Visvesvaraya Technological University Belagavi,

Karnataka-590018

A Mini Project Work Report

On
“DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT”
Submitted in Partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of
The degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Mr. Akshay R. Khot USN-2KD23CV404
Mr. Rohit M. Katti USN-2KD23CV413
Mr. Omkar S. Badiger USN-2KD23CV411
Mr. Shrinivas N. Reddy USN-2KD23CV416
Under the Guidance of
PROF. Shankargouda B. Patil

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

KLE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHIKODI 2024-2025
 K.L.E. Society’s

K.L.E College of Engineering and Technology

Chikodi - 591201

Department of Civil Engineering

(2024 – 25)

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project work entitled “DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT” carried out by carried out by Mr. Akshay R. Khot (2KD23CV404), Mr. Rohit M.
Katti (2KD23CV413), Mr. Omkar S. Badiger (2KD23CV411), Mr. Shrinivas N.
Reddy(2KD23CV416) are Bonafide student of K.L.E Collage of Engineering and
Technology, Chikodi. In partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil
Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technology University, Belgaum during the year 2024–25.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have been
incorporated in the report deposited in the departmental library. This report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Mini project prescribed for
the said degree.

Guide Project Coordinator HOD Principal

Prof. Shankargouda B. Patil Prof. Savita Mali Prof. Pradeep Hodlur Dr. Prasad Rampure

Name and Signature of Examiners:

1)

2)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We place on record and warmly acknowledge the encouragement, invaluable
supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our guide Prof.
Shankargouda B. Patil, Department of Civil Engineering, K.L.E College of Engineering
and Technology, Chikodi, in bringing this project to a successful completion.

We are grateful to our project coordinator Prof. Shankargouda B. Patil, Department

of Civil Engineering, for his great support in coordinating to the needs of us in our
endeavour.

We extend our gratefulness to Prof. Pradeep Hodlur, Head of the Department of

Civil Engineering, for permitting us to make use of the facilities available in the department
to carry out the project successfully.

We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Prasad B Rampure, principal of K.L.E

College of Engineering and Technology, Chikodi, for his support and encouragement.

Finally, we extend our thanks to the teaching and non-teaching staff of our
department for their help.
 ABSTRACT
The main purpose of this project is to design a sewerage system of capacity 80 KLD
sewage treatment plant based on extended aeration activated sludge process located in
Basaweshwar Block Hostel.
The Sewage Treatment involves Preliminary, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Treatment
include Unit Operations and Unit Processes to remove physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. The treated effluent can be discharged into a stream. The stabilized sludge
can be used as a soil conditioner. Samples are collected regularly at the plant inlet as well
as before and after each treatment process. The raw sewage is characterized by high
dissolved solids, medium strength BOD, and low COD/BOD ratio. These are typical
characteristics of the sewage in this region. The plant is designed, operated and maintained
so as to ensure safety and reliability in the treated effluent quality. Any overloading of the
treatment processes is handled effectively. The reclaimed water quality meets the
international standards and guidelines for landscape irrigation and farming.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
SL.NO TITEL PAGE NO
1 Chapter : 1
Introduction 1-
2 Chapter : 2
Objectives Of The Project
3 Chapter : 03
Literature Review

4 Chapter : 04
Methodology
5 Chapter : 05
Experiment
6 Chapter : 06
Design Of Sewage Treatment Plant
7 Chapter : 07
Result
8 Chapter : 08
Conclusion
9 Chapter : 09
References
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 WATER TREATMENT
Water treatment is a process that improves the quality of water. It is used for drinking,
Industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance. Water treatment removes
containments and undesirable components, or reduces their concentration so that the water
is useable in day to day life. Water is the most crucial compound for life on Earth, and
having drinkable water is a key worldwide concern for the twenty-first century. All living
things require clean, uncontaminated water as a basic requirement. Water covers more than
71 percent of the earth’s surface, but only around 1% of it is drinkable according to
international standards due to various contaminations. Waste water discharge from
industries, agricultural pollution, and municipal waste water, environmental and global
changes is the main sources of water contamination.

