POST

TENSIONING

CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING
& GEOTECHNICAL
SPECIALISTS
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS

MK4 SYSTEM
Introduction 2
Quality 2

STRAND PROPERTIES
Strand Properties 3

FLAT SLAB SYSTEM

Flat Slab Live End Anchorage FMA505 4
Flat Slab Live End Anchorage FMA506 4
Flat Slab Coupling Anchorage FSC505/506 4
Flat Slab Dead End Anchorage FSO505/506 5
Flat Slab Swaged End Anchorage FSS505/506 5
Mono Strand Duct Systems 6
Anchorage Reinforcement Requirements 6
Surfacing Stressing Blockout Requirements (Pans) 7
Jacking 7

MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM
The Multi-Strand System 8
Multi-Strand Live End Anchorages MSA 8
Multiple Coupler MCB 9
Movable Coupler MCR 10
Fixed Coupler MCR 10
Automatic Dead End Anchorage MPA 11
Bonded Dead End Anchorage MSO 12
Swaged End Anchorage MSS 12
Intermediate Anchor MZE 13

MULTI-STRAND DUCT DETAILS

Corrugated Steel Ducts 14
HDPE and PP Ducts 14

MULTI-STRAND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

Multi-Strand Stressing Minimum Edge Distance/Bursting Reinforcement 15

MULTI-STRAND BLOCKOUT DIMENSIONS

Multi-Strand Blockout Dimensions 16

TENDON PROPERTIES
Strand 0.6” 17

HIGH TENSILE THREADED BARS 18

CALCULATION NOTES 19-27

1
July 2020 Edition
 MK4 SYSTEM

Introduction

Fortec Australia Pty Ltd is a privately owned Australian company specialising in

construction, engineering and geotechnical services, and is part of the Ertech Group
of Companies. Our team comprises specialist engineers and contracting professionals
who have worked in the industry for many years. Fortec Australia has considerable
knowledge and experience in all aspects of post-tensioning works. The services we
offer include the following post-tensioning systems:

• Multi-strand post-tensioning: Our MK4 post-tensioning system is used in buildings,

tanks, bridges and many other structures within Australia and the world.
• Flat slab post-tensioning: Our post-tensioned slab system (Flat Slab system) is
predominately used for building structures and industrial pavements.
• External post-tensioning: External PT is mostly used in strengthening existing
structures or for replacement applications where previous designs do not meet
updated standards.
• Bar post-tensioning: Our high tensile threaded bar system is suitable for a range of
applications including shorter post-tensioning tendons, strengthening works, soil
nails and micropiles.

Fortec staff has been responsible for the design and installation of post-tensioning
systems throughout Australia, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. Our post-tensioning
system includes a range of anchorages, accessories and the necessary equipment to
respond to the technical requirements for the construction of building, bridges and
other structures.

All multi-strand components have been designed and tested in accordance with the
European code ETAG-013, thus we deliver world class technologies and systems to
every market we service.

Our experience in various post-tensioning applications and our team of engineers

and technicians are the reason for our success in delivering exceptional results
for our clients. We provide post-tensioning solutions for many structures like bridges,
buildings, Liquefied LNG tanks, silos and various other suspended structures.

Fortec Australia can provide the following services:

• Technical assistance in all the phases of the project; from the design to the final
execution.
• Installation of post-tensioning only services where design input is not required.
• Design and construct building design packages
• Study of alternative design or construction method as an improvement for the
optimum solution for every project.

Quality

Fortec Australia and its parent companies utilise a complete Quality Assurance
Programme conforming to ISO 9001:2000, including the design, production, supply
and installation of all post-tensioning works.

2
 STRAND PROPERTIES

Strand properties

The strand used for post-tensioning tendons are comprised of 7-wires low relaxation steel. The most common diameters used in
Australia are 0.5” (12.7mm) and 0.6” (15.2mm).

The following table gives the main characteristics of each common size of strand manufactured and corresponding code
manufactured to.

Strand Type Standard Strand Size Fpk Nominal ø Cross Section Weight Min. Breaking Relaxation % Proof Force
Load Fpk 1000h
at 70% of Fpk
mm Mpa mm mm2 kg/m kN % kN

AS 4672 12.7 1870 MPa 12.7 98.6 0.774 184 2.50% 156*

12.7mm BS 5896:1980 12.9 1860 MPa 12.9 100 0.785 186 2.50% 158*
(0.5”)
prEN 10138-3 12.9 1860 MPa 12.9 100 0.781 186 2.50% 164*

AS 4672 15.2 1830 MPa 15.2 143 1.122 261 2.50% 222*
15.2mm and
BS 5896:1980 15.7 1770 MPa 15.7 150 1.180 265 2.50% 225*
15.7mm
(0.6”)
prEN 10138-3 15.7 1860 MPa 15.7 150 1.172 279 2.50% 246*

Note: * AS4672 Proof Force = 0.2%, BS 5896, prEN10138 Proof Force = 0.1%
Notes: Modulus of Elasticity for 7 Wire Strand ranges between 180 - 205GPa

3
 FLAT SLAB SYSTEM

Flat Slab Live End Anchorage FMA505

Fortec FMA505 anchorages for slab post-tensioning in buildings, bridge decks and other applications consist of up to 5 No. strands
of 12.7mm (0.5”) or 4No. strands of 15.2mm (0.6”) diameter placed inside a 70mm flat duct. The strands are tensioned and locked
off individually using a mono-strand jack.

A
C
B

Flat Slab Live End Anchorage FMA506

The FMA506 system is similar to the FMA505 system but has additional capacity to accommodate 5 No.15.2mm diameter strands.
The system uses the larger 90mm x 19mm flat duct system.

