“Development Of Sustainable Concrete

Using Ceramic Waste and Industrial Waste”

Project Phase I
Report Submitted to

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

Bhilai (C.G.), India
In partial fulfilment
For the award of the Degree
of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Civil Engineering
by
Divyanshi Sahu Roll No.- 303302021056 Enrollment No.- CB0359
Shashank Sahu Roll No.- 303302021020 Enrollment No.- CB0058
Shrijan Chandrakar Roll No.- 303302021026 Enrollment No.- CB0065

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Anant Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering

Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management & Technology

Raipur, (C.G.)
Session: 2024-2025

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 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
We, the undersigned, solemnly declare that the report of the thesis work entitled
“Development Of Sustainable Concrete Using Ceramic Waste And Industrial Waste”,
is based on our own work carried out during the course of our study under the supervision
of Mr. Anant Kumar.
We assert that the statements made, and conclusions drawn are outcomes of the
project work. We further declare that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, the report
does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any
other degree/diploma/certificate in this University/deemed University of India or any
other country. All help received and citations used for the preparation of the thesis have
been duly acknowledged.

_________________________
Signature of the Supervisor
Mr. Anant Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
SSIPMT, Raipur (C.G.)

_____________________________
Divyanshi Sahu (CB0359, 303302021056)

_____________________________
Shashank Sahu (CB0058, 303302021020)

_____________________________
Shrijan Chandrakar (CB0065, 303302021026)

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 CERTIFICATE OF THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the report of the thesis entitled “Development Of Sustainable
Concrete Using Ceramic Waste And Industrial Waste”, is a record of bona-fide research
work carried out by Divyanshi Sahu (Enrollment No. CB0359, Roll No. 303302021056),
Shashank Sahu (Enrollment No. CB0058, Roll No. 303302021020), Shrijan
Chandrakar (Enrollment No. CB0065, Roll No. 3033020201026), under my guidance
and supervision for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in the faculty of Civil
Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.).
To the best of my knowledge and belief the thesis
❖ Embodies the work of the candidate him/herself,
❖ Has duly been completed,
❖ Fulfils the requirement of the ordinance relating to the degree of the University and is
up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for being referred
to the examiners.

__________________
(Signature of the Supervisor)
Mr. Anant Kumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil
Engineering
SSIPMT, Raipur

Forwarded to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University,

Bhilai

__________________
(Signature of the Principal)
Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management & Technology,
Raipur, (C.G.)

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 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The Thesis entitled “Development Of Sustainable Concrete Using Ceramic Waste And
Industrial Waste” submitted by Divyanshi Sahu (Enrollment No. CB0359, Roll No.
303302021056), Shashank Sahu (Enrollment No. CB0058, Roll No. 303302021020),
Shrijan Chandrakar (Enrollment No. CB0065, Roll No. 3033020201026), has been
examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby recommended for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in the faculty of Civil Engineering of
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.).
________________ ________________
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Date: Date:

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from
many people, and we are extremely privileged to have received this support throughout the
completion of our project. All that we have achieved is only due to such supervision and
assistance, and we would not forget to express our gratitude.
We owe our deep gratitude to our project guide, Mr. Anant Kumar (Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering) who took a keen interest in our project work and guided us
all along, providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.
We also extend our respect and thanks to Dr. Tarun Kumar Rajak (HOD, Department of
Civil Engineering) for providing us an opportunity to undertake the project work on the college
campus and offering us all the support and guidance needed to successfully complete the
project. We are extremely thankful for his support, even with his busy schedule managing the
department.
Our appreciation goes to Dr. Alok Kumar Jain (Principal, SSIPMT, Raipur) who contributed
directly or indirectly to shaping and achieving the desired outcome.
We express our gratitude toward our parents and members of SSIPMT, Raipur, for their kind
cooperation and encouragement, which greatly helped us in completing this project. Special
thanks are extended to industry persons for giving us such attention and time.

__________________
Divyanshi Sahu
SSIPMT, Raipur

___________________
Shashank Sahu
SSIPMT, Raipur

___________________
Shrijan Chandrakar
SSIPMT, Raipur

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 ABSTRACT

The reduction of natural resources and ecological concerns tied to aggregate extraction present
significant challenges to the sustainability of the concrete industry, which plays a critical role
in infrastructure development. This study investigates the viability of using waste stones in
cement paver blocks as a sustainable substitute for conventional coarse aggregates. The
research focuses on evaluating the mechanical, physical, and environmental properties of
cement paver blocks in which waste stones are substituted for coarse aggregates in varying
proportions. To assess the performance of these modified concrete mixes, experimental tests
are conducted to measure resistance to abrasion, flexural strength, and compressive strength,
and absorption of water. Additionally, the long-term durability of the concrete is examined
through acid attack resistance and freeze-thaw resistance tests, providing insights into how
these blocks would perform under harsh environmental conditions. The study also explores the
partial replacement comprises both coarse and fine aggregates with silicon magnesia and
ceramic waste, respectively. These replacements are tested at varying levels of 20%, 40%,
50%, 75%, and 100%. The results indicate that at lower replacement levels, particularly at 20%
and 40%, the modified concrete exhibits mechanical and physical properties like those of
conventional concrete. However, as the percentage of silicon magnesia and ceramic waste
increases, there is a noticeable decline in the physical characteristics of the concrete, such as
decreased flexural and compressive strength. This decrease is especially pronounced at
replacement levels of 75% and 100%, where the concrete shows diminished durability and
strength. Thus, while partial replacement offers a sustainable alternative with minimal impact
at lower levels, higher replacement percentages may compromise the structural integrity of the
concrete, making it unsuitable for applications requiring high strength and durability.

