1.

State two properties of X – rays (2mk)

2. State one property of X-rays that show that X-rays are waves (1mk)

3. State the effect on the nature of x – rays when the heater current is increased
(2mk)
4. Give two uses of x – rays (2mk)

5. State one danger of x – rays (1mk)

6. Distinguish between ‘hard and soft’ x – rays (1mk)

7. State one property of X-rays that show that X-rays are waves (1mk)

8. State one industrial use of X-rays.

9. State the factor that determines the hardness of the X-rays produced in an X-
ray tube (1 mk)

10. Explain how the intensity of X-rays produced in an X-ray tube is controlled
(3mk
11. State one difference between hard and soft X – rays. (1mk)

12. What adjustment on the x-ray tube will:

(i) Increase the hardness of the x-rays (1mk)
(ii) Reduce the intensity of the x-rays. (1mk)

13. For a given source of X-rays, how would the following be controlled.
i) Intensity
ii) The penetrating power
iii) The exposure to patients
(iv) The quality of the X-rays (1mk)

14. Explain why X-rays are appropriate in study of the crystalline structure
materials.

15. Name the metal used to shield X-rays operators from the radiation. Give
reasons why it is used.

16. State the properties of X-rays, which makes it possible to detect cracks in
bones.

FORM4 : X - RAYS Pg 1
17. State and explain the effect of increasing the EHT in an X- ray tube on the X-
rays produced.

18. Figure below shows the features of an X-ray tube.

X

E G

Oil in

Oil out

H
A
B F
C D
a) Name the parts marked with letters and state their function A, B, C, D, E,
F, G, and H
b) State and explain which material is suitable for part C.(1mk)
c) Why is part B made of thick copper metal (1mk)
d) The machine should be surrounded by G. (1mk)
e) Why is the tube evacuated? (1mk)
f) State a reason why H is concave shaped. (1mk)
g) During the operation of the tube, the target becomes very hot. Explain
how this heat is caused. (2mk)
h) What effect will increasing current at F have on x-ray produced?
(1mk)
i) What effect will increasing the p.d at B have on the x-rays produced(2mk)
j) State two ways in which cooling is achieved in this X-ray machine. (2mk)
k) It would be necessary for the target to rotate during operation of this
machine. (1mk)
l) State energy changes that occur in the tube during x-ray production(1mk)

ENERGY OF X- RAY
1. The potential between the anode and the cathode of an x-ray tube is 80KV.
Calculate, The energy of an electron accelerated in the tube. (3mk)
(Electronic charge e = 1.6 x 10 C)
-19

2. The accelerating voltage between cathode and anode is 1000V. Calculate the
(i) Energy possessed by the electrons across the tube. (3mks)
(ii) Speed of the electrons (take e = 1.6 x 10 C me = 9.1 x 10
-19 -31 kg) (3mks)

FORM4 : X - RAYS Pg 2
3. An x-ray tube has an accelerating p.d of 50kv. Determine the shortest
wavelength of in its x-ray beam. (Take C=3.0 x 108 ms-1) e = 1.6 x 10-19 h =
6.63 x 10-34Js)

4. An x-ray tube operating at a potential difference of 50KV has a tube current of

20mA. Calculate
i) The electric power input. (2mks)
ii) The number of electrons hitting the target per second. (2mks)
iii) The velocity of the electrons when they hit the target. (3mks)
If only 5% of the energy of the electrons is converted to x-rays,
iv) Estimate the quantity of heat produced per second. (2mks)
v) Find the X-ray power output. (2mk)