Strand Size Tendon No Anchorage Casting Recess Former Size (mm) Flat Duct Minimum Minimum Minimum
Type Strands Dimension (mm) Size Concrete Vertical Edge
Thickness Anchor Distance/
Spacing Anchor
Spacing

mm A B C D E F G H mm mm mm mm
305 3 215 220 79 100 265 315 80 100 70 x 19 140 100 300
12.7mm
405 4 215 220 79 100 265 315 80 100 70 x 19 150 100 300
(0.5”)
505 5 215 220 79 100 265 315 80 100 70 x 19 160 100 300
306 3 215 220 79 100 265 315 80 100 70 x 19 150 100 300
15.2mm
406 4 215 220 79 100 265 315 80 100 70 x 19 160 100 300
(0.6”)
506 5 270 265 79 100 265 315 80 100 90 x 19 170 100 300

Flat Slab Coupling Anchorage FSC505/506

When there is a requirement for continuity of the tendon

through a construction joint couplers are a solution
that engineers can utilise to ensure the tendon force is
continuous throughout the entire length of the tendon.
Couplers are mostly used on industrial pavements where
a reduction of movement joints is preferred or where load C A
continuity is critical.

B
D

Strand Size Tendon No Strands FSC Coupling Anchorage Minimum Minimum Edge
Type (mm) Concrete Distance/Anchor
Thickness Spacing

mm A B C D mm mm

12.7mm 405 2, 3 or 4 100 220 80 220 170 300

(0.5”) 505 5 100 220 110 220 200 300

15.2mm 406 2, 3 or 4 100 220 110 220 220 300

(0.6”) 506 5 100 250 120 270 220 300

4
 FLAT SLAB SYSTEM

Flat Slab Dead End Anchorage FSO505/506

For the dead ends of a flat anchorage we utilise the anchorage type FSO which is easy to execute and cost effective. The anchorage
consists of ‘onion end’ bulbs manufactured on site with our specialist equipment. The anchorage lengths and dimensions are
indicated in the table below.

B L

Flat Slab Swaged End Anchorage FSS505/506

An alternative dead end option for the flat slab system is a Swaged Dead End. The anchorage consists of a swaged strand
manufactured on site, bearing against a 12mm thick steel plate. The swage can consist of a compressed barrel/wedge or
conventional swage. This exposed strand is greased to ensure load transfer to the swage plate. This anchorage is typically used in
beams to ensure force is transferred to the back of the column. The anchorage lengths and dimensions of the dead end plate are
indicated in the table below.

A
L

Strand Size Tendon No FSO Onion Dead End FSS Swaged Dead End Minimum Minimum Minimum
Type Strands (mm) (mm) Concrete Vertical Edge
Thickness Anchor Distance/
Spacing Anchor
Spacing

A B L A B L mm mm mm
305 2 or 3 50 230 1050 75 200 500 140 100 300
12.7mm
405 4 50 270 1050 75 250 500 150 100 300
(0.5”)
505 5 50 350 1050 75 300 600 160 100 300
306 2 or 3 50 230 1350 75 225 500 150 100 300
15.2mm
406 4 50 270 1350 75 300 600 160 100 300
(0.6”)
506 5 50 350 1350 75 350 600 170 100 300

5
 FLAT SLAB SYSTEM

Mono Strand Duct Systems

Post-tensioned tendons are encapsulated within concrete in a duct which is usually manufactured in galvanised steel with a wall
thickness between 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm. The ducts are normally supplied in 5-6m lengths and are joined on site via a manufactured
bell-end. Once stressing has been completed and approved by the design engineer the ducts are filled with cementitious grout
to ensure the tendon achieves adequate bond and corrosion protection throughout the life of the structure. The flat slab system
has two common sizes being 70mm and 90mm ducting. (Note - 43mm ducting is available for use with 3 strand systems but not
commonly used).

Section at tendon low point Section at tendon high point

Strand Size Tendon No Flat Duct FSO Onion Dead End FSS Swaged Dead End Strand Offsets and Eccentricity
Type Strands Size (mm) (mm) (mm)

mm A B L A B L A B E

505 2 or 3 70x19 50 230 1050 75 200 500 7 12 2.5mm

12.7mm
505 4 70x19 50 270 1050 75 250 500 7 12 2.5mm
(0.5”)
505 5 70x19 50 350 1050 75 300 600 7 12 2.5mm

406 2 or 3 70x19 50 230 1350 75 225 500 8 12 1.5mm

15.2mm
406 4 70x19 50 270 1350 75 300 600 8 12 1.5mm
(0.6”)
506 5 90x19 50 350 1350 75 350 600 8 12 1.5mm

Anchorage Reinforcement Requirements

The flat slab system requires anti-burst reinforcement to ensure the forces generated during stressing are confined. There are
numerous types of anti-burst solutions but the common anti-burst reinforcement is the spiral. This allows the anti-burst to be
installed over the anchorage with minimum disruption and improves the installation process, thus is the most commonly used
option.

Strand Size Tendon No Helical Cage (Spiral) Anti-Burst Bar Type Transfer
Type Strands (mm) Strength

X Y N PITCH (mm) MPa

12.7mm 405 2, 3 or 4 100 260 5 60 R10 22

(0.5”) 505 5 100 260 5 60 R10 22

406 2 or 3 100 260 5 60 R10 22

15.2mm
406 4 110 300 7 60 N10 25
(0.6”)
506 5 110 300 7 60 N10 25

Note: Anti-burst reinforcement is for the primary bursting stresses and must be supplemented with other edge reinforcement
and/or additional shear ties within a beam. Along the edge of the slab it is always recommended to detail U-bars/L-bars
plus longitudinal reinforcement to control tensile spalling stresses between the anchorages and to adequately reinforce the
untensioned zone which occurs between anchorages.

