or on first doping of fuel, is 3.0 mg/l
maximum.

A.4.3.2 It is permitted to add additional SDA downstream of the point of manufacture or first doping as
referenced in A.4.3.1. In such circumstances the maximum total SDA concentration, including initial doping,
shall not exceed 5.0 mg/l.

A.4.3.3 A suitable method for the determination of SDA concentration at the point of manufacture is IP 568 or
ASTM D7524.

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A.5 Lubricity Improver Additive (LIA): previously cited as corrosion inhibitor/lubricity improver
additive

A.5.1 An LIA, of a type and at a concentration as detailed at A.5.4 may be added to impart improved lubricity
to the fuel. Further information on Aviation Turbine Fuel Lubricity is available at Annex F.

A.5.2 Because LIA exists in equilibrium with the metal surfaces of fuel distribution systems as well as those
of an aircraft, correct delivery to aircraft can be assured only by equilibration of the supply system downstream
of the LIA addition or by additive injection at the point of entry to the aircraft.

A.5.3 Qualified materials, their respective qualification references, quality assurance requirements and the
concentration limits applicable at the time of delivery to the purchaser, are listed in QPL 68-251, which is the
authoritative document. Those additives qualified at the time of publication of this Defence Standard together
with their qualification references and concentration limits are also listed below. In civil use other additives
may be used provided that they have been adequately qualified in accordance with the certifying authorities
and the appropriate aircraft and engine manufacturer.

A.5.4 The following materials are qualified at the specified concentrations:

Product Manufacturer Qualification Reference Minimum Maximum

mg/l mg/l
Innospec DCI-4A Innospec LLC RDE/A/662 9 23
Innospec DCI-6A Innospec LLC RDE/A/663 9 15
Nalco 5403 Nalco Chemical Co. RDE/A/664 12 23
Unicor J Dorf Ketal Chemicals RDE/A/667 9 23
Nalco 5405 Nalco Chemical Co. RDE/A/668 9 23
Spec Aid 8Q22 GE Betz RDE/A/669 9 23

A.6 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)

A.6.1 An FSII, of a type detailed in A.6.3 and at a concentration as detailed at A.6.4 may be added to the
fuel by agreement between purchaser and supplier.

Note: Concentrations of less than 0.02% by volume can be considered negligible and do not require
agreement/notification. The assent to allow these small quantities of FSII without agreement/notification is to
facilitate the changeover from fuels containing FSII to those not containing FSII where the additive may remain
in the fuel system for a limited time. Under no circumstances is this background level allowed in fuel that
is to be delivered through a filter monitor. This does not permit the continuous addition of FSII at these low
concentrations.

A.6.2 Under no circumstances shall fuels containing FSII be delivered through a filter monitor.

A.6.3 The following material is qualified and shall comply with Def Stan 68-252:

Product Qualification Reference

Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether RDE/A/630

A.6.4 The material shall be added, where mandated, at a concentration of not less than 0.10% and not more
than 0.15% by volume at the time of delivery to the purchaser. Suitable methods for determining the additive
concentration are IP 424 and ASTM D 5006.

A.7 Additive Mixtures

A.7.1 When LIA (Clause A.5) and FSII (Clause A.6) are to be used together it may be possible to add the
LIA in a mixture with FSII.

A.7.2 The combined additive concentrate for this purpose is Joint Service Designation AL-48 controlled by
Def Stan 68-150. Whatever blending procedure is adopted, the supplier shall satisfy the purchaser that the

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correct concentration of additives has been incorporated homogeneously. It is known that AL-48 mixtures can
be problematic; information on this can be found in Def Stan 68-150.

A.7.3 Under no circumstances shall fuels containing FSII be delivered through a filter monitor.

A.8 Leak Detection Additive

A.8.1 Where necessary a leak detection additive may be added to the fuel to assist in detecting and locating
leaks in ground based fuel storage, delivery and dispensing systems. It should be recognized that other leak
detection techniques may have less environmental impact than Tracer A. The additive should only be used
when other options have been considered.

A.8.2 The following material is qualified:

Product Manufacturer Qualification Reference

Tracer A (LDTA-A) Praxair RDE/A/640

A.8.3 The concentration of Tracer A shall not exceed 1.0 mg/kg.

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Annex B
Additional Requirements Applicable to Fuels from Non-Conventional Sources

B.1 Background

B.1.1 This Standard was originally developed on the basis that the fuel would be derived solely from
petroleum sources and processed using conventional techniques. This changed in 1999 when, after
exhaustive testing and peer review, jet fuel blending components manufactured from coal by SASOL were
allowed in this Standard. Since then, interest in widening the range of both processes and feedstocks has
increased dramatically, driven mainly by the aviation community’s desire to produce renewable jet fuels. The
process for approval is now well established and is set out in ASTM D4054.

B.1.2 Although this Standard pioneered the introduction of unconventional feedstocks and processes, the
industry has settled on ASTM Committee D02, Subcommittee J as the primary location for this synthetic fuels
activity. Typically, new fuel component approvals are progressed via ASTM Task Forces with the components
defined and approved as Annexes in ASTM D7566. ASTM D7566 is a fuel Standard created specifically for
the purpose of listing and controlling these components.

B.1.3 To avoid duplication and to assure harmonisation between Specifications/Standards for the new
synthetic components, this Standard refers to ASTM D7566 and its associated Annexes. The original SASOL
approvals granted by this Standard are set out in B.3. For fuels derived from co-processing approved
feedstocks, see B.4. Importantly, fuel manufactured, certified and released to all the requirements of ASTM
D7566 also meets all the requirements of ASTM D1655 and can be designated, handled and supplied to
aircraft as ASTM D1655 Jet A or Jet A-1. This allowance is on the basis that during evaluation synthetic blends
as defined in ASTM D7566 have been demonstrated to be technically equivalent to ASTM D1655 fuel.

B.2 Generic Synthetic Kerosene Approvals

B.2.1 Synthetic blend components listed in ASTM D7566 are permitted to be present in jet fuel meeting this
Standard, subject to the following conditions:

a) The synthetic blend component shall be limited to the maximum concentration permitted for that specific
blend component as defined by ASTM D7566.
b) The synthetic blend component shall be subject to any and all additional testing requirement required by
the Annex of ASTM D7566 pertaining to the proposed blend component.
c) The non-synthetic blend component shall either meet the requirements of Clause 4 and Annex C of this
standard or shall be a fuel defined as acceptable in this Annex.
d) The finished blended fuel shall pass all Table 1 Part 2 properties of ASTM D7566 as well as those
contained in Table 1 of Def Stan 91-091. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used
for both D7566 and Def Stan 91-091 compliance.
e) The synthetic blend component shall be subject to the same additive requirements and limitations as
defined by ASTM D7566, including antioxidants.

B.2.2 Any fuel containing a synthetic component meeting the above requirements shall be deemed to meet
the requirements of Def Stan 91-091 and shall be accorded the same limitations and privileges of any fuel
meeting this Standard. Specifically, the fuel can be designated as Def Stan 91-091 and handled and supplied
to aircraft as such.

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B.3 Specific Manufacturer Approvals

B.3.1 Individually approved synthetic and semi-synthetic fuel blends as identified in B.3.2, B.3.3 and B.4
shall be manufactured according to declared procedures defined during the manufacture of prototype batches
that have been submitted for examination and approval. Prototype batches shall be shown to comply with all
the requirements defined in Clause 6. Changes to declared production procedures may only be undertaken
following agreement with the Technical Authority. Such change may require additional testing to be carried
out before approval is given.

B.3.2 Sasol semi-synthetic Jet fuel blends

B.3.2.1 Sasol semi‐synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuel, containing synthetic Iso‐Paraffinic Kerosene (IPK), see
Clause B.3.2.3 by itself or as combined with SASOL heavy naphtha #1 (HN1), see Clause B.3.2.4 blended
with kerosene from conventional sources, see Clause B.3.2.5 with a maximum of 50% synthetic product are
currently the only specific manufacturer’s semi‐synthetic blends which have been approved for use, see
approval reference FS(Air)/ssjet/1.

B.3.2.2 The aromatic content of the Sasol semi-synthetic Jet fuels shall not be less than 8.0% nor greater than
25.0% by volume when using method IP156, or not less than 8.4% nor greater than 26.5% by volume when
using method IP436. The fuels shall exhibit a maximum wear scar diameter of 0.85 mm when tested by ASTM
D5001. Analysis for these properties shall be made at point of manufacture. These results shall be included
on the batch certificate for the fuel. The amount of synthetic fuel in the final blend shall be included on the
batch certificate for the fuel and shall not exceed 50% by volume.

