Mary Mae D.

Vitor 56/60
BS CHEM-4H2
BIOCHEM ACT 4 b. The amine group of each amino acid is protonated by
1. The genetic code of all plants and animals is the acid group of the one next to it forming a long
composed of what polymer? chain of ammonium-carboxylate salts.
a. Natural (what else?) polyamides called DNA and RNA c. The acid groups react with alcohol groups of other
which contain nucleic acid bases in the repeat units. amino acids to form polyesters with amine-containing
b. Natural polyamides making up collegen, proteins and pendent groups along the chains.
peptides. d. The amines, alcohols and thiols of the pendent
c. Lipid polymers that contain nucleic acid bases groups all react with the acid groups to form
organized in three-unit sequences. 9. The first reaction of amino acid degradation is?
d. Polymers of nucleic acid bases with phophoric acid to a. Deamination
give complex polyesters abbreviated RNA and DNA. b. Decarboxylation
2. Sucrose is an excellent example of what kind of natural c. Cyclization
material? d. None of the above
a. Natural monosaccharides such as hexoses and 10. The only amino acid without a chiral center is _.
pentoses, although sucrose is a dimer sugar with two a. Proline
different monosaccharides. b. Methionine
b. Oligomers and polymers of glucose, the most c. Alanine
common of the sugars, with sucrose composed of two d. Glycine
glucose monosaccharides. 11. _____________ is an example of a hydrophilic amino acid.
c. An artificial sweetener made of glucose and fructose a. Lysine
units with non-natural stereochemistry at the b. Leucine
anomeric carbons. c. Methionine
d. The monosaccharide that forms part of the polymer d. Tryptophan
chain in RNA and DNA. 12. Nonessential amino acids are:
3. Proteins are complex oligomers and polymers made up of a. Provided in the diet
what? b. Synthesized by mammals
a. Sugar units (ribose with pendent nucleic bases) joined c. Both A and B
to each other with phosphate ester linkages to make d. None of the above
RNA and DNA molecules. 13. Protein secondary structures include:
b. Complex carbohydrates containing both saccharide a. Loops
units linked with amino acid groups. b. alpha helices
c. Oligomers and polymers of the group of 23 or so c. beta sheets
natural amino acids linked through amide bonds. d. All of the above
d. Ester- and amide-linked units of various combinations 14. Kinases are enzymes that add a(n) ____group to proteins.
of the natural materials we ingest in our diets such as a. Hydrogen
citric acid and lysine. b. Nitrogen
4. Trees and cotton are made of what natural polymer? c. Phosphoryl
a. The polysaccharide of glucose called starch; it's also d. Alcohol
found in legumes and potatoes. 15. _______ are derived from vitamins and are necessary for
b. The polysaccharide of glucose called cellulose, a the function of some enzymes.
polymer with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds a. Helicases
that give these materials such excellent physical b. Cofactors
properties. c. Carbohydrates
c. Proteins such as collagen that are strong and have d. None of the above
extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding holding 16. Lectins are ____________.
them together. a. DNA binding proteins
d. The polysaccharide with sucrose repeat units, which b. Lipid binding proteins
is why sucrose is so cheap and readily available. c. Carbohydrate binding proteins
5. Hair and skin are made of the same natural polymer as rhino d. None of the above
horns: what is it? 17. Fischer projections convey useful information about ____.
a. A complex carbohydrate containing both saccharides a. Electron positions
and amino acids in the polymer repeat units. b. 3D structural positioning
b. A natural polymer called starch made up of glucose c. Resonance
repeat units. d. Bond lengths
c. A complex mixture of inorganic phosphate and 18. DNA is synthesized in a _____ direction.
cellulose that has extremely strong intermolecular a. 3' to 5'
forces holding the chains together. b. 5' to 3'
d. A natural polyamide or protein with a unique c. Top to bottom
arrangement intra- and intermolecular hydrogen d. Left to right
bonds along the chains. 19. The correct pairing of bases in DNA is __________.
6. There are 23 or so natural amino acids: name a few. a. A-G; C-T
a. Lysine, alanine, glycine and aspartic acid for starters. b. A-C; G-T
b. Serine, glutamic acid, thymine and adenine are the c. A-T; C-G
less common ones. d. A-U; C-G
c. Steric acid, glucose, alanine and citric acid are the 20. The complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O results
most common ones. in a yield of __________.
d. Lipoic acid, proline, lysergic acid and pyridine are the a. 38 ATP/glucose
essential amino acids, meaning we must have them in b. 42 ATP/glucose
our diet or we get sick. c. 60 ATP/glucose
7. Of the 20 natural amino acids listed in the reading, 10 are d. 32 ATP/glucose
called "essential", meaning what? 21. _________ enzymes maintain the torsional stress of DNA.
a. That without them, you would die a slow, painful a. Helicase
death. b. Topoisomerase
b. You must take vitamins to make sure you get enough c. Kinase
of these essential amino acids to survive. d. Restriction
c. Your body doesn't really need or use the 22. Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases results in
non-essential ones, while the essential ones make up ____________.
all the proteins your body needs. a. The opening of ion channels
d. While your body can "manufacture" the non-essential b. The phosphorylation of the receptor
ones from what you eat, it can't make the essential c. Membrane potential alterations
ones so you have to make sure you eat the right d. The exchange of GTP for GDP
balance of foods to get them in your diet. 23. Intracellular pathways are altered through extracellular
8. Peptides and proteins are polymers of amino acids, and molecules binding to __________.
what is their basic structure? a. Polymerases
a. Peptides and proteins contain alpha-amino acids b. Ligases
forming a two-carbon plus one-nitrogen polyamide c. Receptors
with each repeat unit usually having a pendant or d. All of the above
attached side chain of some kind.
24. PCR is a valuable tool for analyzing DNA because 28. Use the following structural formula to identify carbon 1 and
___________________. 6. The oxidation state number of carbon atom 1 is ___, and the
a. It allows for the exponential amplification of a small oxidation state number of carbon atom 6 is ____.
amount of starting material
b. It takes a short amount of time
c. The DNA sequence amplified need not be known
d. All of the above
25. Which of the following compounds has an ester group?