6
 FLAT SLAB SYSTEM

Surfacing Stressing Blockout Requirements (Pans)

Surface stressing blockouts (Pans) are used in locations where edge access is not available or not preferred due to finishing
requirements. It is common for stressing pans to be used in residential developments where exposed balcony edges require strict
finishing requirements, and as such edge stressing is not possible. Pans are also required in areas where stressing access is not
possible.

Jacking

The commonly used single strand centre hole jack is compact, lightweight and can be handled without the requirement for crane
or support frames. Current mono-strand jacks are designed to be able to stress both common strand sizes. The nose and internal
wedges can be modified with ease to allow stressing of both strand sizes. The jacks used require certain minimum clearance
requirements to allow the effective stressing. The table below details these minimum jacking clearance requirements.

Strand Size Tendon Type No Strands Minimum Clearance Requirement Dimensions (mm)

mm A B C D E

12.7mm 405 2, 3 or 4 500 800 750 450 70

(0.5”)
505 5 500 800 750 450 70

15.2mm 406 2, 3 or 4 500 800 750 450 70

(0.6”)
506 5 600 800 850 450 70

7
 MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM

The Multi-Strand System

Fortec Australia is the licensee of MK4 systems. Design

and testing on the systems are in accordance with the
new European standard ETAG-013 for post-tensioning
systems. Our range of anchorages include live end,
dead end, coupled and free floating anchorage systems
for use on numerous civil and structural applications.

Ø1
C

Multi-Strand Live End Anchorages MSA

Multi-Strand anchorages facilitate the introduction of

a typically significant and concentrated post-tensioning
force in the tendon, with the tensioning operations
carried out by hydraulic jacks. Predominately used on
civil structures like bridges, tanks and dam walls, and
are used in Building applications where transfer beams,
slabs are required.
E
ØA

The MSA Live End anchorages have been designed

to comply with the most demanding of international
standards such as ETAG, Eurocode etc.
D
Each basic anchorage consists of an anchor casting
B
trumplate, anchor block and individual wedges. All
the elements of the anchorages and corresponding
dimensions have been carefully selected and tested
to achieve the greatest economy in design. (See table
below).

Strand Type Tendon Type Trumpet Type øA B C D Trumpet ø1 Minimum Radius

of Curvature

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

4 T-4 110 50 170 155 51/56 3000

5 T-4 110 50 170 155 51/56 3000

7 T-5 130 61 194 150 62/67 3000

9 T-6 144 60 220 175 72/77 4000

12 T-7 165 72 254 200 85/90 4000

(0.6”)
15.2mm 15 T-8 186 78 282 235 90/95 4500
and 19 T-19 200 94 314 275 100/105 5000
15.7mm
24 TR-24 240 90 356 240 399 110/115 5000

27 TR-31 252 105 395 275 444 120/125 6000

31 TR-31 268 110 395 275 444 120/125 6000

37 TR-37 296 120 444 300 464 130/137 6500

43 TR-43 330 140 490 340 848 140/147 6500

8
 MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM

Multiple Coupler MCB

An economic range of couplers has been designed for ease of assembly on site. Couplers are used to give continuity to the tendons
which cannot be installed or tensioned as one unit.

The first-stage of the tendon is stressed and anchored in the normal way and the dead end of the second-stage tendon is then
assembled around it.
The complete coupler assembly is enclosed within a conical/cylindrical plastic housing which has a grout inlet.

LBB

ØB

P
ØP

Strand Type Tendon Type øB LB øP P

mm mm mm mm

4 188 580 180 98

5 188 580 180 98

7 188 580 180 98

9 208 636 200 97

12 252 719 244 97

(0.6”) 15 274 723 265 102
Conical

15.2mm
and 19 274 723 265 127
15.7mm
24 325 1.015 315 122
Cylindrical

27 350 1.150 354 137

31 350 1.162 354 127

37 390 1.248 354 137

43 455 1.680 440 182

9
 MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM

Movable Coupler MCR

The movable coupler is designed to lengthen unstressed or partially stressed tendons.

The 1st stage of the tendon is assembled and a coupler anchor head & preset wedges installed and secured with a flat retaining
plate. The nest tendon that has been fabricated with a coupler anchor head & spring loaded wedges with a retaining plate can
then be coupled to the first tendon by means of an internally threaded coupler.
The complete coupler assembly is enclosed within a conical/cylindrical plastic housing which has a grout inlet.

Fixed Coupler MCR

The Fixed Coupler MCR can also be used as an alternative to the MCB coupler.

Strand Type Tendon Type D L

(mm) (mm)

(0.6”) 4 188 580

5 188 580
Cylindrical

15.2mm 7 188 580

and 9 208 636

15.7mm 12 252 719

10
Automatic Dead End Anchorage MPA

The unique MK4 Automatic Dead End Anchorage MPA is intended to be used at
one end of a tendon, the other end being fitted with a live end anchorage MSA.

Its principal characteristic is the automatic retention of the strands by the anchor
plate and its primary use is in situations where extrusion grips cannot be fitted
satisfactorily due to space limitations.

Ø1
C

E
ØA

Strand Type Tendon Type Trumpet Type øA B C D LR ø1 Minimum Radius of

Curvature

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

4 T-4 110 88 170 155 600 51/56 3.000

5 T-4 110 88 170 155 600 51/56 3.000

7 T-5 130 93 194 150 600 62/67 3.000

9 T-6 144 93 220 175 900 72/77 4.000

12 T-7 165 105 254 200 900 85/90 4.000

0.6” 15 T-8 186 111 282 235 900 90/95 4.500

(15 mm) 19 T-19 200 128 314 230 1,200 100/105 5.000

24 TR-24 240 128 356 640 1,200 110/115 5.000

27 TR-31 252 138 395 720 1,500 120/125 6.000

31 TR-31 268 148 395 720 1,500 120/125 6.000

37 TR-37 296 161 444 770 1,500 130/137 6.500

43 TR-43 330 177 490 1,100 1,500 140/147 6.500

11
 MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM

Bonded Dead End Anchorage MSO

The anchorage MSO comprises a thin spacer plate with

each consisting of a forged onion. These anchorages are
embedded in the structure and so take advantage of the
bond between the strand and concrete.
E
Please note for approved TRANSPORT FOR NSW
applications use automatic dead end anchorage type MPA
as detailed on previous page.