B.3.2.3 Sasol synthetic Iso‐Paraffinic Kerosene is defined as that material manufactured at the Secunda plant
by the Fischer ‐ Tropsch process as described in the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) report number
8531. The synthetic component shall be derived solely from products of the Fischer–Tropsch process that
have been polymerized and subsequently hydrogenated. The use of synthetic aromatic compounds is not
permitted except as defined in Clause B.3.2.1, B.3.2.4, and B.3.2.5. If used in combination with the Sasol HN1
(see Clause B.3.2.4), the final synthetic blend shall contain at least 25% IPK by volume.

B.3.2.4 Sasol heavy naphtha #1 (HN1) is defined as that material manufactured at the Secunda plant by the
Fischer–Tropsch process as described in the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) report number 08-04438.
HN1 shall be derived from products of the Fisher–Tropsch process by fractionation and hydrogenation. HN1
may be used in combination with IPK providing the final synthetic blend contains at least 25% IPK by volume.
As a minimum, the HN1/IPK blend shall meet the requirements of Table 2.

B.3.2.5 The blending kerosene from conventional sources shall contain no more than 50% severely
hydroprocessed material as defined in Note 7 of Table 1.

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Table 2: Batch Requirements for HN1/IPK Blend
Test Property Units Limits Method
1 Thermal Stability IP 323 /ASTM D3241 (1)
1.1 Test Temperature °C Min 325
1.2 Tube Rating (one of the following requirements shall be met):
1.2.1 Annex A VTR, VTR - Less than 3. No Peacock
or -colour code (P) or Abnormal (A)
1.2.2 Annex A2 ITR or Annex nm Max 85
A3 ETR, nm average
over area of 2.5 mm2
1.3 Pressure Differential mm Hg Max 25
2 Fluidity
2.1 Freezing Point °C Max minus 40.0 IP 16/ASTM D2386
3 Combustion
3.1 Specific Energy MJ/kg Min 42.80 (2)

4 Composition (one of the following requirements shall be met):

4.1 Aromatics % v/v Max 7.0 IP156/ASTM D1319
or
4.2 Total Aromatics % v/v Max 7.4 IP436/ASTM D6379(3)

Notes for Table 2:

1. Thermal Stability is a critical aviation fuel test and while competition among equipment
manufacturers/suppliers is to be encouraged, aircraft safety shall remain paramount. It is known
that there are heater tubes being supplied by sources other than the original equipment
manufacturer (OEM). Until the alternative manufacturers' tubes have been demonstrated to be
equivalent to the OEM's test pieces, to the satisfaction of the AFC, they shall not be used. A list of
manufacturers whose heater tubes have been found to be technically suitable is as follows: a) PAC
– Alcor b) Falex.
2. Specific Energy by one of the calculation methods listed in Annex E will be acceptable. Where a
measurement of Specific Energy is deemed necessary, the method to be used shall be agreed
between the Purchaser and Supplier.
3. Inter laboratory studies have demonstrated the correlation between total aromatics content
measured by IP 156/ASTM D1319 and IP 436/ASTM D6379. Bias between the two methods
necessitates different equivalence limits as shown. Testing laboratories are encouraged to
measure and report total aromatics content by the two methods to assist verification of the
correlation. In cases of dispute IP 156 will be the referee method. It is the intention of the Technical
Authority to change the referee method to IP 436 at a later date.

B.3.3 Sasol Fully Synthetic Jet Fuel

B.3.3.1 Sasol synthetic kerosene, see Clause B.3.3.4, is currently the only fully synthetic jet fuel that has been
approved for use.

B.3.3.2 The aromatic content of Sasol fully synthetic fuel shall not be less than 8.0% nor greater than 25.0%
by volume when using method IP 156, or less than 8.4% nor greater than 26.5% by volume when using method
IP 436. The fuel shall exhibit a maximum wear scar diameter of 0.85mm when tested by ASTM D5001.
Analysis for these properties shall be made at the point of manufacture. These results shall be included on the
batch certificate for the fuel.

B.3.3.3 The flash point shall be no greater than 50°C. The boiling point distribution shall have a minimum
slope defined by T50-T10 ≥ 10°C and T90-T10 ≥ 40°C when measured by IP 123 / ASTM D86.

B.3.3.4 Sasol fully synthetic kerosene is defined as that material blended from light distillate, heavy naphtha
and iso-paraffinic kerosene streams manufactured at the Secunda plant as described in the SwRI reports

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number 08-04438 and 08-04438-2. The batch certificate for the fuel shall state that the fuel contains 100%
synthetic components.

B.4 Co-Processing

B.4.1 Co-processing of approved feedstocks producing co-processed semi-synthetic kerosene is recognized

as being acceptable for jet fuel manufacture as controlled by this Standard. Approved feed stocks are:

a) mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters.
b) hydrocarbons derived from synthesis gas via the Fischer-Tropsch process using Iron or Cobalt catalyst.
c) hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters.

Only one co-processing feedstock may be used for the production of any single jet fuel batch. Refer to Annex
F.5 for a discussion of bio-based carbon content and identification of the applicable test method.

B.4.1.1 Co-hydroprocessing of mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters shall include
hydrocracking or hydrotreating and fractionation. Processing may also include other conventional fuel
manufacturing processes. The final hydrocracking or hydrotreating unit, where process streams are used for
jet production, shall not exceed 5% by volume in approved feedstock derived volume with the balance (≥ 95%
by volume) being conventional sources as described in Clause 4.1.1. The final jet batch is limited to 5% by
volume of co-hydroprocessed synthesized kerosene derived from co-hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and
triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters.

B.4.1.2 Co-hydroprocessing of Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons shall include hydrocracking or hydrotreating

and fractionation. Processing may also include other conventional fuel manufacturing processes. The final
hydrocracking or hydrotreating unit, where process streams are used for jet production, shall not exceed 5%
by volume in approved feedstock derived volume with the balance (≥ 95% by volume) being conventional
sources as described in Clause 4.1.1. The final jet batch is limited to 5% by volume of co-hydroprocessed
synthesized kerosene derived from Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons.

B.4.1.3 Co-processing of hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and
fatty acid esters shall include fractionation. Processing may also include other conventional fuel manufacturing
processes. The feedstock shall be free of additives, except for the optional addition of an antioxidant of the
type and concentration specified in A.2. Antioxidant should be added to the feedstock and in such a way to
ensure adequate mixing if significant exposure to air is expected. The final fractionation unit, where process
streams are used for jet production, shall not exceed 24% by volume of hydrocarbons derived from
hydroprocessed mono-, di- and triglycerides, free fatty acids, or fatty acid esters with the balance (≥ 76% by
volume) being conventional sources as described in Clause 4.1.1. The final jet batch is limited to 10% by
volume of co-processed synthesized kerosene derived from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free
fatty acids or fatty acid esters.

B.4.2 For semi-synthetic kerosene manufactured by co-processing mono-, di- and triglycerides, free fatty
acids and fatty acid esters; Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbons; or hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-,
and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters, the following additional requirements and Table 3 limits
apply.

B.4.2.1 An initial Management of Change (MOC) study shall be undertaken and documented for sites
manufacturing semi-synthetic kerosene by co-processing. Changes that impact the conversion process shall
require an updated MOC. Specific changes that may have to be managed during initial and subsequent on-
going commercial operation include, but are not limited to, feedstock (e.g. selection, composition, pre-
treatment), and hydroprocessing severity (e.g. hydrogen partial pressure, residence time, temperature,
catalyst, conversion capability). Each MOC shall ensure that the cumulative processing severity is evaluated

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to be sufficient to convert mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters, Fischer-Tropsch
hydrocarbons or hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty
acid esters to synthetic kerosene when added to any jet batch. Refer to the research report (see B.4.3.4) for
additional considerations for MOC.

B.4.2.2 For semi-synthetic kerosene manufactured by co-hydroprocessed mono-, di- and triglycerides, free
fatty acids and fatty acid esters or co-processed hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and
triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters the extent of conversion shall be assessed via IP 583/ASTM
D7797. In addition to the Table 3 limit on the finished product, the preferred methodology for assessing
conversion is comparison of D7797/IP 583 results between process unit rundown jet line samples prior to and
during co-processing.

B.4.2.3 The Certificate of Quality (CoQ (RCQ)) shall include wording to reflect that the batch may contain up
to the maximum permitted co-processed synthesized kerosene as indicated in B.4.1.1, B.4.1.2 or B.4.1.3.
There is no requirement to list the percent volume as part of the reporting requirements in Table 1 as a
synthetic blend component has not been added to the fuel and the percentage introduced by co-processing is
not required to be determined on a batch basis.

B.4.2.4 Supporting data for co-hydroprocessing fatty acid esters and fatty acids at up to 5% volume with crude
oil derived middle distillates have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by
requesting Research Report RR:D02-1886. Supporting data for hydrocarbons derived from synthesis gas via
the Fischer-Tropsch process using Iron or Cobalt catalyst have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters
and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1929. Supporting data for co-processing
hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed mono-, di-, and triglycerides, free fatty acids and fatty acid esters has been
filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-2052.