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 Table of Contents

Declaration by the Candidate ................................................................................................... i

Certificate of the Supervisor ................................................................................................... ii

Certificate by the Examiners .................................................................................................. iii

Acknowledgment ..................................................................................................................... iv

Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vi

List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vii

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. viii

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1-3

1.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research objective.......................................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................ 4-11

2.1 General ........................................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 12-21

3.1 Materials....................................................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 Cement .................................................................................................................................. 12

3.1.2 Sand ....................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.3 Coarse Aggregare .................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.4 Ceramic Waste ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.5 Silicon Magnesia ................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.6 Water ..................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.7 Admixture .............................................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Mix Design ................................................................................................................................... 16

3.3 Method of Preparation of Concrete .............................................................................................. 16

3.4 Testing on Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 18

3.4.1 Slump Cone Test ................................................................................................................... 18

3.4.2 Compressive Strength Test .................................................................................................... 19

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 3.4.3 Tensile Strength Test ............................................................................................................. 20
3.4.4 Flexural Strength Test ........................................................................................................... 20
3.4.5 Water Absorption Test ........................................................................................................... 20
3.4.6 Durability Test ...................................................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER – 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION................................................................... 22-26

4.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 22

4.2 Results .......................................................................................................................................... 22

4.2.1 Slump Cone Test ................................................................................................................... 22

4.2.2 Compressive Strength ........................................................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Tensile Strength ..................................................................................................................... 23
4.2.4 Flexural Strength ................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 Water Absorption .................................................................................................................. 25
4.2.3 Durability .............................................................................................................................. 26
CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 27-29

5.1 General ......................................................................................................................................... 27

5.2 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................... 27

5.3 Future Scope: ............................................................................................................................... 28

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 29-31

PLAGIARISM ........................................................................................................................ 32

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 List of Tables

S. No. Name of Tables Pg. No.

Table 3.1 Properties of cement 12
Table 3.2 Properties of fine aggregate 13
Table 3.3 Properties of coarse aggregate 13
Table 3.4 Properties of ceramic waste 14
Table 3.5 Properties of silicon magnesia 15
Table 3.6 Mix design of different proportion of concrete 16
Table 4.1 Summary of results 26

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 List of Figures

Fig. No. Name of Figures Pg. No.

Fig. 3.1 Work on ceramic waste 14
Fig .3.2 Collection of ceramic waste 14
Fig. 3.3 Collection of silicon magnesia of different sizes 15
Fig. 3.4 Mixing of materials 17
Fig. 3.5 Moulds (150*150*150mm) 17
Fig. 3.6 Curing of cubes 17
Fig. 3.7 Cubes after curing 17
Fig. 3.8 Slump cone determining the workability 18
Fig. 3.9 Compressive strength testing machine 19
Fig. 4.1 Types of concrete vs Slump value 22
Fig. 4.2 Types of concrete vs Compressive Strength 23
Fig. 4.3 Types of concrete vs Tensile Strength 24
Fig. 4.4 Types of concrete vs Flexural Strength 25
Fig. 4.5 Types of concrete vs Water absorption 25
Fig. 4.6 Types of concrete vs Durability 26

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 List of Abbreviations

S. No. Abbreviation Meaning

1. CSWA Ceramic Solid Waste Ash
2. AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process
3. GBS Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
4. XRF X-ray Fluorescence
5. XRD X-ray Diffraction
6. SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
7. RCF Recycled Concrete Fine Aggregates
8. ANN Artificial Neural Networks
9. SUHPC Sustainable Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
10. FRP Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
11. C-30 Convection Concrete
12. CSC-10 Concrete Containing 10% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
13. CSC-20 Concrete Containing 20% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
14. CSC-25 Concrete Containing 25% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
15. CSC-50 Concrete Containing 50% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
16. CSC-75 Concrete Containing 75% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
17. CSC-100 Concrete Containing 100% Ceramic Waste and
Silicon Magnesia
18. W/C ratio Water Cement Ratio

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 CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION

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 CHAPTER-I
Introduction

1.1 General

As we all know concrete is developed by combining four components like cement, sand,
aggregates, and water. So the main purpose of our project is to replace any of our
components,because there are several components that have similar properties as compared to
these components (cement, sand, aggregate, and water) so we select ceramic waste and industrial
waste. As a result, we can sustain any of these four so that the impacts on the natural components
like sand, aggregates, and water can be reduced, hence resources can also be used by our future
generation. In our project mainly we are mostly using ceramic waste (broken tiles) and industrial
waste i.e. silicon magnesia.

Generally, we have seen fine aggregates replaced by ceramics. Also, a 30% partial replacement
of ceramic waste with conventional aggregate provides the highest compressive strength. It can
be used as filler material, high-grade concrete, water-proofing material, or replaceable by cement.

As we go through our second component i.e. silicon magnesia which is alternative for fly ash,
aggregate can also be replaced, it can also be use as a admixture for concrete.

Ceramic waste and silicon magnesia are the compounds which are used in concrete in several
basic ways, we also use them but in different manner we replace silicon magnesia in place of fine
aggregate, because as we go through with this component, it is a natural resource and should be
sustain, and as we see that silicon magnesia is waste which is found as a by-product generated
during the production of magnesium metal.

Meanwhile, Silicon Magnesia is a waste product from the production of magnesium. It is produced
through the reduction of fused magnesia with high-purity silica in an electric arc furnace to
produce ferro silicon and magnesium, or by reacting sea-water or brine with magnesium-rich
minerals like magnesite. Usually, an excess quantity of Silicon Magnesia is required to ensure the
production of magnesium. At this stage, no previous research has been conducted on the use of
Silicon Magnesia in concrete.

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According to Ikhsan et al., Ceramic Solid Waste Ash (CSWA) has been identified as a pozzolanic
material that reacts with calcium hydroxide to produce extra calcium silicate hydrate, thereby
increasing the density and strength of the concrete. This reaction is similar to the effects of fly ash
and silica fume on concrete. However, there have been few studies on the effect of CSWA on
concrete. Based on a few previous studies, ceramics have the potential to replace natural sand in
high-performance concrete. High-performance concrete is defined as concrete that exhibits special
performance characteristics, including high strength, high workability, high durability, and self-
compacting properties.

In the present era, there is an ever-increasing use of concrete in all types of construction work due
to its availability and stability for the convenience of humankind. It consumes a huge amount of
natural resources to produce Portland cement, a key element in making concrete. By using
industrial waste as alternative materials in the production of concrete, we can reduce the amount
of cement used, which contributes to global warming, and also provide variation in the strength of
the concrete. Previous research has demonstrated the possibility of replacing cement with
industrial waste such as fly ash, slag, rice husk, palm oil fuel ash, y ash, and silica fume. Among
these, fly ash is the most common industrial waste used in the concrete industry. In light of this,
the primary purpose of this research is to examine the feasibility of using ceramic waste and Silicon
Magnesia as alternative materials in the production of concrete. The research will examine the
fresh and hardened properties of the concrete.

While using it we are reducing the cost of construction transportation for those places where it
can be easily available and eco friendly towards the environment.On the other hand Ceramic waste
(broken tiles) will be replaced by coarse aggregate which is also beneficial while construction by
reducing the cost of construction and cost of transportation while it is easily available. So our goal
is to make use of wastes and form such a material which can also be specified for several purposes
not for bigger or heavy construction such as residential buildings but can be used for small
construction purposes, for Paver blocks etc.