Swaged End Anchorage MSS

The anchorage MSS comprises of swaged strands that bear on

a 15mm thick steel plate. These anchorages are embedded in
the structure and so take advantage of the bond between the
strand and concrete, and have the added strength of a swaged
strand supported by the bearing plate.
A
Pease note for approved TRANSPORT FOR NSW applications
use automatic dead end anchorage type MPA as detailed on
previous page.

D
B

Strand Type Tendon Type A B C D E F G

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

4 160 160 115 600 220 220 1250

7 240 240 115 600 340 220 1250

12 260 260 115 750 340 280 1500

(0.6”) 19 360 300 115 900 460 340 1500

15.2mm 22 360 300 115 900 580 340 1500

31 450 400 115 1.050 700 400 1500

35 450 400 115 1.050 700 400 1500

43 500 400 115 1.200 700 540 1500

12
 MULTI-STRAND SYSTEM

Intermediate Anchor MZE

This MZE Block Anchor consists of an anchorage plate with opposing wedges and serves as both a coupler and a stressing point
to which the jack can be applied.

Due to the unique geometry this connector/coupler can be used in applications where another type of coupler will not fit, or in
situations where clients wish to minimise the requirement for buttress style terminations. The MZE anchorages are primarily used
for the tensioning of circular structures such as tanks and silos and stressing is carried out using a specially designed mono-strand
or multi-strand jack.

Strand Type Tendon Type A B C D F* G* H

mm mm mm mm mm mm

6-2 140 70 90 65 450 620 180

6-4 170 80 100 70 900 1180 210

(0.6”) 6-6 210 100 140 90 1000 1400 250

15.2mm 6-12 300 160 160 100 1350 1960 340

6-18 380 180 200 120 1450 2280 420

6-22 400 180 250 145 1500 2380 440

Note 1. * The values stated apply to surfaces which are not curved

13
 MULTI-STRAND DUCT DETAILS

Corrugated Steel Ducts

Post-tensioned tendons are encapsulated within concrete

in a duct which is usually manufactured in galvanized
corrugated steel, with a wall thickness between 0.3
mm and 0.5 mm. The ducts are normally supplied in 5-6
m lengths and are coupled on site. Ducts are injected
with cementitious grout after stressing to ensure the
tendon achieves adequate bond and corrosion protection
throughout the life of the structure.
HDPE and PP Ducts

For enhanced corrosion protection and fatigue resistance of

the tendons, the use of corrugated high strength polyethylene
(HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) products is highly recommended.

The diameters available are detailed in the table below. Due to the
nature of the product all HDPE and PP Ducts for post-tensioning
are imported thus ensure adequate lead times are considered.
Please contact our technical department for further information.

Strand Size Tendon Type Duct Size Corrugated Duct Size HDPE/PP Minimum Minimum Minimum Strand
Steel Steel Min Wall HDPE/PP Min Wall Radius of Straight Loop Tendon Eccentricity
(mm) Thickness (mm) Thickness Curvature Length Radius

Inside ø Outside ø (mm) Inside ø Outside ø (mm) (m) (m) (mm) (mm)
mm mm mm mm
4 51 56 0.3 48 59 2.0 3000 400 600 5

5 51 56 0.3 48 59 2.0 3000 400 600 4

7 62 67 0.3 59 73 2.0 3000 500 700 10

9 72 77 0.3 76 91 2.0 4000 500 700 9

12 85 90 0.3 85 100 2.5 4000 600 800 12

(0.6”) 15 90 95 0.3 95 111 3.0 4500 700 800 11

15.2mm 19 100 105 0.5 100 116 3.0 5000 750 900 11

24 110 115 0.5 109 126 3.0 5000 800 1100 15

27 120 125 0.5 115 135 3.5 6000 900 1200 16

31 120 125 0.5 127 150 4.0 6000 1000 1300 19

37 130 137 0.5 127 150 4.0 6500 1050 1400 19

43 140 147 0.5 145 168 4.0 6500 1150 1500 20

14
 MULTI-STRAND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS

Multi-Strand Stressing Minimum Edge Distance/Bursting Reinforcement

The centre spacing distance CD and edge distance ED between individual anchorages are shown in the table below. These
dimensions are dependent on the cover required for the structure. Note 1) details the alternative method for calculating the
minimum distances required for different concrete cover specifications.

The typical bursting reinforcement is in the form of a paired stirrup cage. This reinforcement is required in the local zone to resist
the bursting stresses. Additional stirrups will need to be assessed to aid the bursting spiral in reducing crack widths under various
loading conditions. The local bursting reinforcement is given in the working tables below.

Ribbed reinforcing steel grade Re > 500 MPa is specified for our multi-strand post-tensioning systems.

Note that the concrete section will still require a section check for the adequacy of the reinforcement required.