A. +1, -1
B. +4, +2
C. +3, 0
D. -2, -1
29. Use the following structural formula to calculate the
oxidation state number of the carbon atom in urea.

a. A A. +2
b. B B. -2
c. C C. +4
d. D D. -4
26. Which of the following compounds has a ketone group? 30. A simplified outline of the catabolism of proteins,
polysaccharides, and fats can be seen below. Nutrients are
______ when they are converted to acetyl-CoA. The citric acid
cycle produces the ______ form of nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide, which is _________ by the electron transport
chain.

A. Reduced, oxidized, reduced

B. Reduced, oxidized, oxidized
C. Oxidized, oxidized, reduced
D. Oxidized, reduced, oxidized
31. The rearrangements that result in the common cyclic forms
of D-glucose can be seen below. The cyclic form is a(n) ___.

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
27. Below is the conversion of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This A. Ether
reaction takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and B. Ester
ubiquinone and ubiquinol are two forms of coenzyme Q in the C. Acetal
electron transport chain. Please analyze the followingreaction D. Hemiacetal
carefully, and choose the statement which describes it best. 32. Sucrose, the common table sugar, is a disaccharide, which
is formed from glucose and fructose monosaccharides. The
structural formula of sucrose is shown below. The formation of
sucrose from glucose and fructose is a(n) _____ reaction.

A. Substitution
B. Elimination
C. Condensation
D. Redox
A. This is an addition reaction, because electrons and
protons are added to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol.
B. This is an addition reaction, because hydrogen atoms
are added to ubiquinone to form ubiquinol.
C. This is a redox reaction, wherein ubiquinone is
reduced to ubiquinol and ubiquinone is the oxidizing
agent.
D. This is a redox reaction, wherein ubiquinone is
reduced to ubiquinol and ubiquinone is the reducing
agent.
33. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is an intermediate of B. A nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of
glycolysis. The formula of G3P is shown below. G3P is nucleic acids.
converted to the next intermediate in a redox reaction C. An amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of
catalyzed by a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the product of proteins.
this reaction? D. Uracyl. Uracyl is a building block of RNA.
38. How many chiral carbon atoms can be found in the
following organic molecule?

A. B.

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
39. How many chiral carbon atoms can be found in the
following organic molecule?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
34. The diagram of protein synthesis can be seen below. The A. 1
addition of new amino acids during protein synthesis is a(n) B. 2
_____ reaction. C. 3
D. None
40. Triglycerides ______ chiral carbon atoms.
A. Always have 1
B. Always have 2
C. Always have 3
D. Do not always have
41. Bile acids emulsify_____ and expose them for _______ in
the small intestine.
A. Cholesterol, the pancreatic hydrolase
B. Chylomicrons, apolipoprotein B-100
C. LDL, LDL receptor
D. Triglycerides, the pancreatic lipase
42. Bile acid can emulsify fats, because it is _____.
A. Hydrophilic
B. Amphipathic
C. Lipophilic
D. Hydrophobic
A. Substitution
43. Triglycerides combine with bile to form _____________
B. Elimination
and enter the central lacteal of the villi.
C. Condensation
A. Low density lipoproteins
D. Redox
B. High density lipoproteins
35. Glycolysis produces ATP via _____ .
C. Chylomicrons
A. Substrate level phosphorylation
D. Very low density lipoproteins
B. Redox reaction
44. The synthesis of__________ is the first step of fatty acid
C. Oxidation
synthesis; this metabolite inhibits carnitine
D. Isomerization
palmitoyltransferase, which controls fatty acid oxidation.
36. What does the structural formula below show, and what is
A. Malonyl-CoA
its function?
B. Acetyl-CoA
C. Citric acid
D. Succinyl-CoA
45. Both fatty acid synthesis and catabolism takes place
through a series of ___________ reactions.
A. Elimination
B. Dehydration synthesis
A. A coenzyme. Coenzymes are organic cofactors that C. Substitution
are essential for the biological activity of certain D. Redox
enzymes. 46. The transcription factor, __________, regulates both the
B. A monosaccharide. Monosaccharides are the building synthesis and the cellular uptake of cholesterol. Thus, this
blocks of polysaccharides. transcription factor is directly involved in _________.
C. Choline. Choline is linked to the phosphate group in A. SCREBP, artherosclerotic plaque formation
phospholipids. B. SCREBP, development of high blood pressure
D. An amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of C. Sterol, risk level of cardiac arrest
proteins. D. Sterol, cardiovascular disease
37. What does the structural formula below show, and what is 47. Which of the following is a five-carbon organic compound
and is a precursor of terpenoid biosynthesis?
A. Mevalonate
B. Lanosterol
C. HMG-CoA
D. Isoprene
48. The chemical structure of a free fatty acid is shown below.
How would you characterize this fatty acid?