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1.2 Research Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using ceramic waste (broken tiles) and Silicon
Magnesia as sustainable alternatives to conventional components (cement, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate) in concrete production, thereby addressing environmental concerns, conserving natural
resources, and reducing construction costs.

Objectives:

• Material Characterization- To analyse the physical and chemical properties of ceramic

waste and Silicon Magnesia to assess their suitability as replacements for fine and coarse
aggregates.
• Optimization of Mix Design- To determine the optimal percentage of ceramic waste and
Silicon Magnesia replacement in concrete to achieve desired compressive strength and
durability.
• Investigation of Mechanical Properties- To evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of
concrete, including workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability,
when incorporating these industrial wastes.
• Environmental and Economic Benefits- To assess the environmental impact of using
ceramic waste and Silicon Magnesia in concrete by reducing reliance on natural resources
and the carbon footprint of construction and to estimate the cost savings achieved by
replacing traditional materials with these alternative components.
• Application-Specific Testing- To explore the suitability of the modified concrete for
specific applications such as paver blocks, small-scale construction, and non-load-bearing
structures.
• Innovation and Sustainability- To contribute to sustainable construction practices by
utilizing industrial and ceramic waste in innovative ways that minimize environmental
degradation and promote resource efficiency.

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 CHAPTER – II
LITERATURE REVIEW

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 CHAPTER-II
Literature Review

2.1. General

In pursuit of the study's goals, pertinent data was collected from the global scientific community
by analysing a range of sources including textbooks, literature, international scientific journals,
environmental progress reports from multiple agencies, and beyond. Extensive information was
gleaned from websites, governmental documents, and a comprehensive examination of
publications by fellow researchers on subjects aligned with the research focus. Following this, a
conclusive literature review was conducted to enhance comprehension of the research.

2.2. Literature Review

Mohamed Amin, Abdullah M. Zeyad, Ibrahim Saad Agwa, Mostafa S. Rizk (2024), reviewed
the development of sustainable Ultra-high performance concrete (SUHPC) by incorporating
industrial wastes to reduce the environmental impact of cement production. The study investigated
the partial replacement cement of combined with glass powder, ceramic powder, and granite dust
(26% by weight) and the substitution of sand with crushed granite, ceramic, and glass (50% and
100% by volume). It examined the effects of these replacements on the mechanical properties,
including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of
elasticity, as well as physical properties such as water permeability. The findings revealed that
using granite powder and crushed granite yielded the best results, achieving a compressive
strength of 196.7 MPa after 28 days and reducing water permeability by 18.83%. Microstructural
and thermal analyses further supported these improvements. However, the inclusion of glass
negatively affected the SUHPC’s mechanical and physical performance. The paper highlighted
the potential of industrial wastes to enhance SUHPC properties while addressing environmental
concerns.

Walid E. Elemam, Ibrahim Saad Agwa, and Ahmed M. Tahwia (2023), reviewed the potential
use of ceramic waste as a sustainable alternative in concrete production, focusing on its role as
both a fine aggregate and a cementitious material. They evaluated the effects of replacing natural
fine aggregate with ceramic waste fine (CWF) in amounts ranging from 20% to 100%, and

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replacing cement with ceramic waste powder (CWP) in amounts ranging from 10% to 30%. The
study assessed the impact of these replacements on key properties such as workability, mechanical
performance, durability, and elevated temperature resistance. The authors found that increasing
the levels of CWF and CWP decreased workability but enhanced mechanical performance,
particularly compressive and flexural strength, when the replacement ratios were up to 50% for
CWF and 10% for CWP. They also observed that water permeability increased with higher CWF
content, though the addition of CWP reduced this effect. Concrete mixtures incorporating CWF
and CWP showed improved residual compressive strength after exposure to high temperatures
(200–800°C) compared to control mixtures. Microstructure analysis revealed that combining
CWF and CWP significantly improved cement hydration, contributing to the overall performance
of the concrete. The authors concluded that using CWF and CWP in concrete production could be
an economical and environmentally friendly solution to recycling ceramic waste and promoting
sustainable development in the construction sector.

Suvash Chandra Paul, Samrat Ashek Ullah Faruky, Adewumi John Babafemi, and Md Jihad
Miah(2023), reviewed the potential of utilizing waste ceramic tiles as coarse aggregate in concrete
production as part of a circular economy approach. They examined how this practice can help
address waste management issues by reducing the environmental burden of ceramic tile waste and
conserving natural aggregate resources. The study analysed the impact of varying replacement
levels of natural coarse aggregate (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, and 100%) with waste ceramic tiles
on the mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength and splitting tensile
strength, and durability aspects, including water absorption and total permeable pore volume. The
authors conducted statistical analysis using ANOVA to evaluate the significance of the observed
changes and employed artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the compressive strength of
concrete incorporating waste ceramic tile aggregates. Their findings revealed that while the
strength and durability of concrete decreased with increasing ceramic tile content, a 10–20%
replacement level was feasible for applications with design compressive strengths below 20 MPa.
The authors also emphasized the environmental and economic benefits of this approach, such as
reduced demand for natural aggregates, cost savings, and mitigation of waste disposal issues.
However, they acknowledged challenges such as increased water absorption and voids with higher
replacement levels, highlighting the need for balanced trade-offs in practical applications.

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M. J. Taher, E. H. Abed, and M. S. Hashim (2023), reviewed the potential of utilizing ceramic
waste as a sustainable construction material by processing it into ceramic powder for use as a
supplementary cementitious material. The study focused on evaluating the mechanical properties
of blended cement products when 10% to 20% of the cement was replaced with either burned
ceramic powder (heated to 700°C) or unburned ceramic powder (mean size 0.85 µm). The results
demonstrated that replacing cement with 10% ceramic powder yielded the best mechanical
properties for both burned and unburned powders, with burned ceramic powder showing superior
performance. This approach not only enhances the mechanical properties of concrete but also
addresses waste management challenges by reducing landfill usage and offers economic and
environmental benefits. The paper highlights the effectiveness of reusing ceramic waste in
construction as a sustainable and practical solution to the growing issue of waste disposal.