Table 3: Extended Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Co-processed Synthesized

Kerosene(1,2)
Test Property Units Limits Method

1 Thermal Stability IP 323 / ASTM D3241

1.1 Test Temperature for 2.5hr °C Min 280 (3)

1.2 Tube Rating (one of the following requirements shall be met):

1.2.1 or Annex B VTR - Less than 3. No
Peacock (P) or
Abnormal (A)
1.2.2 Annex C ITR or Annex D nm Max 85
ETR, average over area of
2.5mm2
1.3 Pressure differential mm Max 25
2 Fluidity Hg
2.1 Freezing Point °C Max minus 47.0 IP 435 / ASTM D5972(4)
IP 529 / ASTM D7153
ASTM D7154
2.2 Viscosity at minus 40°C(5) mm2/s Max 12.0 IP 71 Section 1(4,6) or ASTM
D445(6), ASTM D7042(7),
ASTM D7945
3 Composition
3.1 Aromatics: One of the following requirements shall be met(8,9)
3.1.1 or Aromatics % v/v Min 8 IP 156(4,10) or ASTM
D1319(10), ASTM D8267,
ASTM D8305(11)

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Table 3: Extended Requirements of Aviation Turbine Fuels Containing Co-processed Synthesized
Kerosene(1,2)
Test Property Units Limits Method

3.1.2 Aromatics % v/v Min 8.4 IP 436 / ASTM D6379

4 Volatility
4.1 Distillation(8) °C IP 123(4, 12) or ASTM
D86(12), IP 406 or ASTM
D2887(13), ASTM D7345(14)
4.2 T50-T10 Min 15
4.3 T90-T10 Min 40
5 Lubricity
5.1 Lubricity(8) mm Max 0.85 ASTM D5001
6 Process Control
Unconverted fatty acid mg/kg Max 15 IP583 / ASTM D7797(15)
esters and fatty acids

Notes for Table 3:

1. Applies at the point of manufacture only.
2. Applies for the finished batch of jet fuel as opposed to the product of the manufacturing location co-
processing unit which is used to blend the finished batch of jet fuel.
3. An IP323/ASTM D3241 test temperature of 280°C has been selected to help ensure that reactive
compounds introduced through co-hydroprocessing of fatty acid esters and fatty acids are limited.
Research is ongoing on the actual requirement for a more restrictive thermal stability limit. Metal
Deactivator (MDA), as described in Annex A, may not be used to meet this requirement.
4. Referee method to be used in case of dispute.
5. The kinematic viscosity specification of 12.0 mm2/s at minus 40°C maximum mitigates the potential
risk of increased viscosity due to n-paraffin enrichment. Compared to conventional hydrocarbons,
a co-processed esters and fatty acids stream may contain a higher concentration of n-paraffins.
Research is ongoing on how n-paraffin enrichment from co-processed esters and fatty acids
impacts low temperature viscosity. The results of that research will be used to confirm the necessity
of and possible need for adjusting this requirement.
6. IP 71 Section 1 or ASTM D445 allows measuring the viscosity at minus 40°C, however, the
precision values were determined down to minus 20°C. A revision to Test Method IP 71 and ASTM
D445 to specify measurement precision at minus 40°C is in process.
7. The temperature scanning procedure shall be used.
8. Applies only to co-processing hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids.
9. Minimum aromatics contents are based on current experience with semi-synthetic fuels and those
levels were established from what is typical for refined jet fuel. Research is ongoing on the actual
need for aromatics.
10. Refer to Table 1 note 4.
11. Results from test method ASTM D8305 shall be bias-corrected using the bias-correction equation
for total aromatics in Section 13 (Precision and Bias) of test method ASTM D8305.
12. In methods IP 123 and ASTM D86 all fuels certified to this Standards shall be classed as group 4,
with a condenser temperature of zero to 4°C.
13. IP 406 and ASTM D2887 results shall be converted to estimated IP 123 or ASTM D86 results by
application of the correlation in Annex G of IP 406 or Appendix X4 on Correlation for Jet and Diesel
Fuel in test method ASTM D2887.
14. Results from test method ASTM D7345 shall be corrected for relative bias as described in the
method.
15. Applies to co-processing esters and fatty acids or hydrocarbons from hydroprocessed esters and
fatty acids. The ability of IP 583/ASTM D7797 to identify carbonyl containing compounds in addition
to FAMEs is acknowledged. The reported value may be corrected for a local sample-specific bias
related to trace carbonyl species inherent in aviation turbine fuel derived from conventional sources
(as per Clause 4). Corrected values shall be identified as such.

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B.5 Handling and documentation of synthetic kerosene components and blends

B.5.1 In addition to the requirements set out in B.2 and B.3, this Standard requires that the synthetic blend
component has an originator’s Certificate of Quality (ASTM D7566) available. This shall be quoted as part of
the reporting requirements in Table 1 of this Standard. Note that the lubricity test (BOCLE) is mandatory at the
point of manufacture.

B.5.2 From the point of manufacture to the point of blending to meet this Standard, all synthetic blend
components shall be handled and transported in the same manner as certified jet fuel to maintain product
integrity. In particular the restrictions of Clause 5.5 and Annexes C and F shall be observed.

B.5.3 The location at which a semi-synthetic Aviation Turbine Fuel meeting this Standard is blended shall
be upstream of the airport fuel storage depot except in development phase where the volumes involved are
small (no more than the capacity of one or two fuellers for example). In this case the blending could be done
at the airport depot in a dedicated tank or dedicated fueller. In this case the synthetic component shall be
segregated to ensure that this product shall not be provided to an aircraft. After blending the fuel shall be
quarantined until a Certificate of Analysis is provided according to all the requirements of Table 1 and Annex
B of this Standard.

B.5.4 The point of blending shall be considered as the point of manufacture of the jet fuel for the purposes
of this Standard. Therefore, the appropriate requirements of this Standard apply at that point: in particular, but
not limited to, those of Clause 5 and Annex D and include the requirement for the production of a Certificate
of Quality as defined in Annex D. In the case of blending synthetic components, the CoQ shall include a listing
of the quality documents relating to the conventional and synthetic batches in the blend and their respective
volumes to show compliance with the blending limits set out in the Annexes to ASTM D7566.

B.5.5 Residual volumes of synthetic components contained in non-synthetic blend components from line
clearance or tank heels that constitute less than 3% of a finished blend may be considered negligible for the
purposes of reporting documentation, and traceability.

B.5.6 Residual volumes of synthetic components from line clearance or tank heels that constitute less than
1% of a finished blend may be considered negligible for the purposes of reporting documentation, lubricity
testing and traceability.

B.5.7 Further information on the handling of synthetic blending components and semi-synthetic jet fuel can
be found in EI 1533 Quality assurance requirements for semi-synthetic jet fuel and synthetic blending
components (SBC) – A supplement to EI/JIG Standard 1530.

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Annex C
Product Integrity Management

C.1 Background

C.1.1 Clause 4, Materials limits the materials that can be present in jet fuel. However, it is acknowledged
that trace levels of incidental materials have always been present in jet fuels meeting this Standard. Defining
a zero level for these materials is not straightforward, particularly given that:

a) Advances in analytical techniques continue to reduce the threshold detection levels of chemical species.
b) There could be a wide range of incidental materials involved.
c) In most cases there are no data on their effects in aircraft systems to define a no-harm level.

C.1.2 It is therefore not possible for this Standard to list maximum levels and test methods for all the possible
materials that could be unintentionally present in jet fuel. In this Standard, the potential risk posed by incidental
materials is managed in two ways. Firstly, there is a requirement that manufacturing and distribution locations
shall ensure that they have adequate quality assurance and management of change procedures in place to
maintain product integrity. Secondly, for identified materials where the requirements of this section cannot be
assured, specific maximum limits are defined. Currently two such incidental materials are included in this
category and their maximum limits are listed below in Table 4.