ED CD
c

d
p
p

CD

ED

ED CD

Tendon Type 406 506 706 906 1206 1506 1906 2406 2706 3106 3706

Number of Strands 4 5 7 9 12 15 19 24 27 31 37

Minimum concrete strength at time of stressing, cylinder

Minimum concrete strength in ** ** ** **

fcm, 0 25 45 25 45 25 45 25 45 25 45 25 45 25 45 25 25 25 25
Mpa 45 45 45 45

Anchorage centre spacing and minimum edge distance

Centre spacing CD 245 185 270 205 320 245 365 275 420 320 470 355 530 400 600 485 640 510 680 545 745 600

Edge Distance 1)
ED 145 115 155 125 180 145 205 160 230 180 255 200 285 220 320 265 340 275 360 295 395 320

Additional reinforcement - Pair of stirrups - ribbed reinforcing steel, Re > 500MPa

Number of pairs n 4 3 4 3 5 4 7 5 8 7 10 9 9 5 11 9 8 8 10 8 10 8

Diameter Ø 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 16 12 16 12 20 14 20 16 20 16

Outer dimensions c 225 165 250 185 300 225 345 255 400 300 450 335 510 380 580 465 620 490 660 525 725 580

Distance from concrete edge d 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

Spacing p 74 81 74 81 61 66 54 57 50 50 47 49 64 86 55 75 75 85 70 100 80 100

Dimensions in mm
1)
Values of edge distance are based on a concrete cover of 30mm. For different concrete covers the edge distance is calculated to ED = CD/2 + concrete cover - 10mm rounded up to the
nearest 5mm
** The 2406, 2706, 3106 & 3706 anchorage bursting reinforcement as detailed for the 25 Mpa concrete strength must be used for all concrete strengths >25 Mpa at
time of stressing for TRANSPORT FOR NSW approved projects

15
 MULTI-STRAND BLOCKOUT DIMENSIONS

Multi-Strand Blockout Dimensions

Attached below is our table showing the block-out dimensions and stressing-length of strands with the space requirements for
location of jacks used during multi-strand stressing operations.

Strand Tendon Type L1 L2 L3 L4 A LC

mm mm mm mm mm mm
4 800 1.750 170 410 220 120

5 800 1.650 200 450 220 120

7 800 1.650 200 450 250 131

9 850 1.700 240 580 270 130

12 850 1.700 240 580 310 150

(0.6”)
15 900 1.750 280 660 340 150
15.2mm
19 900 1.750 280 660 370 170

24 1.000 2.000 315 750 410 170

27 1.000 2000 340 800 450 180

31 1.000 2.000 340 800 450 190

37 1.000 2.050 370 850 500 200

16
 TENDON PROPERTIES

STRAND 0.6”

Tendon Strand ø15.2mm Grade to AS4672 Strand ø15.7mm Y 1860 S7 to EN10138-3 Duct Cement
Breaking Load Tens. Force Weight Section Breaking Load Tens. Force Weight Section Inside ø
Type Nº of Strands Fpk (kN) mm2 mm2 Kg/ml
(1) P0 (kN) Kg/m Fpk (kN) (2) P0 (kN) Kg/m mm
1-0.6” 1 261 222 1.122 143 279 246 1.172 150
300
2 522 444 2.244 286 558 492 2.344 2.6
450
4-0.6” 3 783 666 3.366 429 837 738 3.516 51 2.4
600
4 1.044 888 4.488 572 1.116 984 4.688 2.2

5-0.6” 5 1.305 1.110 5.61 715 1.395 1.230 5.86 750 51 2.0

6 1.566 1.332 6.732 858 1.674 1.476 7.032 900 3.2

7-0.6” 62
7 1.827 1.554 7.854 1.001 1.953 1.722 8.204 1.050 3.0

8 2.088 1.776 8.976 1.144 2.232 1.968 9.376 1.200 4.3

9-0.6” 72
9 2.349 1.998 10.098 1.287 2.511 2.214 10.548 1.350 4.1

10 2.610 2.220 11.22 1.430 2.790 2.460 11.72 1.500 6.2

12-0.6” 11 2.871 2.442 12.342 1.573 3.069 2.706 12.892 1.650 85 6.0
12 3.132 2.664 13.464 1.716 3.348 2.952 14.064 1.800 5.8

13 3.393 2.886 14.586 1.859 3.627 3.198 15.236 1.950 6.6

15-0.6” 14 3.654 3.108 15.708 2.002 3.906 3.444 16.408 2.100 90 6.4
15 3.915 3.330 16.83 2.145 4.185 3.690 17.58 2.250 6.2

16 4.176 3.552 17.952 2.288 4.464 3.936 18.752 2.400 8.2

17 4.437 3.774 19.074 2.431 4.743 4.182 19.924 2.550 8.0
19-0.6” 100
18 4.698 3.996 20.196 2.574 5.022 4.428 21.096 2.700 7.8
19 4.959 4.218 21.318 2.717 5.301 4.674 22.268 2.850 7.6

20 5.220 4.440 22.44 2.860 5.580 4.920 23.44 3.000 9.8

21 5.481 4.662 23.562 3.003 5.859 5.166 24.612 3.150 9.6
24-0.6” 22 5.742 4.884 24.684 3.146 6.138 5.412 25.784 3.300 110 9.4
23 6.003 5.106 25.806 3.289 6.417 5.658 26.956 3.450 9.2
24 6.264 5.328 26.928 3.432 6.696 5.904 28.128 3.600 9.0

25 6.525 5.550 28.05 3.575 6.975 6.150 29.3 3.750 11.4

27-0.6” 26 6.786 5.772 29.172 3.718 7.254 6.396 30.472 3.900 120 11.2
27 7.047 5.994 30.294 3.861 7.533 6.642 31.644 4.050 11.0

28 7.308 6.216 31.416 4.004 7.812 6.888 32.816 4.200 10.8

29 7.569 6.438 32.538 4.147 8.091 7.134 33.988 4.350 10.6
31-0.6” 120
30 7.830 6.660 33.66 4.290 8.370 7.380 35.16 4.500 10.4
31 8.091 6.882 34.782 4.433 8.649 7.626 36.332 4.650 10.2