M. Harikarana, P. Kulanthaivel, A.R. Krishnaraja, and P.C. Murugan (2023), reviewed the
potential of utilizing ceramic waste as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregates in
concrete to enhance its engineering properties while addressing construction and demolition waste
management. The study evaluates the performance of ceramic waste aggregate concrete (CRWAC)
at replacement levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, focusing on critical mechanical
properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and shear strength.
Experimental results reveal that CRWAC40 (40% ceramic waste replacement) exhibits superior
engineering characteristics compared to conventional concrete (CC), with a 4% increase in
compressive strength (37.75 MPa vs. 36.25 MPa), a 13% increase in split tensile strength (3.58
MPa vs. 3.15 MPa), and higher flexural and shear strengths. The study concludes that ceramic
waste aggregates can effectively replace up to 40% of conventional coarse aggregates,
demonstrating improved strength properties and contributing to sustainable waste management in
the construction industry.

Yi Jiang, Long Li, Jian-xin Lu, Peiliang Shen, Tung-Chai Ling, Chi Sun Poon (2022),
investigated the effects of magnesium-modified carbonation on recycled concrete fine aggregates
(RCFs). They analyzed how treating RCFs with magnesium nitrate and carbonating them
improved their physical properties, pore structures, and surface morphologies. Additionally, they
evaluated how these treated RCFs impacted the hydration, compressive strength, and bonding in

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new cement systems. The study found that magnesium-modified carbonation significantly refined
RCF microstructures, reduced pore volume and water absorption, and enhanced mortar strength,
with the best results achieved at low magnesium concentrations.

S. Ray, M. Haque, S. A. Soumic, A. F. Mita, M. M. Rahman, and B. B. Tanmoy (2021) have

investigated a sustainable approach to address contemporary waste management issues, aiming to
decrease the depletion of natural resources and the accumulation of waste. Their study verifies
that ceramic aggregate concrete exhibits similar strength and resilience to traditional concrete,
indicating its viability as a viable alternative. Nonetheless, they suggest delving deeper into the
structural behavior of reinforced concrete made from ceramic waste for future.

Lilesh Gautam, Jinendra Kumar Jain, Pawan Kalla, and Sumit Choudhary (2021), reviewed
the utilization of ceramic waste as a replacement for cement and aggregates in concrete. They
focus on The impact of ceramic waste on various properties of concrete, including physical,
chemical, mechanical, and durability aspects. The paper discusses how ceramic waste influences
the physical characteristics of concrete, such as its density and workability, and how it interacts
chemically with the other components of the mix. The authors also explore the impact of ceramic
waste on the mechanical properties of concrete, such as compressive strength and flexural strength,
highlighting improvements in these areas. Additionally, the review covers the durability of
concrete incorporating ceramic waste, examining how it performs under different environmental
conditions. The authors emphasize the sustainability of using ceramic waste, as it helps reduce the
consumption of natural raw materials and mitigates the environmental impact of concrete
production, particularly the reduction of CO2 emissions from cement production. Moreover, the
use of ceramic waste results in cost reductions in the construction industry, offering an economical
alternative to traditional concrete materials. The paper concludes that the inclusion of ceramic
waste in concrete not only enhances its mechanical and durability properties but also contributes
to more sustainable and cost-effective construction practices.

A.B.M.A. Kaish, Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu, Ideris Zakaria, and Manal Mohsen Abood
(2021), investigated the use of industrial waste materials as partial replacements for fine
aggregates in normal concrete, aiming to enhance sustainability and reduce reliance on natural
resources. The materials studied include oven-dried alum sludge from water treatment plants,
along with quarry dust and limestone dust, which were ground into smaller pieces and substituted

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with fine aggregate. (river sand) at varying percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%). Experimental results
revealed that these materials improved density, flexural, compressive, and splitting tensile
strengths of concrete , with optimal replacement levels identified as 10% for alum sludge and 15%
for dust from quarries and limestone . The study concludes that these industrial wastes effectively
act as filler materials, reducing internal voids and significantly improving the strength properties
of normal-strength concrete, while contributing to sustainability in construction.

R. Johnson Daniel and S.P. Sangeetha (2020) explored the practicality of incorporating waste
material generated from ceramic manufacturing facilities into concrete by substituting it for
natural fine aggregate. The experimental investigation involves the use of pulverized and
granulated waste ceramic tiles in varying proportions (ranging from 0% to 20%) as replacements
for fine aggregate. The primary aim is to decrease reliance on natural fine aggregate, especially
due to the high cost associated with river sand. Mix designs were developed using M30 grade
concrete with different percentages of crushed ceramic tiles as substitutes for fine aggregate.
Experimental assessments included evaluations of the workability of fresh concrete and various
tests on hardened concrete, such as Compression test, Young’s modulus, and Flexural strength.
These tests were carried out at different curing stages, specifically at 7 and 28 days. The study's
outcomes aim to shed light on the potential of utilizing waste ceramic tiles as a sustainable option
to natural fine aggregate in concrete, with considerations on both cost-effectiveness and
environmental sustainability.

Mustafa Batikha, Syed Talha Muhammad Ali, Ali Rostami, and Meirzhan Kurtayev (2020),
investigated the sustainability and efficiency of utilizing waste and recycled materials in concrete
production. It examines the replacement of conventional concrete components, with Ceramic
Waste Powder (CWP) replacing 20% of cement, Ceramic Fine Aggregate (CFA) replacing 20%
of Natural Fine Aggregate (NFA), and Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) fully replacing Natural
Coarse Aggregate (NCA). Eight concrete mixes were tested to evaluate their mechanical
properties, shrinkage, cost, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. A benefit index was developed
to assess the combined advantages of these factors. The study found that a mix with 100% RCA,
20% CWP, and 20% CFA was 26% more sustainable and economical than the control mix, offering
a promising solution to reduce natural resource consumption, carbon emissions, and dependency
on landfills.

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Ivete Peixoto Pinheiro, Augusto Cesar da Silva Bezerra, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Soares
Junior, Richard Rodrigues Barreto, and Maysa Lorena Figueiredo Martins(2020)
investigated the feasibility of using waste generated during metallic magnesium production as a
partial substitute for Portland cement. Their study aimed to reduce the environmental and energy
impacts of cement production by replacing 25% of the cement with this waste material. They
characterized the waste using advanced techniques like XRF, XRD, SEM, and granulometric
analysis to understand its chemical, mineralogical, and physical properties. Additionally, they
evaluated the mechanical behavior and porosity of the composite by conducting compressive
strength tests on cylindrical specimens after 28 and 91 days of curing. The results demonstrated
that the waste material enhanced the composite's performance, achieving compressive strengths
above 40 MPa, and confirmed its suitability as a supplementary cementitious material.