Table 4: Incidental Materials

Material Max permitted level Detection Level Test methods
Fatty acid methyl ester 50 mg/kg D7797 / IP583,
(FAME)(1,2,3,4) IP585(4), IP590, IP599
Pipeline Drag Reducing Additive Nil 72 μg/L(5) D7872
(DRA)(1)

Notes for Table 4:

1. Post manufacture each custodian shall undertake a risk assessment to quantify the potential risk
of incidental material carry over. Where such assessments indicate that there could be a potential
risk in jet fuel supplies, additional quality assurance procedures shall be introduced to increase
control to mitigate the risk. Where the risk of incidental material carryover exists and it is not
possible to control with additional quality assurance procedures, testing shall be instigated.
2. For the purposes of meeting this requirement, FAME is defined as material meeting the limits of
EN14214 or ASTM D6751. Fatty acid methyl esters that fail to meet biodiesel standards are not
permitted in distribution systems where contamination of jet fuel can occur.
3. On an emergency basis, up to 100 mg/kg FAME is permitted in jet fuel by the airframe and engine
manufacturers when managed in compliance with airframe and engine requirements (see FAA
SAIB NE-09-25R2 dated May 19, 2016 which provides corrective actions and procedures to be
followed in the event of a contamination). An emergency basis can be defined as an unexpected
and unforeseen situation that requires prompt action. For example, where FAME contamination
has been introduced into part of an airport distribution system where it cannot be quickly segregated
or isolated for remediation without halting airport refuelling operations.
4. Test method IP585 shall be the referee method.
5. DRA is not an approved additive for jet fuel at any concentration. Dilution of fuels with known levels
of DRA is not permitted, even to levels below the level stated in table 4. Where the level of DRA is
otherwise unknown a result at or below the level in table 4 would support an assumption of nil
addition.

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C.2 Manufacturing

C.2.1 Experience has shown that crude oil processing / distribution additives or point of manufacture
processing additives, such as corrosion inhibitors, might be carried over in trace quantities into aviation fuel
during manufacture. In some cases, this has resulted in operational problems in aircraft fuel systems.
Moreover, these additives can cause problems at levels which may not be detected by the specified testing
detailed in Table 1. Changes in additive composition (where known), manufacturing source or point of
manufacture processing conditions shall be subject to a formal risk assessment to ensure maintenance of
finished product quality.

C.3 Distribution

C.3.1 Upstream of airport storage, bulk jet fuel is typically handled in non-dedicated systems such as
multiproduct pipelines and marine vessels. As a result, jet fuel will come into contact with non-jet fuel materials.
Product integrity is assured by the application of documented QA procedures as set out in various industry
standards such as EI/JIG 1530, EI 1533, EI HM-50, API 1543, API 1595 and Joint Inspection Group (JIG)
Standards. Any changes in the fuel handling systems should be subject to a formal risk assessment and
management of change to ensure product quality is maintained.

C.4 Information Statement on the Carryover of FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl

Ester) and Drag Reducing Agent (DRA) In Trace Quantities during Transportation in non-
dedicated systems

C.4.1 The maximum permitted level of 50 mg/kg of FAME is introduced as a result of the recommendation
of the EI study “Joint Industry Project: Seeking Original Equipment Manufacturer Approvals for 100 mg/kg
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) in Aviation Turbine Fuel” and the ASTM D4054 extensive testing programme.
The aviation petroleum industry is working towards an approval of 100 mg/kg FAME in jet fuel under the
guidance of the engine and airframe OEMs.

C.4.2 Comprehensive background and advice for managing the risks of FAME and jet fuel in non- dedicated
distribution systems are available in a number of JIG Bulletins; Bulletin Number 106 is the current document
on FAME update. This bulletin may be downloaded from [Link]

C.4.3 There is no need to report the DRA level at the point of manufacture. However, DRA content testing
is required as part of a Risk Assessment where DRA is or is to be added into other products in a multiproduct
pipeline system which is also transporting jet fuel.

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Annex D
Product Certification and Traceability

D.1 Product Certification Documentation

D.1.1 Key Documentation

D.1.1.1 Aviation fuel quality assurance is based on certification at point of manufacture and procedures to
verify that the quality of the aviation fuel concerned remains within the defined limits of the Standard and has
not changed significantly during distribution and delivery to aircraft. Proper documentation is an essential part
of this process. Valid product certificates are:

a) Certificate of Quality (CoQ (RCQ))

b) Certificate of Analysis (CoA)
c) Release Certificate (RC)
d) Recertification Test (RT) (as defined in EI JIG 1530. See D.1.5)

D.1.2 Certificate of Quality (CoQ (RCQ))

D.1.2.1 The CoQ is produced at the point of manufacture and is the definitive original document describing the
quality of a batch of aviation fuel. It contains the results of measurements, made by the product originator’s
laboratory, of all the properties listed in Table 1 as well as those additional testing requirements detailed in
Annex B for fuels containing synthesised components where appropriate. It also provides information
regarding the addition of additives, including both type and amount of any such additives as permitted at Annex
A. Certificates of Quality shall always be dated and signed by an authorised signatory and shall state that the
fuel meets all aspects of this Standard. This is different from a CoA in that the CoA is limited to a declaration
of the testing results of the fuel.

D.1.2.2 The minimum information requirements to be included on the fuel’s Certificate of Quality are given
below:

a) Standard / Specification name, issue and any amendment number.

b) Name and address of testing laboratory.
c) Batch number or unique identifier.
d) Tank number.
e) Quantity of fuel in the batch.
f) Properties tested including specification limit, test method and result of test.
g) Additives, including qualification reference and quantity added.
h) Name and position of authorised test certificate signatory or electronic signature.
i) Date of certification.

D.1.2.3 A CoQ either originates from a Refinery (in which case it may be entitled “Refinery Certificate of
Quality” (RCQ) or from a midstream terminal that manufactures a Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) blend and
issues its Certificate of Quality. An independent laboratory working on behalf of a manufacturing location can
produce the CoQ (RCQ), but the certificate shall state the name and address of the manufacturing source. In
the case of fuels containing synthesised components, the point of manufacture (blending) of the finished fuel
shall be stated, along with the original source location and certification references for the blend components
used if the points of manufacture are different.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
D.1.3 Certificate of Analysis (CoA)

D.1.3.1 A CoA is issued by independent inspectors and/or laboratories and contains the results of
measurements made of all the Table 1 properties but does not necessarily contain or provide information
regarding those identified as being required at point of manufacture or the type and amount of any additives
or percentage of synthetic or hydroprocessed components. If additives have been added the quantity added
and qualification reference shall be recorded. It shall be dated and signed by an authorised signatory. Typically,
CoAs are produced downstream of refineries in intermediate supply terminals or intermediate storage locations
but may also be produced at refineries where finished product is imported.

Note: A Certificate of Analysis shall not be treated as a Certificate of Quality.

D.1.4 Release Certificates (RC)

D.1.4.1 The RC supports any transfer of aviation fuel, confirming compliance with this Standard and contains
as a minimum the following information:

a) Reference to batch number or other unique identifier (e.g. Tank number, date and time).
b) Test report number (last full certification (CoQ (RCQ), CoA or RT on this batch).
c) Date and time of release.
d) Certified batch density.
e) Quantity of fuel (this may be added subsequently for pipeline transfers).
f) Sample from water drain complies with the visual appearance requirement of Table 1 (and conductivity if
SDA is present).
g) Grade of fuel and Standard / Specification.
h) Additives, including qualification reference and quantity added during transfer.
i) Signature of releasing authority.

The RC need not duplicate existing information but shall be part of the consignment notes.

D.1.5 Recertification Test Certificates (RT Certificate)

D.1.5.1 The recertification test is a powerful tool for detecting some contaminants, such as diesel or gasoline,
that are transported in conventional distribution systems such as multiproduct pipelines. Where there is a risk
of trace contamination refer to Annex C. The recertification test is normally used when aviation fuels are
transferred in multiproduct systems such as pipelines or ocean-going tankers.

D.1.5.2 Recertification testing comprises a reduced set of tests (compared with the full set in the CoQ or CoA)
that are particularly sensitive to contamination. The test results shall be checked to confirm that the
specification limits are met, and no significant changes have occurred in any of the properties. To help identify
change, the Recertification Test results on flash point, freeze point, distillation and density shall be compared
with the linear calculation of expected results from a weighted average of the most recent analysis made on
each fuel batch used to form the new batch (e.g. CoQ, COA or RT Certificate, whichever applies – note only
a maximum of three new batched and the tank heel are permitted for recertification testing). Where test results
have changed significantly from their expected values an investigation into possible contamination should seek
to identify cause and may include but not necessarily be limited to CoA testing.

D.1.5.3 The comparison with the original values is a powerful means of detecting contamination but it becomes
inappropriate when there are more than 3 new batches mixed together on top of an existing tank heel. In such
cases, EI/JIG 1530 states that a full Standard / Specification test shall be conducted to produce a CoA.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
D.1.5.4 Note that the JIG Standards do not require comparison of the initial boiling point value as this
parameter has an inherent variability that can exceed the 8°C limit. Flash point is a more effective indicator of
contamination by low boiling point materials.

D.1.6 Documentation Requirements for Supply to Airports

D.1.6.1 For supply into airports, product shall be supported by a valid test certificate as defined in D.1.1. The
certificate shall be less than 180 days old. Where the CoQ (RCQ), CoA or RT is more than 180 days old, a
new CoA shall be issued. Where there have been subsequent changes to this Standard during this period,
any additional testing required by the current Standard at the time of re-testing shall be conducted.