1.2 TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

Wastewater is the water that originates from water used in domestic, agricultural,
industrial as well as medical or transport activities. Basically, wastewater can be divided
into two:
1.2.1 Sewage water: Sewage water is wastewater from people living in a community. It is
the water released from households after use for various purposes like washing dishes,
laundry, and flushing the toilet, thus the name wastewater. The used water moves from the
houses through pipes installed during plumbing. The sewage water then moves into sewers,
either
Constructed by the house owner, or into a sewer facility set up by the municipality. Mostly,
Sewage water consists of grey water and black water. Grey water is the waste water from
washing either from bathing, dishes or laundry. Black water is the waste water from toilets.
It is characterized by debris such as paper wrappings, sanitary products, soap
residues, and dirt due to the chemical composition of the various waste materials. Plus,
sewage water has a foul smell. The concern is that it due to overpopulation in urban areas
without proper planning, it has resulted in Sewage pollution, which poses a threat not only
to the environment but also to human health. It also affects biodiversity, aquatic life,
agriculture, and is a major contributor to eutrophication and an increase in Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD).
1.2.2. Industrial wastewater : Industrial wastewater is not just a by-product of oil and gas
or mining and chemical manufacturing companies, but also a by-product of food and
beverage processing industries, essential in the making of the clothes on your back, the
shoes on your feet, the computer at your fingertips, and the car your drive. To comply with
existing laws, any organic and inorganic pollutants to water used in industrial production
must be managed. Organic matter, metals, and the like found in the wastewater must be
removed before the water can be safely discharged back to land, into bodies of water, or
reused in plant operations.

1.3 SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS.

There are three types of wastewater, or sewage: domestic sewage, industrial sewage,
and storm sewage. Domestic sewage carries used water from houses and apartments; it is
also called sanitary sewage. Industrial sewage is used water from manufacturing or
chemical processes. Storm sewage, or storm water, is runoff from precipitation that is
collected in a system of pipes or open channels.
Domestic sewage is slightly more than 99.9 percent water by weight. The rest, less than
0.1 percent, contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities. Although
amounting to a very small fraction of the sewage by weight, the nature of these impurities
and the large volumes of sewage in which they are carried make disposal of domestic
wastewater a significant technical problem. The principal impurities are putrescible organic
materials and plant nutrients, but domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-
causing microbes. Industrial wastewater usually contains specific and readily identifiable
chemical compounds, depending on the nature of the industrial process. Storm sewage
carries organic materials, suspended and dissolved solids, and other substances picked up
as it travels over the ground.

1.4 PRINCIPAL POLLUTANTS

1.4.1 Organic material
The amount of putrescible organic material in sewage is indicated by the biochemical
oxygen demand, or BOD; the more organic material there is in the sewage, the higher the
BOD, which is the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose the
organic substances in sewage. It is among the most important parameters for the design and
operation of sewage treatment plants. Industrial sewage may have BOD levels many times
that of domestic sewage.
1.4.2. Suspended solids
Another important characteristic of sewage is suspended solids. The volume of sludge
produced in a treatment plant is directly related to the total suspended solids present in the
sewage. Industrial and storm sewage may contain higher concentrations of suspended
solids than domestic sewage. The extent to which a treatment plant removes suspended
solids, as well as BOD, determines the efficiency of the treatment process.
1.4.3. Plant nutrients
Domestic sewage contains compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, two elements that
are basic nutrients essential for the growth of plants. In lakes, excessive amounts of nitrates
and phosphates can cause the rapid growth of algae. Algal blooms, often caused by sewage
discharges, accelerate the natural aging of lakes in a process called eutrophication.
1.4.4. Microbes
Domestic sewage contains many millions of microorganisms per gallon. Most are
coliform Bacteria from the human intestinal tract, and domestic sewage is also likely to
carry other microbes. Coliforms are used as indicators of sewage pollution. A high coliform
count usually indicates recent sewage pollution.

1.5 PROBLEMS RELATED TO WASTE WATER

▪ Decreasing of drinking water day by day.
▪ Odor Issues in the Sewage Treatment Plant in India.
▪ Harm aquatic and marine life.
▪ Water Related Disease like (Dengue, Malaria, Yellow Fever Etc.)
 CHAPTER – 2

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

 The main Objective of the Sewage treatment plant is to dispose of the waste in such
a way that there is no harm to mankind.

 Before planning and designing the STP, proper characterization of the waste water
is carried out in Lab.

 The following properties are determined for the taken sample.