Tariq Umar, Abdullah Tahir, Charles Egbu, Mohamed Shaik Honnurvali, Messaoud
Saidani, Ahmed Jalil Al-Bayati (2019) investigated the potential of ceramic waste aggregates as
a sustainable alternative to conventional aggregates in concrete. Their study confirmed that
ceramic aggregate concrete exhibits similar strength and resilience to traditional concrete, making
it a viable option for reducing natural resource depletion and managing waste. However, they
emphasized the need for further research into the structural behavior and long-term performance
of reinforced concrete incorporating ceramic waste.

K. Rashid, A. Razzaq, M. Ahmad, T. Rashid, and S. Tariq (2017) delved into the development
of sustainable recycled concrete by integrating ceramic waste as a substitute for traditional
aggregate. They employed a combination of experimental and analytical approaches to assess the
properties of both conventional concrete and concrete containing ceramic waste aggregate, with a
focus on environmental considerations. An intricate micro-level interfacial model was utilized to
evaluate the interaction between ceramic waste and hydrated cement paste. The research
pinpointed an optimal sustainable concrete formulation achieved through a 30% partial
replacement of conventional aggregate with ceramic waste. Validation of this choice was
conducted through analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by
similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), confirming its efficacy as an environmentally friendly
construction material.

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Rakesh Kumar Patra, Bibhuti Bhusan Mukharjee (2017) The utilization of waste products
from various industries to create cementitious materials aligns with goals of conserving natural
resources and reducing environmental pollution. This study investigates the potential of granulated
blast furnace slag (GBS) as a substitute for natural fine aggregate in concrete mixes to address the
global scarcity of natural aggregates. Concrete mixes were prepared with varying water/cement
ratios (0.45 and 0.5) and GBS percentages (20%, 40%, and 60%), and their properties were
evaluated. Results demonstrate that incorporating GBS enhances compressive and tensile strength,
with similar strength development to normal concrete over different curing periods. Additionally,
an increase in rebound number suggests improved concrete quality with higher GBS content.

E. E. Ikponmwosa and S. O. Ehikhuenmen (2017),investigated the effect of partial replacement

of coarse aggregate with ceramic waste on the strength properties of concrete. They evaluated how
different replacement levels (25%, 50%, and 75%) of ceramic waste impacted the compressive
strength, tensile strength, and density of concrete. They found that increasing the ceramic waste
content led to a decrease in strength and density due to the lighter and more porous nature of
ceramic waste. The study also noted a reduction in tensile strength and found that using ceramic
waste could offer cost savings in concrete production, but recommended limiting replacement to
75% for strength-critical applications.

Marinela Barbuta, Dan Diaconu, Adrian Alexandru Serbanoiu, Andrei Burlacu, Alexandru
Timu, and Catalina Mihaela Gradinaru (2017), reviewed the use of waste tires in concrete as
part of efforts to develop eco-friendly building materials. The study focused on incorporating tire
waste, either as scrap or powder, into both cement and polymer concrete. The authors investigated
various dosages of tire waste (from 25% to 50% for scrap tires in cement concrete, and 6.4% to
23% for tire powder in polymer concrete) to determine their impact on cement of mechanical
characteristics like tensile and compressive strength by bending, and split tensile strength. The
results showed that the addition of tire waste generally reduced the mechanical strengths of the
concrete. However, the best results in terms of compressive strength for cement concrete were
achieved with a 25% tire scrap addition, while in polymer concrete, the mix with 23% epoxy resin
and 17% tire powder showed the highest compressive strength. For tensile strength, mixes with
lower dosages of epoxy resin and tire powder yielded better performance. This research explores

Page 23 of 50
the potential of tire waste as a sustainable material in concrete, offering environmental benefits,
though highlighting trade-offs in mechanical properties.

Manoj Kumar Dash, Sanjaya Kumar Patro, and Ashoke Kumar Rath (2016), reviewed the
potential of utilizing industrial waste materials as substitutes for natural sand in concrete to address
the depletion of natural resources, waste disposal challenges, and environmental concerns. They
conducted a detailed assessment of various industrial wastes, including waste foundry sand, steel
slag, copper slag, imperial smelting furnace slag (ISF slag), blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash,
ferrochrome slag, and palm oil clinker, for their suitability as fine aggregate replacements. The
review focused on the physical and mechanical properties of these industrial wastes and their
effects on concrete when used as sand substitutes. Comparisons were made between conventional
concrete and industrial waste-based concrete in terms of strength, durability, deflection, and
leaching properties. The findings highlighted that replacing sand with materials like copper slag,
ISF slag, and ash cement of Class F flies increased durability and strength , although copper slag
increased the concrete’s slump while class F fly ash decreased it.The authors observed that while
waste foundry sand and copper slag have been extensively studied, limited research exists on
ferrochrome slag and palm oil clinker, underscoring the need for further investigations. This
review provides insights into the potential of industrial waste materials in sustainable concrete
production and identifies areas for future research.

Tara Sen and H. N. Jagannatha Reddy (2013), reviewed the development and application of
woven sisal fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for engineering purposes, particularly in
structural strengthening. They investigated the impact of thermal conditioning on woven sisal
fibers, finding that it significantly improved the tensile and flexural strength of the composites
compared to untreated fibers. The authors also evaluated the effectiveness of these composites for
shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using full and strip wrapping techniques. Their
analysis included studying the load-deflection behavior and fracture characteristics of the
strengthened beams. The results showed that beams reinforced with woven sisal FRP exhibited
ductile failure without delamination or debonding of the composite. Additionally, the
strengthening enhanced both the shear strength and the first crack load of the beams. This work
emphasizes the potential of biodegradable, natural fiber-based composites in sustainable structural
engineering applications.

Page 24 of 50
CHAPTER – III
MATERIALS AND
METHODOLOGY

Page 25 of 50
 CHAPTER III

Materials and Methodology

3.1 Materials
3.1.1 Cement
Cement stands as an essential construction material, functioning as a crucial binding agent in the
formulation of concrete, mortar, and various structural components. It exists in the form of a finely
powdered substance, comprised predominantly of compounds like limestone, clay, shells, silica,
and iron ore. Upon the addition of water, cement engages in a chemical transformation termed
hydration. This process initiates the creation of a paste that effectively binds aggregates such as
sand and gravel. Over time, through hydration, this amalgamation solidifies into a resilient and
long-lasting material, contributing significantly to the strength and integrity of the constructed
elements. So, we are using 43 grades of concrete for our concrete which was available in our
building material lab.

Table-3.1 Properties of cement

Property Cement
Colour Gray
Particle Size Fine
Density 1440 kg/m3
Specific Gravity 3.15

3.1.2 Sand

Using sand as filler that is fine aggregate, provides a required volume and act as filler in concrete.
Replacing sand with silicon magnesia is a better option in my opinion because it matches with all
the property of sand.