its function?
A. N-acetylglucosamine. N-acetylglucosamine is a
building block of bacterial cell wall.
 A. 18:4 ω-3 C. Autotroph
B. 18:3 ω-4 D. Heterotroph
C. 18:3 ω-6 57. Essential amino acids are those that cannot be produced
D. 18:4 ω-6 by an organism, e.g. _____ has no essential amino acid, but all
49. The chemical structure of a free fatty acid is shown below. amino acids are essential for _______.
How would you characterize this fatty acid?
A. Escherichia coli, algae
B. Escherichia coli, Lactobacteria
C. Plants, humans
D. Lactobacteria, humans.
58. Metabolic diseases may render an otherwise nonessential
A. 18:9 ω-2 amino acid to become essential. For example, the inherited
B. 18:6 ω-9 metabolic disease _______, moves _______ to the essential
C. 18:2 ω-6 amino acid category in affected individuals.
D. 18:2 ω-6
50. Why can termites digest cellulose? A. Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine
A. Their digestive tract secretes β-glucosidase. B. Maple syrup urine disease, branched chained amino
B. Bacteria in their digestive tract secrete β-glucosidase acids
C. Their digestive tract secretes α-glucosidase. C. Alkaptonuria, tyrosine
D. Bacteria in their digestive tract secrete α-glucosidase. D. Phenylketonuria, tyrosine
51. Which enzyme is a key regulator of glycolysis? 59. The following diagram shows the catabolism of the three
A. Hexokinase main nutrient groups, including carbohydrates. Which arrow
B. Glucose 6-phosphate represents a pathway that is utilized in every cell?
C. Phosphofructokinase
D. Pyruvate kinase
52. ATP is required for the activity of phosphofructokinase, but
high ATP level inhibits its activity. This is because ATP
_____________.
A. Is both a substrate and an allosteric inhibitor of
phosphofructokinase
B. Is both an allosteric activator and an allosteric
inhibitor of phosphofructokinase
C. Is used only when there is plenty in the cell
D. Level decreases immediately in the presence of
phosphofructokinase
53. Fermentation recycles ______, thus glycolysis can produce
more ATP.
A. FADH2
B. NADP+
C. NAD+
D. AMP A. Monosaccharide -> Acetyl-CoA
54. The following diagram shows an outline of cellular B. Citric acid cycle
respiration. Why is the Citric Acid Cycle called a "cycle," but C. Oxidative phosphorylation
the glycolysis and the electron transport chain is not? D. Polysaccharide -> monosaccharide
60. Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, was the first to determine
that the presence of some microorganism results in
____fermentation, while other microorganisms produce _____.

A. Alcohol, acid
B. Acidic, carbon dioxide
C. Alcohol carbon dioxide
D. Ethanol, lactic acid

A. The two carbon atoms of the CoA linked acetyl group

are catabolized in two consecutive steps.
B. The citric acid cycle requires the presence of a starter
molecule (oxaloacetate) for the catabolism of the CoA
linked acetyl group, and this starter molecule is
recycled after the catabolism of the acetyl group.
C. It is a historical nomenclature; there is no particular
reason to call a pathway "cycle."
D. It takes two rounds for the citric acid cycle to release
the remaining carbon atoms of one glucose molecule
in the form of carbon dioxide.
55. A eukaryotic cell that has insufficient amount of
oxaloacetate _____.

A. Will complete the cellular respiration of glucose to

carbon dioxide, because the involved pathways do
not produce net oxaloacetate.
B. Will not be able to survive, because it cannot
complete cellular respiration.
C. Will produce two ATP molecules per glucose, and it
will recycle NAD+ with fermentation.
D. Will have increased carbon dioxide binding, thus it will
be able to perform carbon fixation more efficiently.
56. A eukaryotic cell that lacks ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is
a(n) _________.

A. Chemoautotroph
B. Photoheterotroph