Note: Drum stocks are an exception to this requirement. Here the certification is valid for 12 months from filling
date or last re-test date for the batch of drums.

D.2 Traceability

D.2.1 General

D.2.1.1 Traceability for aviation turbine fuel is defined as the ability to track distinct batches of fuel through the
distribution system back to the original point of manufacture using the correct documentation. This requires
batch volume and quality documentation with information on additive concentration, hydroprocessed content
and synthetic components (if present, see Annex B) to be maintained.

D.2.2 Minimum documentation requirements

D.2.2.1 To avoid the need to view excessive documentation at each point in the supply chain, traceability shall
be fulfilled by listing a unique identifier of the appropriate quality document (CoQ (RCQ), CoA or RT as defined
in D.1) for each of the component batches that make up the new batch on the new certification document
together with their respective volumes. By listing the component batches, the certifying authority (for example
depot or laboratory manager, or subcontracted laboratory manager) is confirming that it has the documents for
each of the component batches in their possession and that each document meets the requirements stated in
Def Stan 91-091.

D.2.2.2 A new batch may be stated as composing, for example, of CoA ‘A’, CoA ‘B’, RCQ ‘X’ and RT ‘Y’. Each
of these documents shall be visible to the signatory of the new batch. CoA ‘A’ and CoA ‘B’ and RT ‘Y’ may
themselves be composed of other batches but these components will only need to be visible to the respective
signatories of CoA ‘A’, CoA ‘B’ and RT ‘Y’. The CoQs (RCQs)/CoAs/RT of the component batches do not need
to be attached to the resultant CoA.

D.2.2.3 The resultant product certification document shall state:

a) Table 1 test results (excluding the items required only at point of manufacture).
b) individual batch numbers with jet grade, volume and point of last certification. If necessary (for example,
because of limitations on space or logistics), listing the individual batch on a cross-referenced document
attached to the certification document is acceptable. See D.2.3 for situations where volume information is
not available.
c) CoQs (RCQs), CoAs, RT meet the requirements of Def Stan 91-091 and certify that the batch certificates
are in the possession of the supplier (or certifying laboratory).

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
D.2.3 Fungible distribution systems

D.2.3.1 It is acknowledged that in some fungible pipeline systems traceability and documentation of specific
batches as described above cannot be maintained because batches are added and subtracted during
transportation along the pipeline. In such cases, the following requirements shall apply.

a) All batches entering the fungible pipeline system shall have full documentation (CoQ (RCQ), CoA or RT)
showing compliance with this Defence Standard.
b) When a batch is extracted from the system, the new CoA shall state compliance with this Defence
Standard and contain sufficient information to allow the pipeline operator to trace back to the original
documentation of all batches that make up the new batch.

D.3 Distribution System Blending

D.3.1 General

D.3.1.1 When certifying a mixture of batches as Jet A-1 meeting Def Stan 91-091 downstream of the original
manufacturing site, the guiding principle is that the batches shall have been originally manufactured as jet fuel
and subsequently handled and stored as jet fuel. Specifically, this means that the following options are
permitted:

a) Where all of the batches were originally certified as meeting Def Stan 91-091. The resultant CoA shall
follow the requirements set out in Annex D.2. In particular, it shall list the main Table 1 test results,
individual batch numbers and certify that the batch certificates (CoQs (RCQs) or CoAs) are in the
possession of the supplier (or certifying laboratory) and that they meet the current requirements of Def
Stan 91-091.
b) Non-Def Stan 91-091 batches. These are allowed as a blend component provided they were originally
certified as meeting ASTM D1655 and that they meet the current requirements of Def Stan 91-091.
c) Synthetic blend components (SBCs) that are defined in the Annexes of ASTM D7566. These SBCs may
be blended with Jet A-1 meeting Def Stan 91-091 (regardless of its composition) downstream of the original
manufacturing site (see Annex B of this Standard for details). The blending location is defined as the point
of manufacture in this case and a new CoQ is required. The synthetic blend component shall have a
Certificate of Quality certifying compliance with the relevant Annex of D7566 and the SBC shall have been
handled as though it was a certified jet fuel (Clause 5 Quality Assurance). The resultant CoQ shall follow
the requirements set out in B.5.

D.3.2 Residual Tank Heel

D.3.2.1 Operational practise may result in line clear and residual tank volumes of kerosene distillates that may
not be certified as Jet fuel to this Standard. This is permitted with the following controls:

a) All components of the new batch, including residual volumes, meet the compositional requirements of this
Standard as defined by Clause 4.
b) The total line clear / residual volume shall compose less than 3% of the new batch and need not be
supported by all the CoQ (RCQ) / CoA / RT documentation referred to above.
c) The new batch shall meet all other requirements of this Standard.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Annex E
Alternative Test Methods for use with Table 1 Test Requirements

Table 5: Alternative Test Methods

Table 1 Test Number Property Alternative
1.1 Appearance ASTM D4176 Procedure 1
ASTM D6986 Procedure A, Section [Link]
1.3.2 Particulate, at point of manufacture, ASTM D7619 (1)
cumulative channel particle counts
2.2.1 Aromatics ASTM D8267
ASTM D8305
2.3 Total Sulfur IP 107
IP 243
IP 373
IP 447
ASTM D1266
ASTM D2622
ASTM D4294
ASTM D5453
2.4.2 Doctor Test ASTM D4952
3.1 Distillation IP 406 / ASTM D2887(2)
D4294(3)
ASTM D7345
3.2 Flash Point(4) ASTM
IP 523 D5453
ASTM D56
ASTM D3828
IP 34 / ASTM D93 (Procedure A)
IP 534 / ASTM D7236
3.3 Density at 15°C IP 160 / ASTM D1298
4.1 Freezing Point IP 435 / ASTM D5972
IP 529 / ASTM D7153
ASTM D7154
4.2 Viscosity ASTM D7042(5)
ASTM D7945
5.2 Specific Energy IP 12
ASTM D3338
ASTM D4809
8.1 Existent Gum ASTM D381
9 Water Separation Characteristics ASTM D8073 / IP 624(6)

Notes for Table 5:

1. If Channel Counts / ISO code exceed the limits stated, Annex X2 of ASTM D7619 may be applied
to eliminate trace free water, and cleanliness re-determined. In such cases, results before and after
application of the appropriate Annex shall be reported.
2. IP 406 and ASTM D2887 results shall be converted to estimated IP 123 or D86 results by application
of the correlation in Annex G of IP 406 or Appendix X4 on Correlation for Jet and Diesel Fuel in Test
Method D2887. Distillation residue and loss limits provide control of the distillation process during
the use of Test Method IP 123/ASTM D86, and they do not apply to Test Method ASTM D2887/IP
406. Distillation residue and loss shall be reported as “not applicable” (N/A) when reporting D2887
results. IP 123/ ASTM D86 estimated data may also be used for the calculation of Specific Energy.
3. Results from Test Method ASTM D7345 shall be corrected for relative bias as described in Test
Method ASTM D7345.
4. A joint Energy Institute and ASTM International study of results from alternative flash point methods
to IP 170 was published in 2019 and showed that the results obtained are comparable within the
precision statement for the methods. EI report reference is ILS2019_MMS_1.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
5. Test Method ASTM D7042 results shall be converted to bias-corrected kinematic viscosity results
by the application of the correction described in Test Method ASTM D7042 for jet fuel at minus 20oC
as described in the precision and bias section.
6. A limit of 88 shall be applicable to Test Method ASTM D8073 / IP 624 . This is a conservative limit,
applicable to fuels with and without SDA, taking advantage of the D8073 / IP 624 use of 5th edition
material and its low response to weak surfactants such as SDA and CI/LI. This limit has been
established based on the evidence within the ASTM D02 committee report “Rationale for the
Establishment of a Minimum Limit for Water Separation Characteristics by Test Method ASTM
D8073 for Application to D1655” Work Item 54722.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Annex F
Additional Information on Fuel Properties

F.1 Information on Sampling and Particulate Contamination

F.1.1 The visual appearance of the product is a good indication of contamination and remains a key
requirement for fuel throughout the distribution system. However, interpretation of the Appearance
requirement can lead to problems due to the subjective nature of the visual assessment. Therefore,
quantitative limits have been established for particulate contamination.

F.1.2 It is acknowledged that, during their shipment within the distribution chain, fuels can accumulate
elevated levels of particulate. If this occurs, or where the particulate levels are greater than 1.0 mg/l or particle
counts are greater than the limits in Table 1, additional handling procedures such as extended settling and/or
filtration will be required prior to the point of delivery to aircraft. This acknowledgement does not negate or
alter the Table 1, Test 1.1 requirements.