5. If the accelerating voltage is 200Kv. Calculate

(i) Kinetic energy of the electron arriving at the target. Take (e=1.6 x10 -19) (2mk)
(ii) If 0.1% of the electron energy is converted into X rays, determine the minimum
wavelength of the emitted X rays. (h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js and C = 3.0 x 108m/s)
(3mk)
6. Calculate the minimum wavelength of X-rays emitted when electrons through
30 kV strike target. (Take electronic charge, e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, Planck’s constant
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js and speed of light c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1) (3mk)
If the accelerating voltage is 100KV. Calculate:
(i) Kinetic energy of the electrons arriving at the target. (e=1.6x10 -19C)
(3mks
(ii) If 0.5% of the electron energy is converted into x-rays. Determine the
minimum wavelength of the emitted x-rays. (h=6.63x10-34J.S and
C=3.0x108ms-1) (3mk)

7. In an x – ray tube operating at 100kV, the tube current is 20mA.

(i) Determine the number of electrons hitting the target every second
(Charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10-19C) (3mk)
(ii) If only 0.49% of the electrons is converted to x – rays, calculate the
quantity of heat produced per second. (3mk)

8. An accelerating potential of 30kV is applied to an X-ray tube. Calculate;

(i) The Kinetic energy of the electrons accelerated by this potential.
(3mk)
(ii) The maximum frequency of the X-rays produced by the tube
Take e = 1.602 x 10-19C and h = 6.62 x 10-34Js) (3mks)

9. An X-ray tube is operating with an anode potential of 10kV and a current of

15 mA.
a) Explain how the
i) Intensity of X-rays from such a tube may be increased.
ii) Penetrating power of X- rays from such a tube may be
increased
b) Calculate the number of electrons hitting the anode per second.

FORM4 : X - RAYS Pg 3
 c) Determine the velocity with which the electrons strike the target.

10. An x-ray tube is operating with an anode potential of 20KV and a current of
40mA. Determine the number of elections hitting the target per second. ( the
charge or an electron is 1.6 x 10-19C) (3mks)

11. A potential difference of 50kV is applied across an X-ray tube. Given that the
charge of an electron e = 1.6 x 10-19coulombs and the mass of an electron
M e = 9.1  10 −31 kg .
(i) Calculate the kinetic energy of the electrons. (3mks)
(ii) If 12% of the electron energy is converted into X-ray, determine the
minimum wavelength of the emitted X –ray given planks constant
h= 6.63 x 10-34

12. An accelerating potential of 20kv is applied to an X-ray tube.

i) What is the velocity with which the electron strikes the target?
ii) State the energy changes that take place at the target.

13. A target was bombarded by electron accelerated by a voltage of 106 V. If all the
K.E of the electrons was converted to X-rays, calculate:-
a) The K.E of the electrons
b) The frequency of the photons emitted.

14. An X-rays tubes gives photons of 5.9 x 10-15 J of energy. Calculate:-

a) The wavelength of the photons.
b) The accelerating voltage
c) The velocity of the electrons hitting the target.

15. If accelerating voltage in an X-ray tube is 40kV, determine the minimum

wavelength of the emitted X-rays. (Electronic charge = -1.6 x 10-19C, planks
constant = 6.6 x 10 -34Js, velocity of electromagnetic waves = 3.0 x 108ms-1)

16. X-rays are produced by a tube operating at 1 x 104V. Calculate their

wavelength. (Take h= 6.6 x 10 -34 Js, e= 1.6 x 10-19C, c= 3x108ms-1)

17. An X-ray tube operates at 1000 kV between the cathode and the anode.
Calculate the maximum energy of X-ray photons produced.(e= 1.6 x 10-19 C)

18. In an certain x-ray tube, the electrons are accelerated by a p.d of 12,000V.
Assuming all the energy goes to produce x-rays, determine the frequency of the
x-rays produced (plank’s constant ,h = 6.62 X 10-34 Js and charge on an
electron, e =1.6 x 10-19c). (3mk)

19. The energy of x-ray is 1.989 x 10 -14 joules. Given that the speed of light is
3.0 x 108m/s and plank's constant is 6.6 x 10 -34Js, find the wavelength of the x-
rays. (3mk)

FORM4 : X - RAYS Pg 4