Pseudodifferential operators & Wodzicki Residue - The
Noncommutative residue
A short presentation for the Pre-seminar at Charles University, Prague,
Czech Republic
Deeponjit Bose
[email protected]
Doctoral Fellow in Mathematical Physics
under the supervision of Prof. Andrzej Sitarz
Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science
Jagiellonian University
Kraków, Poland
December 9, 2024
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Deeponjit Bose [email protected] Pseudodifferential operators & Wodzicki Residue - The Noncomm
Revisiting linear differential operators
d
Consider a linear differential operator(LDO) dx acting on some
df
Schwartz-class function f ∈ S(R), then dx ∈ S(R).
df
The Fourier transform of dx is
Z ∞
df df
F (ξ) = dx e −ixξ = iξF[f ](ξ), (1)
dx −∞ dx
R∞
where F[f ](ξ) = −∞ dx e −ixξ f (x)
df
Now, we can rewrite as dx
Z ∞
df df 1
= F −1 F = dξ (iξ) F[f ](ξ)e ixξ . (2)
dx dx 2π −∞ |{z}
σ(ξ)
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d
Taking g (x) dx f (x), we have
Z ∞
d 1
g (x) f (x) = dξ (ig (x)ξ) F[f ](ξ) e ixξ , (3)
dx 2π −∞ | {z }
σ(x,ξ)
where σ(x, ξ) encodes all the information about the LDO.
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Deeponjit Bose [email protected] Pseudodifferential operators & Wodzicki Residue - The Noncomm
So, we can generalize the action of any LDO (P), on S(Rd ) of
dimension d as.
d Z
1
Pf (x) = dξ σ P (x, ξ) F[f ](ξ) e ix·ξ , (4)
2π Rd | {z }
↓
Symbol
where f ∈ S(Rd ).
In the case of a simple differential operator we have
∂ n Corresponds to
P = −i µ −−−−−−−→ σ P (x, ξ) = (ξµ )n . (5)
∂x
Remark:
This construction can be generalized to manifolds through charts and atlases.
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Introducing classical pseudodifferential operators
What is a pseudodifferential operator?
It is an extension of the concept of a linear differential operator of any
order.
We say that σ P (x, ξ) is a symbol of P (total symbol) and P is of order
m if:
Dxα Dξβ σ P (x, ξ) ⩽ Cα,β,K ⟨ξ⟩m−|β| , (6)
for every x ∈ K compact, ∀ξ ∈ Rd
d
X
|α|
Dxα = (−i) (∂x 1 ) (∂x 2 ) α1 α2 αd
. . . (∂x d ) ; |α| = αj , (7)
j=1
1/2
⟨ξ⟩ = 1 + |ξ|2 . (8)
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We define
A classical pseudodifferential operator P ∈ ΨDOm cl (m ∈ R) have a
total symbol σ(x, ξ) of order m, which can be split as:
P P P P
σ (x, ξ) ≃ σm (x, ξ) +σm−1 (x, ξ) + · · · + σk (x, ξ) + . . . ; (9)
| {z } | {z }
Total Principal
symbol symbol
where each component σkP (x, ξ) is homogeneous in ξ of degree k
=⇒ The ≃ in (9) means ‘asymptotically equals to’ that is
N−1
X
∀N > 0 : σ P (x, ξ) − P
σm−j (x, ξ) is a symbol of order (m − N);
j=0
∞
X
then: σ P (x, ξ) − P
σm−j (x, ξ) is a symbol of order (−∞)
j=0
=⇒ A symbol of order (−∞) is called a smoothing operator (ΨDO−∞ cl ),
acting on any function g ∈ C (Rd ) gives a smooth function f ∈ C ∞ (Rd6/10
).
Deeponjit Bose
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Algebra of classical pseudodifferential operators
m+n
For P ∈ ΨDOm n
cl , Q ∈ ΨDO cl =⇒ PQ ∈ ΨDO cl
=⇒ Composition of symbols:
∞
X 1 α P
σ PQ (x, ξ) ≃ ∂ σ (x, ξ) D α σ Q (x, ξ) (10)
| {z } α! ξ | {z } x | {z }
Total symbol |α|⩾0 Total symbol Total symbol
of order = (m + n) of order = m of Order = n
=⇒ For each homogeneous component of σ PQ (x, ξ)
1
1 α P
X
σkPQ (x, ξ) = ∂ξ σm1 −i (x, ξ)Dxα σm
Q
2 −j
(x, ξ) (11)
α!
i,j,|α|⩾0
s.t. (i+j+|α|+k)=m+n
The sum is finite!
2 For principal symbols:
PQ P
σm+n (x, ξ) = σm (x, ξ)σnQ (x, ξ) (12)
=⇒ Observations:
Algebra of linear differential operators ⊆ ΨDO∞
cl /ΨDO
−∞
cl
d α
Classical ΨDO can give meaning to operators like dx , α ∈ R
For example, inverse Laplacian operators, (∆−1 ), is a classical ΨDO. 7/10
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Trace on the algebra of ΨDO
Consider a smooth M; compact, closed manifold of dimension d ⩾ 2
and a vector bundle E over M.
−∞
Take the algebra of classical ΨDO =⇒ ΨDO∞ cl /ΨDO cl := Ψ0 ,(we
consider them to act on sections of the vector bundle E )
Define a linear map Wres : Ψ0 → C as
Z Z
1
P
Wres P := tr σ−d (x, ξ) dξ (13)
(2π)d Sd−1
M
P (x, ξ)
where tr is the usual trace on the matrix valued function σ−d
Theorem[Wodzicki, M. Local invariants of spectral asymmetry. Invent Math
75, 143–177 (1984)]
For any P, Q ∈ Ψ0 =⇒ Wres ([P, Q]) = 0
If M is connected =⇒ Wres is a unique trace on the algebra Ψ0 (up to
some multiplicative factor)
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Wodzicki residue in connection to spectral triples
Consider a regular spectral triple (A, D, H) which is p-summable (p ∈ R).
‘p-summable’ =⇒ Tr(D−s ) < ∞, s ∈ C, s.t. Re(s) > p,
Theorem [Connes, A., Moscovici, Comm Math Phys 198, 199–246 (1998).]
Consider the algebra (A0 ) generated by {A, [D, A] , |D|k ; k ∈ Z}, (where |D|
is a positive square root of D2 )
then (P|D|−s ) is a trace-class and Tr(P|D|−s ) extends to a
meromorphic function on C, for any P ∈ A0 , then we define,
Z
− P = Res Tr(P|D|−s ); s ∈ C (14)
s=0
R
−P is called a noncommutative residue and under certain conditions P is
a trace
For a canonical spectral triple A = C ∞ (M), D, L2 (S ⊗ E ) of a
Riemannian, compact, closed spin-manifold (M)
Z
− P ∝ WRes P (15)
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Deeponjit Bose
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Thank You
Thank You!
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Deeponjit Bose [email protected] Pseudodifferential operators & Wodzicki Residue - The Noncomm