F.1.3 Where fuel is being delivered into aircraft, the IATA Guidance Material for Aviation Turbine Fuels Part
III – Cleanliness and Handling, shall be referred to for appropriate information on contamination limits.

F.1.4 It is the intent of the Technical Authority to extend particulate contamination limits throughout the
distribution system at a later date.

F.1.5 It is well known that free water can precipitate from jet fuel on cooling, therefore it can be important to
assess the visual appearance of the fuel at the ambient temperature of the fuel at the time of sampling.
Samples transported within a location, e.g. point of manufacture tanks to a point of manufacture laboratory,
should be assessed for visual appearance without delay to avoid any temperature variations between the
laboratory and the tank. Thermostatically controlled oil or water baths can be used to maintain samples at the
tank temperature, where delay in assessing visual appearance is unavoidable. If the samples are cooled
significantly during transport from the tank to the certifying laboratory, typically occurring during airfreight, there
is a significant potential for water precipitation. This would, in principle, constitute a failure of the visual
appearance requirement. In such cases, it is permissible for the tank to be released by a competent person
based on the tank side visual appearance of representative samples fully meeting the requirements this
Standard. The tank release note shall be annotated with the comment “Tank side sample visual appearance
clear, bright and visually free from solid matter and undissolved water. Appearance of undissolved water in
laboratory samples attributed to cooling during transport.” This exception is only valid where samples sent to
the laboratory fail solely on the appearance of free water.

F.2 Electrical Conductivity

F.2.1 The Technical Authority is aware of situations where conductivity can decrease rapidly and the fuel
can fail to respond to additional dosing of SDA. An industry investigation revisited the early work on conductivity
which demonstrated that the static hazard was mitigated once conductivity was >20pS/m (see JIG PQ
Committee Report: Report on the Investigation into the Sydney Low Conductivity Incident, August 2005). The
current minimum 50pS/m therefore represents a cautious doubling of the 20pS/m minimum. On this basis, and
as an emergency provision when low conductivity occurs at airports, the Technical Authority will accept
conductivities down to a minimum of 25pS/m. The fuel to be supplied shall be fully tested according to the
Standard and the Tank Release Note annotated with the explanation “Product released below 50pS/m due to
conductivity loss as per Annex F.2 in Defence Standard 91-091”.

F.3 Information Statement on Aviation Turbine Fuel Lubricity

F.3.1 Aircraft/engine fuel system components and fuel control units rely on the fuel to lubricate their moving
parts. The effectiveness of a jet fuel as a lubricant in such equipment is referred to as its ‘lubricity’. Differences
in component design and materials result in varying degrees of equipment sensitivity to fuel lubricity. Similarly,
jet fuels vary in their level of lubricity. In-service problems experienced have ranged in severity from reductions
in pump flow to unexpected mechanical failure leading to in-flight engine shutdown.

F.3.2 The chemical and physical properties of jet fuel cause it to be a relatively poor lubricating material
under high temperature and high load conditions. Severe hydroprocessing removes trace components,

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
resulting in fuels which tend to have a lower lubricity than straight-run or wet-treated fuels. Lubricity improver
additives are widely used in military jet fuels. They have been used occasionally in civil jet fuel to overcome
aircraft problems, but only as a temporary remedy while improvements to the fuel system components or
changes to fuel were achieved. Because of their polar nature, these additives can have adverse effects on
ground-based filtration systems and on fuel/water separation characteristics.

F.3.3 Some modern aircraft fuel system components have been and are being designed to operate on poor
lubricity fuel. With the participation of the international aviation industry the SAE AE-5B group has revised the
procedure for the Low Lubricity Endurance Test for aircraft engine fuel pumps, ARP 1797. The procedure now
specifies that the test fluid used shall produce a wear scar diameter (wsd) between 0.85 and 0.96 mm as
measured by ASTM D5001. The introduction of a lubricity requirement maximum of 0.85 mm wsd is to provide
a limit to the fuel lubricity which attempts to ensure that future equipment proven against ARP 1797 procedure
does not suffer lubricity related problems in use. The requirement only applies to fuels containing less than
5% non-hydroprocessed material and where at least 20% is severely hydroprocessed and to those fuels that
contain a proportion of synthesised material as permitted by this Standard. All the fuels that have caused
problems have been in this category. It has been noted that not all fuels containing severely hydroprocessed
components produce a wsd greater than 0.85 mm and this has been taken into account in setting the
requirement.

F.3.4 There are older fuel system components still in use which are more sensitive to fuel lubricity. In these
cases, the aircraft operator should consult with the equipment manufacturer and fuel supplier to determine the
best course of action which may include the use of a qualified lubricity additive to enhance the lubricity of a
particular fuel, a measure which is already permitted by this Standard.

F.4 Information on Colour

F.4.1 Colour can be a useful indicator of fuel quality. Darkening of fuel, a change in fuel colour, or an unusual
colour may be the result of product contamination or instability.

F.4.2 A significant reduction in Saybolt Colour rating (darkening) from the original Certificate of Quality for
the batch would usually be cause for investigation as follows:

Initial Saybolt Colour at Point of Manufacture Significant Reduction

>25 >8
≤25 but ≥15 >5
<15 >3

F.4.3 Normally fuel colour ranges from water white (colourless) to a straw/pale yellow. Other fuel colours
may be the result of crude oil characteristics or refining processes. If unusual colours are produced at the
point of manufacture, this should be noted on the batch certificate to provide information to downstream users.
Unusual colours such as pink, red, green or blue that do not significantly impact the Saybolt Colour number
should also be investigated to determine the cause.

F.5 Bio based Carbon Content (for guidance only)

F.5.1 This Standard does not include a renewable content rating because this rating is a regulatory matter
that involves other factors beyond the technical requirements of this Standard. The following is provided solely
for information and may be of interest to parties attempting to determine the renewable content rating of a fuel.
Radiocarbon (14C) is an isotope of carbon which can be used for the determination of renewable content.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide contains very low concentrations of 14C compared to normal 12C and this ratio is
reflected in the carbon content of living biological matter. When animal or plants die, they cease to exchange
carbon with the atmosphere and their 14C content starts to decline due to radioactive decay. The half-life of
14C is about 5000 years and by measuring the 14C to 12C ratio, the age of biological material can be calculated.

After about 50,000 years the 14C content is effectively zero. Fossil fuels have zero 14C content and can
therefore be differentiated from fuels manufactured from recently created biological material. Blends can also
be quantified based on their 14C concentration. The method for using radiocarbon to determine the bio-based
content of a hydrocarbon is ASTM D6866.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Annex G
Technically Equivalent ISO Methods for Table 1 and Table 5 Test Methods
Table 6: Technically Equivalent ISO Methods
IP / ASTM Test Methods ISO Methods(1)
IP 71 / ASTM D445 ISO 3104
IP 123 ISO 3405
IP 154 / ASTM D130 ISO 2160
IP160 / ASTM D1298 ISO 3675
IP 170 ISO 13736
IP 243 ISO 4260 (now BS EN 24260)
IP 336 ISO 8754
IP 342 / ASTM D3227 ISO 3012
IP 365 / ASTM D4052 ISO 12185
IP 367 ISO 4259
IP 447 ISO 14596
IP 523 ISO 3679

Notes for Table 6:

1. The methods listed above were technically equivalent at the date of issue of this Standard.

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Section 3

Normative References
1 The publications shown below are referred to in the text of this standard. Publications are
grouped and listed in alpha-numeric order.
Note: Def Stan’s can be downloaded free of charge from the DStan web site by visiting
<[Link] for those with RLI access or <[Link] for all other
users. All referenced standards were correct at the time of publication of this standard (see 2, 3 & 4 below for
further guidance), if you are having difficulty obtaining any referenced standard please contact the UK Defence
Standardization Help Centre in the first instance.

Def Stans

Number Title
05-052, Pt 01, Iss Markings for the Identification of Fuels, Lubricants and Associated Products -
03 Containers Holding 216.5 Litres or Less

05-052, Pt 02, Iss Markings for the Identification of Fuels, Lubricants and Associated Products -
02 Containers Holding over 216.5 Litres and Pipelines

68-150, Iss 03 Mixture of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor and Lubricity Improving Additive Joint
Service Designation: AL-48

68-251, Iss 04 Fuel Soluble Lubricity Improving Additives for Aviation Turbine Fuels NATO
Code: S-1747 Joint Service Designation: AL-61

68-252, Iss 04 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor NATO Code: S-1745 Joint service Designation: AL-
41

STANAGs

Number Title

Allied Publications

Number Title

Other References

Standard Type Standard Name

BS / BS EN / BS BS EN ISO 12185:20214: Crude petroleum, petroleum products and related products
ISO Standards — Determination of density — Laboratory density meter with an oscillating U-tube
sensor

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
BS / BS EN / BS BS EN ISO [Link] Petroleum products. Corrosiveness to copper. Copper strip test
ISO Standards

BS / BS EN / BS BS EN ISO 3104: Methods of test for petroleum and its products. Petroleum products.
ISO Standards Transparent and opaque liquids. Determination of kinematic viscosity and calculation of
dynamic viscosity.