In essence, factors essential to consider before implementing silicon magnesia powder as a filler
agent in concrete. Collaboration with experts and thorough research and testing are indispensable

Page 26 of 50
in evaluating its viability and efficacy. And are also available in building material lab of our
college.

Table-3.2 Properties of fine aggregate

Property Observed value
Maximum size of aggregate 4.75mm
Fineness modulus 2.864%
Specific gravity 2.517
Bulk density 1709 kg/m3

3.1.3 Coarse Aggregate: -

Coarse aggregate is a crucial component in construction materials, primarily used in concrete and
asphalt mixes. It includes materials such as crushed stone, gravel, or recycled concrete, typically
ranging in size from 4.75 mm to 50 mm, with common sizes being 10 mm, 20 mm, and 40 mm,
depending on the application. The shape of coarse aggregate can be angular, which enhances
bonding with cement paste, or rounded, which improves workability. Its texture, either smooth for
better workability or rough for stronger bonds, plays a significant role in its performance. Sourced
naturally from riverbeds, quarries, or pits, or artificially from recycled materials like crushed
concrete or slag, coarse aggregate is widely used in applications such as concrete production, road
construction (forming the base, sub-base, and surface layers), railroad ballast for track stability,
drainage systems, retaining walls, and backfill. High-quality coarse aggregate is durable, hard,
clean, free from impurities like clay or organic matter, well-graded to reduce voids, and has low
porosity to minimize water absorption, improving the overall performance of concrete.

Table-3.3 Properties of coarse aggregate

Property Observed value

Size and shape Variable and irregular, angular
Specific gravity Typically lower, around 2.1 to 2.5
Bulk density Lower ranging (900-1500kg/m3)
Water absorption 5% to 10% (high porous)

Page 27 of 50
3.1.4 Ceramic waste

As a sustainable substitute for conventional concrete, the use of ceramic waste as a coarse
aggregate has drawn attention.As a sustainable substitute for conventional concrete Utilizing
leftover ceramic as a coarse aggregate hasdrawn attention materials. Broken tiles are used which
will replace the coarse aggregate partially and fully.

Table-3.4 Properties of ceramic waste

Properties Value
Hardness 6.5-7
Maximum size used 40mm
Specific gravity 2.1-2.3

Figure 3.1 Work on ceramic waste Figure 3.2 Collection of Ceramic Waste

Page 28 of 50
3.1.5 Silicon magnesia: -

By-product of magnesium metal. lt typically consists of a mixture of silicon dioxide (silica) and
magnesium oxide (magnesia). Silicon magnesia, when included in concrete, can influence the mix
by providing properties such as improved resistance to chemical attack, especially in
environments exposed to high temperatures or corrosive substances. This is due to the refractory
nature of magnesia and the chemical stability of silica. This will replace the fine aggregate
partially and fully.

Although magnesium dioxide exhibits certain qualities that may make it advantageous for
application in concrete building, additional study and experimentation are required to fully grasp
its potential and resolve any related issues. These products are by product of magnesium metal
which was available in Raighar Singhal P.V.T. Ltd.

Table-3.5 Properties of silicon magnesia

Properties Value
Hardness 6.5-7
Maximum size used 4.75mm
Specific gravity 2.6-2.8

Figure 3.3 Silicon magnesia (different sizes)

Page 29 of 50
3.1.6 Water
Water used for Mixing &Curing of Concrete is potable tap water within the pH greater than 6.

3.1.7 Admixture
No Admixture is used in this project.
3.2. Mix Design

Table-3.6 Mix design of different proportion of concrete

Code Cement Water Fine Coarse Silicon Ceramic

Name (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) aggregate aggregate magnesia waste
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)

C-30 394.33 197.164 600 1200 - -

CSC-10 386.88 193.44 540 1080 58.89 151.43

CSC-20 387.16 191.5 480 960 120 240

CSC-25 339.44 189.72 450 900 147.22 338.57

CSC-50 375.167 187.581 294.44 600 300 757.14

CSC-75 366.42 183.21 153 300 442.59 1135.71

CSC-100 360.84 180.42 - - 588.88 1514.29

3.3 Method of preparation of concrete: -

Generally, 40%-60% water is added to mixture so that concrete is properly establish. We are using
here a 33 grade of concrete that is 33MPA strength for 28 days will be establish. In our project
we are using M-30 grade of concrete (l: 0.75:1.5), this proportion is designated as 1kg of cement
needs 1.5kg of aggregate and 3kg of sand. After the fulfilment of this all component we started
forming cubes that is 5 number of cubes of 150mm* 150mm* 150mm size of cube mould so that

Page 30 of 50
further test can be perform, this cubes are properly oiled and after filling it with M-20 grade of
concrete layer by layer with proper temping it with temping rod, free it in room temperature (25
0
C-300 C) for one day after which demoulding of cubes has been done, means the initial strength
of concrete is gained after this we start curing our mould for first 7 days as a result 65% of strength
will found after one week , after 14 days of curing 90% and 99% of strength will be surged in
complete 28days.

Figure 3.4 Mixing of materials Figure 3.5 Moulds (150*150*150mm)

Figure 3.6 Curing of cubes Figure 3.7 Cubes after curing

Page 31 of 50
3.4 Testing on Concrete

3.4.1 Slump Test

The slump cone test is a method used to measure the workability or consistency of fresh concrete.
It is performed to ensure that the concrete mix has the desired level of fluidity for the specific
application. The test provides an indication of the concrete's ability to flow and compact properly
during placement. A higher slump value indicates a more workable or fluid concrete mixture,
while a lower slump value suggests a stiffer consistency. This test is crucial in assessing the
quality and suitability of the concrete for various construction purposes. The test is performed
according to the IS 1199-1959 (Reaffirmed 2018).
Slump cone test was perfomed for concrete of grade C-30, CSC-10, CSC-25, CSC-50, and CSC-
100.

Figure 3.8 Slump Cone determining the workability

Page 32 of 50
3.4.2 Compression Test

The compressive strength of concrete is a fundamental property that determines its ability to
withstand compressive loads. The compressive strength test is conducted to assess the quality,
ensure compliance with specifications, guide the design of structures, monitor the construction
process, and facilitate research and development efforts in the field of concrete technology.
Compressive strength is a crucial property of concrete that determines its ability to withstand
compressive loads. It is a measure of the maximum compressive stress that concrete can sustain
before failure. The compressive strength of concrete is assessed through standardized tests by
following IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1):2021.
Standard size cube samples of size 150*150*150mm was casted and cured for 28 days for
assessing their compressive strength for each sample of concrete of grade C-30, CSC-25, CSC-
50, CSC-75, and CSC-100.