32 8.352 7.104 35.904 4.576 8.928 7.872 37.504 4.800 12.8

33 8.613 7.326 37.026 4.719 9.207 8.118 38.676 4.950 12.6
34 8.874 7.548 38.148 4.862 9.486 8.364 39.848 5.100 12.4
37-0.6” 130
35 9.135 7.770 39.27 5.005 9.765 8.610 41.02 5.250 12.2
36 9.396 7.992 40.392 5.148 10.044 8.856 42.192 5.400 12.0
37 9.657 8.214 41.514 5.291 10.323 9.102 43.364 5.550 11.8

38 9.918 8.436 42.636 5.434 10.602 9.348 44.536 5.700 14.7

39 10.179 8.658 43.758 5.577 10.881 9.594 45.708 5.850 14.5
40 10.440 8.880 44.88 5.720 11.160 9.840 46.88 6.000 14.2
43-0.6” 140
41 10.701 9.102 46.002 5.863 11.439 10.086 48.052 6.150 14.0
42 10.962 9.324 47.124 6.006 11.718 10.332 49.224 6.300 13.8
43 11.223 9.546 48.246 6.149 11.997 10.578 50.396 6.450 13.5

(1) Po according toAS4672.1 [85%Fpk]

(2) Po according to Eurocode 2 [85%Fpk]
Notes: For compact strands options please contact with our technical department.

17
 HIGH TENSILE THREADED BARS

High Tensile Threaded Bars

Fortec stock a comprehensive range of high tensile
(UTS of 1080Mpa) threaded bars from 25mm to 50mm suitable for
a range of construction applications including:
• Post-tensioning
• Ground anchors
• Micro-piles
• Soil nails
• Tunnelling, and
• Formwork applications

Physical Parameters
Nominal Diameter (mm) 25 32 36 40 50
Sectional Area mm2 491 804 1018 1257 1964

Minimum Yield Strength (Mpa) 930 930 930 930 930

Minimum Tensile Strength (Mpa) 1080 1080 1080 1080 1080

Bar Yield Load (KN) 457 748 947 1169 1827

Ultimate Load (KN) 530 868 1099 1358 2121

Elongation A >(%) 6 6 6 6 6

Weight (kg/m) 4.1 6.65 8.41 10.34 16.28

Across the Flats (mm) 50 60 65 70 80

Flat Nuts
Height (mm) 60 72 72 100 110

Outside Diameter (mm) 60 70 75 90 105

Flat Washers
Thickness (mm) 5 5 5 5 5

Diameter (mm) 50 60 70 75 90
Coupler
Height (mm) 132 168 180 220 270

Size (mm) 100 x 100 125 x 125 140 x 140 160 x 160 200 x 200

End Plates Thickness - Standard (mm) 40 50 50 60 60

Hole Diameter (mm) 34 41 45 51 61

Recommended Duct ID (mm) 40 50 55 60 75

Ducts
Larger diameter ducts mat be required locally to accommodate couplers

18
 CALCULATION NOTES
POST-TENSIONING

CALCULATION NOTES

19
 CALCULATION NOTES

Introduction

For the design and application of post-tensioned tendons, consideration should be given to factors such as the following:

I Limitation of the prestressing force

II Loss of prestress
III Tendon elongation
IV Anchor block Requirement

The calculation methods that follow generally meet the requirements of the AS3600, EUROCODE 2 and the “Post-tensioning
Manual” of the PTI (Post-tensioning Institute).

These notes are of an information nature and it is important that the presiding standard in the country of use are checked independently
to ensure compliance.

Some paragraphs introduce notes referring to other standards, in this case the name of the standard is indicated.

I. Limitation of the Prestressing Force

Final Lock Off Force (After immediate Hydraulic and System losses)

Immediately after anchoring, the force in the post-tensioned tendon should not exceed the following values:

• EUROCODE 2 The minimum of the following values:

- 75% of the characteristic strength of the tendon
- 85% Yield strength (0,1% proof load)

• AS 3600-2009 - 80% of the characteristic strength of the tendon

Jacking force

The Jacking force is greater than the final lock off force and is restricted to the following stressing over the value of the maximum
initial prestress up to the following limits:

• EUROCODE 2 The minimum of the following values:

- 80% of the characteristic strength of the tendon
- 90% Yield strength (0,1% proof load)

• AS 3600-2009 - 85% of the characteristic strength of the tendon

These jacking force maximum values are only applied temporarily to the tendon prior to lock off of the anchorage. The force in the
tendon shall not exceed maximum final lock off after transfer from the jack to the anchorage.

20
 CALCULATION NOTES

II. Loss of Prestress

The initial post-tensioning force applied to the live anchorage (Po) is transmitted along the tendon,
but decreases as a consequence of instantaneous and long term losses.
The effective post-tensioning force (Px) at each tendon point can be deduced as follows:

where:
Px: is the post-tensioning force at a point located at x meters from the anchorage.
Po: is the stressing force at x = 0m.
Pi = instantaneous post-tensioning losses.
Pdif = long term post-tensioning losses.

In order to define with accuracy the value of Po, calibration curves for the equipment
(jacks and manometers) shall be provided.

For the instantaneous losses the following parameters have to be considered:

a) Friction of the duct with the tendon.
b) Draw in of the anchorage wedges.
c) Elastic deformation of the concrete.

For long term losses the following need to be considered:

d) Shrinkage of the concrete.
e) Creep of the concrete.
f ) Relaxation of the steel.

A. Instantaneous Losses

a) Friction Losses in the Duct

The losses due to friction are calculated in accordance with Coulomb formulae.

where:
= is the friction coefficient
= is the sum of angular change over distance .
= is the distance along the tendon from the point where the prestressing force is equal to
= is the wobble coefficient per metre

The friction coefficient depends on various factors such as the condition of the duct inner surface, the
condition of the strand external surface and the tendon layout.
The below table shows the recommended values for friction and wobble coefficients applicable.