BS / BS EN / BS BS EN ISO [Link] Determination of flash no flash and flashpoint. Rapid equilibrium

ISO Standards closed cup method

BS / BS EN / BS BS ISO [Link] Hydraulic fluid power — Fluids — Method for coding the level of
ISO Standards contamination by solid particles

BS / BS EN / BS BS EN 14214:2012+[Link] Liquid petroleum products. Fatty acid methyl esters

ISO Standards (FAME) for use in diesel engines and heating applications. Requirements and test
methods

BS / BS EN / BS BS EN 2[Link] Methods of test for petroleum and its products. Petroleum products
ISO Standards and hydrocarbons. Determination of sulfur content. Wickbold combustion method

BS / BS EN / BS ISO 13736:2021 + Amd [Link] Determination of flash point — Abel closed-cup method
ISO Standards

BS / BS EN / BS ISO [Link] Petroleum products. Determination of thiol (mercaptan) sulfur in light

ISO Standards and middle distillate fuels. Potentiometric method

BS / BS EN / BS ISO 3405:2019; Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources —
ISO Standards Determination of distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure

BS / BS EN / BS ISO [Link] Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products — Laboratory

ISO Standards determination of density — Hydrometer method

BS / BS EN / BS ISO [Link] Petroleum products — Determination of sulfur content — Energy-

ISO Standards dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Other API 1543 - Documentation, Monitoring and Laboratory Testing of Aviation Fuel
Civilian/Industry During Shipment from Refinery to Airport
Standards

Other API 1595 - Design, Construction, Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection of Aviation
Civilian/Industry Pre-Airfield Storage Terminals
Standards

Other ASTM D1266 - Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other ASTM D1298 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of
Civilian/Industry Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
Standards

Other ASTM D130 - Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum
Civilian/Industry Products by Copper Strip Test
Standards

Other ASTM D1319 - Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum
Civilian/Industry Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other ASTM D1322 - Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine
Civilian/Industry Fuel
Standards

Other ASTM D156 - Standard Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products
Civilian/Industry (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D1655 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other ASTM D1840 - Standard Test Method for Naphthalene Hydrocarbons in Aviation
Civilian/Industry Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Standards

Other ASTM D2386 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other ASTM D2622 - Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength
Civilian/Industry Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrophotometry
Standards

Other ASTM D2624 - Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and
Civilian/Industry Distillate Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D2887 - Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Petroleum
Civilian/Industry Fractions by Gas Chromatography
Standards

Other ASTM D3227 - Standard Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline,
Civilian/Industry Kerosene, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D3241 - Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine
Civilian/Industry Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D3242 - Standard Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other ASTM D3338 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of
Civilian/Industry Aviation Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D381 - Standard Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other ASTM D3828 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup
Civilian/Industry Tester
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other ASTM D3948 - Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics
Civilian/Industry of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
Standards

Other ASTM D4052 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density and API Gravity of
Civilian/Industry Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Standards

Other ASTM D4054 - Standard Practice for Qualification and Approval of New Aviation Turbine
Civilian/Industry Fuels and Fuel Additives
Standards

Other ASTM D4057 - Standard Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum
Civilian/Industry Products
Standards

Other ASTM D4176 - Standard Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Contamination in
Civilian/Industry Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
Standards

Other ASTM D4294 - Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Civilian/Industry by Energy-Dispersive X- Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Standards

Other ASTM D445 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque
Civilian/Industry Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Standards

Other ASTM D4809 - Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Civilian/Industry Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D4952 - Standard Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active Sulfur Species
Civilian/Industry in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
Standards

Other ASTM D5001 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity of Aviation Turbine
Civilian/Industry Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator (BOCLE)
Standards

Other ASTM D5006 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Civilian/Industry (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D5452 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation
Civilian/Industry Fuels by Laboratory Filtration
Standards

Other ASTM D5453 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light
Civilian/Industry Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel and Engine Oil by
Standards Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Other ASTM D56 Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
Civilian/Industry
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other ASTM D5972 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic
Civilian/Industry Phase Transition Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D6045 - Standard Test Method for Color of Petroleum Products by the
Civilian/Industry Automatic Tristimulus Method
Standards

Other ASTM D6379 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Civilian/Industry Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum Distillates High Performance Liquid
Standards Chromatography Method with Refractive Index Detection

Other ASTM D6751 - Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle
Civilian/Industry Distillate Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D6866 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Biobased Content of Solid,
Civilian/Industry Liquid, and Gaseous Samples Using Radiocarbon Analysis
Standards

Other ASTM D6986 Standard Test Method for Free Water, Particulate and Other
Civilian/Industry Contamination in Aviation Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)
Standards

Other ASTM D7042 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by
Civilian/Industry Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic Viscosity)
Standards

Other ASTM D7153 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Civilian/Industry (Automatic Laser Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D7154 - Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic
Civilian/Industry Fiber Optical Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D7236: Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
Civilian/Industry (Ramp Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D7345 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid
Civilian/Industry Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure (Micro Distillation Method)
Standards

Other ASTM D7524 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Static Dissipater Additives
Civilian/Industry (SDA) in Aviation Turbine Fuel and Middle Distillate Fuels—High Performance Liquid
Standards Chromatograph (HPLC) Method

Other ASTM D7566 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized
Civilian/Industry Hydrocarbons
Standards

Other ASTM D7619 Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particles in Light and
Civilian/Industry Middle Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other ASTM D7797 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Civilian/Industry Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel Using Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared
Standards Spectroscopy - Rapid Screening Method

Other ASTM D7872 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Concentration of Pipeline
Civilian/Industry Drag Reducer Additive in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Standards

Other ASTM D7945 - Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of
Civilian/Industry Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
Standards

Other ASTM D8073: Standard Test Method for Determination of Water Separation
Civilian/Industry Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by Small Scale Water Separation Instrument
Standards

Other ASTM D8267: Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content
Civilian/Industry of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet
Standards Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

Other ASTM D8305-Std TM for The Determination of Total Aromatic Hydrocarbons & Total
Civilian/Industry Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Avn Turbine Fuels & other Kerosene Range
Standards Fuels by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Other ASTM D86 - Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid
Civilian/Industry Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
Standards

Other ASTM D93 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
Civilian/Industry Tester
Standards

Other EI HM 50 - Guidelines for the cleaning of tanks and lines for marine tank vessels carrying
Civilian/Industry petroleum and refined products
Standards

Other EI/JIG 1530 - Quality assurance requirements for the manufacture, storage and
Civilian/Industry distribution of aviation fuels to airports
Standards

Other IP 107 - Determination of Sulfur – Lamp Combustion Method

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 12 Determination of Specific Energy

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 123 - Petroleum Products - Determination of Distillation Characteristics at

Civilian/Industry Atmospheric Pressure
Standards

Other IP 154 - Corrosiveness to Copper - Copper Strip Test

Civilian/Industry
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other IP 156 - Determination of Hydrocarbon Types in Petroleum Products – Fluorescent
Civilian/Industry Indicator Adsorption Method
Standards

Other IP 16 Petroleum Products – Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 160 - Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products – Laboratory Determination of
Civilian/Industry Density – Hydrometer Method
Standards

Other IP 170 - Petroleum Products and other Liquids– Determination of Flash Point – Abel
Civilian/Industry Closed Cup Method
Standards

Other IP 243 - Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbons – Determination of Sulfur Content

Civilian/Industry – Wickbold Combustion Method
Standards

Other IP 274 - Petroleum Products – Aviation and Distillate Fuels - Determination of Electrical
Civilian/Industry Conductivity
Standards

Other IP 30 - Detection of Mercaptans, Hydrogen Sulfide, Elemental Sulfur and Peroxides –

Civilian/Industry Doctor Test Method
Standards

Other IP 323 - Petroleum Products - Determination of Thermal Oxidation Stability of Gas

Civilian/Industry Turbine Fuels
Standards

Other IP 336 - Petroleum Products – Determination of Sulfur Content – Energy-Dispersive - X-

Civilian/Industry Ray Fluorescence Method
Standards

Other IP 34 - Determination of Flash Point. Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Method

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 342 - Petroleum Products – Determination of Thiol (Mercaptan) Sulfur in Light and
Civilian/Industry Middle Distillate Fuels – Potentiometric Method
Standards

Other IP 354 - Determination of the Acid Number of Aviation Turbine Fuels – Colour-Indicator
Civilian/Industry Titration Method
Standards

Other IP 365 - Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products – Determination of Density –

Civilian/Industry Oscillating U-tube Method
Standards

Other IP 367 - Petroleum Products - Determination and Application of Precision Data in