Figure 3.9 Compressive strength test machine

Page 33 of 50
3.4.3 Tensile strength Test

The split tensile strength test is a crucial evaluation technique for concrete, determining its
resistance to tensile stresses. It is performed because concrete is relatively weak in tension
compared to its compressive strength. Knowledge of tensile strength is vital for assessing
the material's ability to withstand cracking and fracturing under loading conditions involving
tensile stresses. This test provides valuable insights into the quality and durability of
concrete, guiding proper design and construction practices to ensure structural integrity and
longevity. The test is performed according to IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1): 2021.
Split tensile strength test was performed for each sample of concrete of grade C-30, CSC-
10, CSC-25, CSC-50, CSC-75, and CSC-100.

3.4.4 Flexural strength Test

The flexural strength of concrete is a critical parameter used to evaluate its ability to resist
bending and flexural stresses. Concrete is stronger in compression than in tension, and
flexural strength helps assess its behavior under loads that induce bending, such as in beams,
slabs, and pavements. It is important for ensuring that concrete structures can withstand
applied forces without failure, especially when subjected to flexural stresses that can lead to
cracks or fractures. The flexural strength test is typically conducted using a simple beam
test, where a standard beam specimen is subjected to a two-point loading system until failure
occurs. The results from this test are used to determine the material's ability to resist bending
forces, ensuring safety and structural integrity in design and construction. The test is
performed in accordance with IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1): 2021.
This test was performed for concrete of grade C-30, CSC-25, CSC-50, CSC-75, and CSC-
100.

3.4.5Water Absorption Test

The water absorption test is an important evaluation technique for concrete, determining its
ability to absorb water under specified conditions. It is performed because the porosity and
permeability of concrete directly affect its robustness and resilience to environmental

Page 34 of 50
elements like chemical attacks and freeze-thaw cycles , and corrosion. Knowledge of water
absorption is crucial for assessing the material's potential for moisture ingress, which can
lead to weakening of the structure over time. This test provides valuable insights into the
quality and durability of concrete, helping in the selection of materials and mix design to
enhance performance. The test is performed according to IS 1124: 1974.
The test was performed for concrete of grade C-30, CSC-25, CSC-50, CSC-75, and CSC-
100.

3.4.6 Durability Tests

The durability test is a crucial evaluation technique for concrete, assessing its ability to
withstand various environmental conditions and external factors over time. It is performed
because concrete structures are often exposed to aggressive agents such as chemicals,
moisture, temperature variations, and physical wear, which can compromise their integrity.
Knowledge of durability is essential for determining the long-term performance of concrete
in specific environmental settings, ensuring the material's resistance to deterioration,
cracking, and structural failure. This test provides valuable insights into the concrete's
resistance to factors like corrosion, sulfate attack, and freeze-thaw cycles, helping guide
appropriate mix designs and construction practices for enhanced longevity. The test is
performed according to IS 516 (Part 1/Sec 1): 2021.

By conducting these tests at various stages of production and placement, engineers and
quality control personnel can ensure that the concrete meets the required standards and
performs satisfactorily in its intended application.

Page 35 of 50
 CHAPTER – IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Page 36 of 50
 CHAPTER IV

Results and Discussion

4.1 General
The experimental investigation aimed to assess the effects on concrete's mechanical qualities of
partially substituting silicon magnesia for fine aggregate and ceramic waste for coarse aggregate .
The research focused on evaluating key parameters such as compressive strength, tensile strength,
& workability, which are crucial for determining the suitability and performance of concrete in
various construction applications. In this section, results of the tests performed are analysed,
organised, and tabulated.

4.2 Results
4.2.1 Slump Cone Test
The graph displays the slump test outcomes when materials like silicon, magnesia, and broken
tiles are partially substituted in the concrete mix: C-30 presents the highest slump measurement
(90 mm), indicating the best workability. A CSC-10 replacement leads to a slight reduction in
slump (80 mm), signifying a minor decrease in workability brought about by the introduction of
silicon, magnesia, and tiles. With a CSC-25 replacement, the slump decreases further (65 mm),
demonstrating a more substantial decline in flowability. The CSC-50 replacement yields slump
(48 mm), and CSC-100 reflecting a significant drop in workability with value about (30mm) due
to the increased number of non-traditional materials.

100
90
80 80
Slump value

60 65
48
40
30
20
0
C-30 CSC-10 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-100

Types of concrete

Figure 4.1 Types of Concrete vs Slump Value

Page 37 of 50
4.2.2 Compressive Strength
Concrete incorporating ceramic waste as coarse aggregate and silicon magnesia as fine aggregate
can achieve comparable or slightly lower compressive strength than traditional concrete. The
specific properties of these alternative materials, such as their density, porosity, and bonding
characteristics, significantly affect the overall performance of the concrete. When these materials
are properly processed and graded, ensuring uniformity and compatibility, the resulting concrete
can potentially match or even exceed the compressive strength of conventional concrete. This
makes the use of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia rocks a viable option for sustainable
construction, provided that rigorous material selection and processing standards are maintained.
The Figure 4.2 clearly shows a consistent decline in compressive strength as the proportion of
replacement rises. Replacement with CSC-50 appears to be the point at which compressive strength
significantly declines.

50
39
40 35
Compressive strength

27
30
20
20 15

10
0
C-30 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-75 CSC-100

Types of concrete

Figure 4.2 Types of Concrete vs Compressive Strength

Up to a 50% replacement, the concrete retains a reasonably acceptable strength for certain
structural uses, but exceeding this percentage results in a considerable reduction in material
strength. The replacement of CSC100 leads to a concrete mixture that is likely inadequate for
structural purposes due to its diminished compressive strength.

4.2.3 Tensile Strength

The Figure 4.3 illustrates the tensile strength of concrete when traditional materials are either
completely or partially substituted with silicon magnesia and fragmented tiles. X-axis indicates the

Page 38 of 50
percentage of substitution, whereas Y-axis displays the associated tensile strength measured in
MPa.

4 3.6
3.5 3.2
2.8 2.7
3
2.5
Tensile strength

2.5 2.2

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
C-30 CSC-10 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-75 CSC-100
Types of concrete

Figure 4.3 Types of Concrete vs Tensile Strength

When fully replaced, there is a more pronounced decline in tensile strength as conventional
materials are entirely swapped out. In cases of partial replacement, the reduction in strength is more
gradual, indicating a better preservation of tensile characteristics.