FRICTION COEFFICIENT RECOMMENDED RANGE OF VALUES

μ k μ k
rad rad/m rad rad/m

Corrugated Metal Duct 0.2 0.005 0.17 - 0.19 0.004 - 0.008

Flat Metal Duct 0.2 0.008 0.16 - 0.24 0.006 - 0.010

Corrugated Plastic Duct 0.14 0.005 0.10 - 0.14 0.004 - 0.008

Smooth Plastic Duct 0.14 0.005 0.10 - 0.14 0.004 - 0.008

Greased and Sheathed Strand 0.06 0.009 0.05 - 0.07 0.009

21
 CALCULATION NOTES

b) Loss of Prestress at Transfer

A loss of prestress occurs when the load is transferred from the stressing jack to the anchorage of the tendon. This loss of prestress
during transfer is the result of a shortening of the tendon at transfer due to the draw in of the anchorage wedges and the
adjustment of the anchorage plate on the trumpet.

After stressing, the wedges are then firmly seated into the anchorage. The jack is then retracted thus transmitting the force of the
tendon to the anchorage plate.

As a result of this seating the wedge still penetrates into the anchorage several millimetres, until equilibrium of the tension
and deformation is achieved. The culmination of all these factors, results in a shortening of the tendon and therefore a loss of
prestressing force, and is referred to as “Wedge Draw In”. This can very between 4 to 7 mm.

Due to duct friction losses within the tendon the ‘Wedge Draw In” affects only certain portion of the tendon from a maximum loss
at the stressing anchorage till a nil loss at a length “1a” from the anchorage.

In the case of short tendons, special attention should be given to the effect of the losses due to the draw in of the wedges, since
tension losses due “Wedge Draw In” are far higher in this case.

la is calculated in an iterative process.

Where:
∏

= Length affected by the draw in of the wedge (m).

= Draw in of the wedge (4-7 mm) (in metres).
= Modulus of Elasticity of the prestressing steel (N/mm2).
= Area of prestressing tendons (mm2).

Losses due to draw in of the wedge (P2) are calculated as follows:

∏ ∏

c) Loss of Prestress due to Elastic Deformation of Concrete

During the stressing process, concrete suffers an immediate elastic shortening due to the compression force that is being introduced.
If all tendons of the concrete section are not stressed simultaneously, there is a progressive loss of prestress due to the shortening
of the tendons produced by the deformation of the concrete. Assuming that all tendons experience a uniform shortening and are
stressed one after the other in a unique operation, losses can be calculated with the following expression:

∏
v
v Xφ

22
 CALCULATION NOTES

Where:
σ cp: Concrete compressive stress at the level of the c.o.g. of the tendons due to the post-tensioning force and actuating forces
at the stressing moment.

∏ ∏ ∏ ∏ ∏ ∏ ε X π ε
X π

EX φ : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete at j days.

ε: Eccentricity of the tendon with reference to centre of gravity of the concrete section.
Ic: Second moment of area of the concrete section.
MX π : Maximum moment in the concrete section.
AX : Area of the concrete section.
v: Number of stressed tendons in the concrete section.
φ: Age at application of prestressing force.

B. Long Term Losses

These prestress losses occur as a result of concrete creep and shrinkage as well as strand steel relaxation.
Long term losses are calculated using the following formula:
ττ Xπ π X σ ττ π

∏δ X Ψπ
Ø
v
X X ξ
Where:

n: Ratio between modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete: Ep/Ec
φ (t,to): Creep coefficient at the time of tensioning the tendons.
σ cp: Concrete compressive stress at the level of the c.o.g. of the tendons due to the post-tensioning force, dead load and
superimposed dead load.
εcs: Strain due to shrinkage of the concrete.
Assumed as approximate value: εcs = 0.4 mm/m at time infinite.

σ pr: Stress due to the steel relaxation:

∏ ∏ ∏
π

: Relaxation value of prestressing steel at time infinite.

Assumed as approximate values: = 0,029 at 60% of GUTS
= 0,058 at 70% of GUTS
(GUTS – guaranteed ultimate tensile strength of prestressing steel)
yp = e: Distance between the centre of gravity of the concrete section and centre of gravity of the prestressing tendons.
x = 0,8: coefficient of concrete age.
Mcp: Moment due to dead load and superimposed dead load in the concrete section.

III. Tendon Elongation

Stressing operation of tendons is carried out in a controlled process where elongation and gauge pressures are measured at all
steps.

23
 CALCULATION NOTES

The final elongation of a tendon, obtained by in situ calculation, is compared to the

theoretical elongation value in order to check if the result is acceptable.
The elongation of a post-tensioned tendon is assumed to be linear and is calculated
with the use of the Hooke’s Law.

Where:
∆l: Tendon elongation.
l: Length of the tendon.
Figure 2
ε.l: Tendon strain per unit of length.
σ s: Prestressing steel tensile stress (σ s = P/Ap).

Due to the post-tensioning losses, the elongation is given as a function of the force
exerted on every section of the tendon.

Σ
ξ

The elongation is proportional to the area under the curve of the post-tensioning force
applied on the tendon (refer to figure 2).

∏ξ ξ

Where:
l: Length of the tendon.
Px: Prestressing force at section “x” (Jacking force minus friction losses).

If the tendon has two live end anchors, it can be post-tensioned from both ends and
Figure 3
thus the elongation of the tendon is now proportional to the area under the graph of
both post-tensioning forces applied at both ends of the tendon, i.e. proportional to
area A1+A2 (refer to figure 3).

IV. Anchor Block

The anchor block is defined as the highly stressed zone of concrete around the two
end points of a post-tensioned tendon. It extends from the tendon anchorage to that
section of the concrete at which linear distribution of stress is assumed to occur over
the whole cross section.