Civilian/Industry Relation to Methods of Test
Standards

3-7
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other IP 373 - Determination of Sulfur Content of Light and Middle Distillates by Oxidative
Civilian/Industry Microcoulometry
Standards

Other IP 406 - Petroleum Products – Determination of Boiling Range Distribution by Gas

Civilian/Industry Chromatography
Standards

Other IP 423 - Determination of Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels by

Civilian/Industry Laboratory Filtration
Standards

Other IP 424 - Determination of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor Content of Aviation Turbine
Civilian/Industry Kerosenes by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Standards

Other IP 435 - Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels by the Automated
Civilian/Industry Phase Transition Method
Standards

Other IP 436 - Determination of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleum
Civilian/Industry Distillates – High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method with Refractive Index
Standards Detection

Other IP 447 - Petroleum Products – Determination of Sulfur Content – Wavelength-Dispersive

Civilian/Industry X- Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
Standards

Other IP 475 - Petroleum Liquids – Manual Sampling (ISO 3170:2004)

Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 523 - Determination of Flash Point – Rapid Equilibrium Closed Cup Method
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 528 - Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Turbine Fuels – Automated
Civilian/Industry Fibre Optic Method
Standards

Other IP 529 - Determination of the Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels – Automatic Laser Method
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 534: Determination of flash point - Small scale closed cup ramp method
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 540 - Determination of the Existent Gum Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel –
Civilian/Industry Jet Evaporation Method
Standards

Other IP 565 - Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation turbine fuels - Portable
Civilian/Industry automatic particle counter method
Standards

3-8
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other IP 568 - Determination of the static dissipater additives (SDA) in aviation turbine fuel
Civilian/Industry and middle distillate fuels - HPLC Method
Standards

Other IP 577 - Determination of the level of cleanliness of aviation turbine fuel – Automatic
Civilian/Industry particle counter method using light extinction
Standards

Other IP 583 - Determination of the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Content of Aviation Turbine Fuel
Civilian/Industry Using Flow Analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Rapid Screening
Standards Method

Other IP 585 - Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), derived from bio-diesel fuel,
Civilian/Industry in aviation turbine fuel – GC-MS with selective ion monitoring/scan detection method
Standards

Other IP 590 - Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), derived from bio-diesel fuel,
Civilian/Industry in aviation turbine fuel – HPLC evaporative light scattering detector method
Standards

Other IP 598 - Determination of the smoke point of kerosene, manual and automated method
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other IP 599 - Determination of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in Aviation Turbine Fuel by
Civilian/Industry Gas Chromatography using Heart-cut and Refocusing
Standards

Other IP 624 – Determination of Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuel by

Civilian/Industry Small Scale Water Separation Instrument
Standards

Other IP 71 - Petroleum Products – Transparent and Opaque Liquids – Determination of

Civilian/Industry Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity
Standards

Other ISO 1[Link] Petroleum products — Determination of sulfur content — Wavelength-

Civilian/Industry dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Standards

Other ISO 4259-2:2017 Amd [Link] Petroleum and related products — Precision of
Civilian/Industry measurement methods and results — Part 2: Interpretation and application of precision
Standards data in relation to methods of test — Amendment 1

Other JIG BULLETIN 142 - TESTING WATER SEPARATION PROPERTIES OF JET FUEL
Civilian/Industry (MSEP)
Standards

Other QPL 68-251 - Qualified Products List of Aircraft Materials to Def Stan 68-251
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other Rationale for The Establishment of a Minimum Limit for water separation characteristic
Civilian/Industry by test method ASTM D8073 for Application to D1655
Standards

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 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
Other RR:D02-1886 Modification of ASTM D1655: Co-Processing of HEFA feedstocks with
Civilian/Industry Petroleum Hydrocarbons for Jet Production using Hydrotreating & Hydrocracking
Standards

Other RR:D02-1929 Modification of ASTM D1655: Co-Processing of Fischer-Tropsch

Civilian/Industry Feedstocks with Petroleum Hydrocarbons for Jet Production using Hydrotreating &
Standards Hydrocracking

Other RR:D02-2052 Modification of ASTM D1655: Co-Processing of Hydroprocessed Fatty

Civilian/Industry Acids and Fatty Acid Esters with Petroleum Hydrocarbons for Jet Production
Standards

Other SAE ARP 1797A: Aircraft and Aircraft Engine Fuel Pump Low Lubricity Fluid Endurance
Civilian/Industry Test
Standards

Other SAIB NE-09-25R2 Fuel - Jet Fuel Containing Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other SwRI 08-04438 - Evaluation of Sasol Synthetic Kerosene for Suitability as Jet Fuel
Civilian/Industry
Standards

Other SwRI 08-04438-2 - Evaluation of Sasol Synthetic Kerosene for Suitability as Jet Fuel.
Civilian/Industry Phase II, Engine and Combustion Tests
Standards

Other SwRI 8531 - Qualification of Sasol Semi-Synthetic JET A-1 as Commercial Jet Fuel
Civilian/Industry
Standards

2 Reference in this Standard to any normative references means in any Invitation to Tender or contract
the edition and all amendments current at the date of such tender or contract unless a specific edition is
indicated. Care should be taken when referring out to specific portions of other standards to ensure that they
remain easily identifiable where subsequent amendments and supersession’s might be made. For some
standards the most recent editions shall always apply due to safety and regulatory requirements.

3 In consideration of clause 2 above, users shall be fully aware of the issue, amendment status and
application of all normative references, particularly when forming part of an Invitation to Tender or contract.
Correct identification of standards is as defined in the ITT or contract.

4 DStan can advise regarding where to obtain normative referenced documents. Requests for such
information can be made to the UK Defence Standardization Help Centre. Details of how to contact the Help
Centre are shown on the outside rear cover of Defence Standards.

3-10
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Definitions

For the purpose of this standard, ISO/IEC Guide 2 ‘Standardization and Related Activities –
General Vocabulary’ and the definitions shown below apply.

Definition Description

3-11
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Abbreviations

Abbreviation Description
A Abnormal (Thermal Stability Testing Visual Tube Rating result)

AE-5B SAE Aircraft and Engine Fuel and Lubricant System Components Committee

AFC Aviation Fuels Committee

API American Petroleum Institute

ARP Aerospace Recommended Practices

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BOCLE Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity Evaluator

BS British Standard

CAA Civil Aviation Authority

CoA Certificate of Analysis

Def Stan Defence Standard

DRA Drag Reducing Agent

DSFA Defence Strategic Fuels Authority

DStan UK Defence Standardization

EI Energy Institute

EN European Norm

ETR Ellipsometric Tube Rating

FAME Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

FSII Fuel System Icing Inhibitor

GC-MS Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry

HN1 Heavy Naphtha #1

HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography

IATA International Air Transport Association

IEC International Electro-technical Commission

ILS Inter-Laboratory Study

IP Institute Petroleum

IPK Iso-Paraffinic Kerosene

3-12
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17
ISO International Organisation of Standardization

ITR Interferometric Tube Rating

ITT Invitation To Tender

JFTOT Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Test

JIG Joint Inspection Group

LIA Lubricity Improver Additive

LLC Limited Liability Company

MAA Military Aviation Authority

MDA Metal Deactivator Additive

MOC Management of Change

MOD Ministry of Defence

MPP Multi Product Pipeline

MSEP Microseparometer

OEA Operational Energy Authority

OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

P Peacock (Thermal Stability Testing Visual Tube Rating result)

PAC company trading name

QA Quality Assurance

QPL Qualified Products List

RC Release Certificate

RCQ Refinery Certificate of Quality

RT Recertification Test

SAE Society of Automotive Engineers

SASOL Company trading name

SDA Static Dissipator Additive

SwRI Southwest Research Institute

UK United Kingdom

VTR Visual Tube Rating

WSD Wear Scar Diameter

3-13
 DEF STAN 91-091 Issue 17

Changes since previous issue

The changes incorporated in this issue are shown below. For more information please contact DStan
through the UK Defence Standardization Help Centre. Details of how to contact the Help Centre are
shown on the outside rear cover of Defence Standards.

Clause Page Change Change Reason

Introduction 2-1 Update the address of the Change in location
Authority

Table 1 2-5 References to tests in Table 1 Editorial

Notes 2 and corrected
6

A.3.1.a4) 2-8 Corrected typographical error Editorial

B.4 2-14 Rewritten to introduce approval Advancements in industry

of additional co-processing and
clarify requirements.

Table 3 2-15 Updated to include additional Advancements in industry

test requirements an align with
ASTM D1655.

D.3.1.1 c 2-23 Rewritten For clarity and to incorporate standard industry

terminology.

Table 5 2-24 Update references to Table 1 Editorial

tests

Section 3 2-6, 2-25, 3- IP 624 added to table 1 note 16, Methods are technically equivalent/jointed
9 table 5 test 9 and note 6, and
Normative References

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File Reference
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