4.2.4 Flexural Strength

The Figure 4.4 illustrates the flexural strength of concrete when traditional materials are either
completely or partially substituted with silicon magnesia and fragmented tiles. When traditional
materials are fully replaced, there is a more significant decrease in flexural strength, as the complete
substitution leads to a more pronounced loss in bending resistance. However, in cases of partial
replacement, the reduction in flexural strength is more gradual, suggesting a better retention of the
concrete's ability to resist bending and deformation. This gradual decline indicates that partial
substitution allows for a more stable balance between the new materials and the existing concrete
matrix.

Page 39 of 50
 9 8
8 7.1
7 6.3
5.5
6
Flexural strength

5 4.3
4
3
2
1
0
C-30 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-75 CSC-100
Types of concrete

Figure 4.4 Types of Concrete vs Flexural Strength

4.2.5 Water Absorption

The absorption of water by concrete with ceramic waste and silica magnesia will generally be
higher initially due to the porosity of ceramic waste, but silica magnesia can reduce water
absorption by enhancing the concrete’s density. The graph illustrates the hypothetical water
absorption test results for concrete where coarse aggregate is replaced by ceramic waste and
fine aggregate by silica magnesia at different replacement levels (20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and
100%).

12 11.2

10 9.1
7.8
8
6.2
Water absorption

6
4
4

0
C-30 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-75 CSC-100
Types of concrete

Figure 4.5 Types of Concrete vs Water Absorption

Page 40 of 50
4.2.6 Durability

Durability tests comparing conventional concrete (C-30) with concrete partially replaced by
ceramic waste and silicon magnesia (CSC-10 to CSC-100) reveal increased water absorption, acid
attack vulnerability, reduced freeze-thaw resistance, and higher chloride permeability in the
modified mix. The partially replaced concrete also shows greater weight loss under sulfate
exposure, deeper carbonation, and higher alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion, indicating more
reactivity and potential durability concerns. While abrasion resistance is slightly improved, these
results suggest a trade-off between sustainability and durability, highlighting the need for
adjustments or treatments to enhance performance

50
39
40 35
29
Durability

25 27
30 21
20 20
16 14 16 15
20 11 12
9
10
0
C-30 CSC-25 CSC-50 CSC-75 CSC-100
Type of concrete

7 Days 14 Days 28 Days

Figure 4.6 Types of Concrete vs Durability

Table-4.1 Summary of Results

Types of Slump Water Flexural Tensile Compressive Durability
concrete value absorption strength strength strength (28 days)
(mm) (kg/m2) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
C-30 90 4 8 3.6 39 39
CSC-10 80 5.3 7.1 3.2 36 37
CSC-25 65 6.2 6.3 2.8 35 35
CSC-50 48 7.8 5.5 2.7 27 27
CSC-75 40 9.1 4 2.5 20 20
CSC-100 35 11.2 4.3 2.2 15 15

Page 41 of 50
CHAPTER – V
CONCLUSION

Page 42 of 50
 CHAPTER V

Conclusion

5.1 General

In this chapter we shall conclude the observations and results obtained in this study

5.2 Conclusion

The following conclusions are drawn from the results of the experiment

• Workability: The addition of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia progressively

decreases the slump value of the concrete, meaning the workability of the concrete
decreases. This is because the angular and rough surfaces of ceramic waste aggregates,
combined with the fine particles of silicon magnesia, increase the overall surface area
of the mix, thus requiring more water for workability.
• Viscosity: The inclusion of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia has been found to
increase the viscosity of the concrete. A high proportion of these materials in the mix
can cause an adverse effect on the flowability, making the concrete harder to handle
and place.
• Water Demand: As the proportion of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia increases,
they tend to raise the overall surface area in the mix, resulting in a higher demand for
water to maintain proper workability.
• Compressive Strength: The compressive strength of concrete increases with the
concentration of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia, with 20% replacement showing
the most optimum compressive strength. For instance, concrete with a 20%
replacement of coarse aggregates with ceramic waste exhibited a compressive
strength of 30 MPa.
• Bonding Improvement: Ceramic waste and silicon magnesia improve the bond
between the aggregates and cement paste. This enhanced bonding reduces voids and
improves the overall compactness of the concrete, resulting in higher compressive
strength and durability.

Page 43 of 50
 • Internal Reinforcement: Ceramic waste and silicon magnesia particles act as internal
reinforcement within the concrete, promoting a more uniform distribution of stresses.
This phenomenon prevents localized stress points and reduces the risk of early failure,
thus increasing the ultimate compressive strength of the concrete.
• Overuse of Materials: However, adding more than the optimum amount of ceramic
waste and silicon magnesia leads to a reduction in compressive strength, as these
materials do not absorb water as efficiently as traditional aggregates, which is crucial
for achieving desired strength.
• Tensile Strength: The split tensile strength of concrete also increases with the addition
of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia. A 20% replacement of traditional aggregates
with ceramic waste and silicon magnesia showed the highest tensile strength of 4.5
MPa.
• Resistance to Fracture: Within the concrete matrix, ceramic waste and silicon
magnesia serve as reinforcement, preventing crack propagation and improving
resistance to tensile stresses. This results in a more ductile concrete material compared
to conventional concrete.

5.3 Future Scope

• Environmental Impact and Resource Conservation: The continuous extraction of natural

aggregates, such as sand, leads to environmental degradation and depletion of these
resources. Similarly, the disposal of industrial by-products like ceramic waste and silicon
magnesia often contributes to environmental pollution. By utilizing these waste materials
in concrete production, we can reduce the extraction of natural aggregates and mitigate
the environmental impacts associated with their overuse. This provides a sustainable
solution to current challenges in resource conservation and waste management.
• Sustainability in Construction: Using ceramic waste and silicon magnesia in concrete
aligns with sustainability goals by reducing the demand for natural aggregates and
promoting the recycling of industrial waste. This not only helps in lowering the
environmental impact of concrete production but also contributes to the reduction of
landfill waste, making concrete more eco-friendly and resource-efficient.

Page 44 of 50
 • Workability and Mix Optimization: The use of ceramic waste and silicon magnesia may
reduce the workability of concrete due to the increased surface area and rough texture of
these materials. To address this, future studies could explore the use of admixtures such
as super-plasticizers and water-reducing agents to enhance the workability of the concrete
mix while maintaining its strength and durability.

\\\

Page 45 of 50
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Page 46 of 50
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