For the design of the anchor blocks it is convenient to consider and check two different
kinds of stresses and forces that are produced around the prestressing anchorage:

a) Bearing stresses.
b) Bursting tensile forces.

Checking the bearing stresses will help to determine if the type of anchorage that has
been chosen is valid and if the concrete compressive stress is acceptable.

Checking the bursting tensile forces will be necessary to evaluate the required
anchorage bursting reinforcement.

24
 CALCULATION NOTES

A. Bearing Stresses Anchorage Anchorage

Type Bearing Area
The force that is transmitted through the bearing zone of the anchorage to the end block produces 0,6”
cm2
(15 mm)
a high concrete compressive strength that can be evaluated as follows:
4/0,6” 328

5/0,6” 328
Where:
P: Force applied on the anchorage. 7/0,6” 454
Ab: Bearing area of the anchorage.

9/0,6” 582
The bearing area for the different trumpets of the MK4 system anchors is as listed in the following
table.
The compression tension in the bearing zone of the anchorage should be checked at two different 12/0,6” 778
stages:
15/0,6” 981
• At transfer load (Jacking force)

X
∏ 19/0,6” 1.218

Po: Maximum Jacking force applied to the anchorage at stressing. 24/0,6” 1.561
Ab: Bearing area of the anchorage.
σ co: Concrete compressive stress at transfer load. 27/0,6” 2.050
σ co should not exceed the lowest of the following two values of cpo (permissible
compressive concrete stress at transfer load).
31/0,6” 2.050

X X π ØX
37/0,6” 2.487

43/0,6” 2.822
X X π ØX

Where:
fci: Concrete compressive strength at the time of stressing.
A’b: Area of the anchor block - Maximum area of concrete concentric with the
anchorage and limited by the concrete borders of the section or another anchor block.

• At service load

∏
X σ

σ cs: Concrete compressive stress at service load.

Ps: Prestressing force of the post-tensioned tendon at service.

Service load can be calculated deducting all type of prestress losses from the initial force at the
anchorage zone.

Assumed Service load: 80% of the jacking force.

σ cs should not exceed the lowest of the two following values of σ cps (permissible
compressive concrete stress at transfer load).

25
 CALCULATION NOTES

X σ σ
Xπ Ø

X σ Xπ σ ØX

Where:
fc: Characteristic concrete compressive strength.

B. Bursting Tensile Forces

In the anchor block some severe transversal tensile forces appear that should be
absorbed by steel reinforcement. These bursting tensile forces are produced from the
curvature of the force line and are originated at the bearing zone of the anchorage
where the force lines divert until they reach a uniform distribution.

Figure 6 shows the distribution of stresses due to the bursting tensile force, perpendicular
to the centre line of the tendon.

To determine the value of the bursting tensile forces the following formula can be used.
Figure 6

Ø Ø ξ ∏
δ

Where:
Z: Total bursting tensile force.
fs: Design strength for the bursting reinforcement.
Assumed design strength:
400 MPa* (for 500 MPa Yield load Steel).
As: Area of steel required for the bursting reinforcement.
Po: Maximum jacking force at stressing.
Ω : Shape factor.
Assumed shape factors:
Ω = 1 for anchors with a unique bearing plate without ribs.
Ω = 0,93 for MK4 anchors with ribs.

*Note: Besides limiting the design strength for the bursting reinforcement to a
maximum of 80% of the yield load, it is also convenient to limit the stress to a value
corresponding to a steel strain of 0.002. This last limit has to be reduced to a steel strain
of 0.001 on areas where the concrete cover is less than 50 mm.

Anchorage bursting reinforcement for the MK4-MSA anchors is listed in the following
table. To prepare the table, the following assumptions have been made:
Prestressing force = 85% of the characteristic strength of the tendon.
Ratio between anchorage upper plate side and anchor block side (a1/d) = 0.5.
Concrete compressive strength: 28 MPa (Cylindrical test sample).

Please note for TRANSPORT FOR NSW approved projects use the bursting reinforcement
as detailed on Page 15 of this brochure.

26
 CALCULATION NOTES

Anchorages Trumpet a1 D L P øC CIR. ø

15 mm mm mm mm mm mm units mm
4/0.6” T-4 170 155 240 80 210 4 12

5/0.6” T-5 170 155 240 60 210 5 12

7/0.6” T-5 194 150 280 70 260 5 14

9/0.6” T-6 220 175 325 65 310 6 14

12/0.6” T-7 254 200 375 75 350 6 16

15/0.6” T-8 282 235 420 60 400 8 16

19/0.6” T-19 314 230 450 90 440 6 20

24/0.6” TR-24 356 520 500 125 500 5 25

27/0.6” TR-31 395 570 575 115 560 6 25

31/0.6” TR-31 395 570 570 95 560 7 25

37/0.6” TR-37 444 670 630 90 620 8 25

43/0.6” TR-43 490 1.100 720 80 680 10 25

Note: a1/d = 0,5 Concrete compressive strength = 28MPa

If the value of a1/d is not equal to 0.5 and the concrete compressive strength is different to 28MPa, the bursting reinforcement
listed on the table does not apply and a new bursting reinforcement for the anchorage should be calculated.

Note: Changes may be made to the information contained in this brochure at any time as new techniques and/or materials are
developed.

27
FORTEC AUSTRALIA
ABN 77 603 299 958

HEAD OFFICE BRISBANE New South Wales

108 Motivation Drive Unit 6/15 Motorway Circuit Level 5, 35 Saunders Street
Wangara WA 6065 Ormeau QLD 4208 Pyrmont NSW 2009
T 08 6102 6870 T 07 3106 4220 T 02 8877 2988
[email protected]

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