1) pH. 6) BOD.
2) Turbidity. 7) Chlorides.
3) Acidity and Alkalinity. 8) Total Solids.
4) Total Hardness.
5) Dissolved Oxygen.
 CHAPTER – 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
 Valentina Kolpakova et.al. (2024) The study investigated the effectiveness of
clarification of domestic wastewater of small sewerage facilities in the suspended bed
of activated sludge. The research was conducted in semi-production and production
conditions on the example of a small sewerage facility of East Kazakhstan region with
discharge into the river Yertis. The purpose of the study is to develop an effective
scheme of wastewater treatment for small sewerage facilities.
 Elena C et.al. (2023) The main objective of this study is carried out to design of a
sewage treatment plant. Water-energy nexus is a highlighted topic nowadays,
particularly, the energy consumption in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is
becoming an important issue. WWTPs typically consume more energy than the one that
can be obtained from the biogas produced from sludge anaerobic digestion. In this
work, a process-level analysis is presented to study the feasibility of integrating
wastewater and municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment to achieve the energetically
self-sustainable operation of a WWTP.
 Damien Lebonnois et.al. (2022) The main objective of this study is carried out to
design of a sewage treatment plant. A wastewater treatment facility in Pau, France, will
soon be modified to become a so-called “Bio factory” able to produce different
resources or energy through a series of state-of-the art and innovative technologies.
SUEZ will lead the consortium responsible for the design and construction of the bio
factory, with commissioning planned for the beginning of 2023, and they will then
operate the plant after its completion.
 Sahil Sanjeev Salvi et.al. (2021) reviewed on design approach for sewage treatment
plan. The main objective of this study is carried out to design of a sewage treatment
plant. The main purpose of Sewage treatment process is to remove the various
constituents of the polluting load: solids, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts,
metals, pathogens etc. Effective wastewater collection and treatment are of great
importance from the standpoint of both; environmental and public health.
 Dipanshu Dixit et.al. (2020) The main objective of this study is to carry out to design
of a sewage treatment plant. The ever-increasing population has given a direction to the
existing kind to follow up the idea of the sustainable development. Be that as it may,
India treats just 20% of its sewage and rest fall straightforwardly into streams causing
serious issues. The sewage treatment plant gives exact same opportunity to recycle the
 waste water and use it for future needs. This is a conventional kind of study. The main
objective of the study was to monitor the physicochemical parameters in waste water.
 G.Elangovan et.al. (2019) The main objective of this study is to carry out to design of
a sewage treatment plant for a Nagore and Nagore district, because it has been one of
the developing pilgrimage places. Due to steady increase of increasing population, there
will be more generation of domestic and municipal sewage produces obnoxious smell
which causes disease to all creatures. Its objective is to produce an environmental safe
fluid waste and solid waste suitable for disposal or reuse. In one day the total sewage
generated was estimated 5 MLD considering the projected population of Nagore town
for the next 30 years.
 M. Bhargavi et.al. (2018) reviewed on design approach for sewage treatment plan. The
main objective of this study is carried out to design of a sewage treatment plant for a
vizianagaram municipality, because it has been a developing place due to steady
increase increasing population, which in results excess of sewage is produced. To avoid
this problem, to construct the sewage treatment plant. This paper focuses on sewage
generation in vizianagaram area, which was estimated 38.203MLD considering
population of next 30 years. We are designed the various components of sewage
treatment plant like screens, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, activated sludge
process, sludge drying beds.
 CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY

4.1 MODAL

Fig No : 1 Modal

4.1.1 Product teardown and engineering specifications

Sewage treatment plant
• Pre-treatment
• Primary treatment
• Secondary treatment
• Tertiary treatment
4.2 Raw sewage
Raw sewage refers to wastewater that has not yet undergone any treatment. It is the
effluent generated from households, industries, and commercial establishments before it is
processed in a sewage treatment plant (STP).

4.2.1 Sources of Raw Sewage

Domestic Sources:

Households produce raw sewage through toilets, sinks, showers, and washing machines.

Industrial Sources:

Factories and industrial facilities contribute wastewater containing a variety of

contaminants, including chemicals and heavy metals.

Commercial Sources:

Restaurants, hotels, and businesses generate sewage with food waste and cleaning
chemicals.

Fig no : 02 Receiving Chamber

4.3: Screening
Screening in the context of filtration, especially in wastewater treatment, refers to the
process of removing large solids and floating material from raw sewage or wastewater
before it undergoes further treatment. This is typically the first step in the treatment process
and is crucial for protecting downstream equipment from damage and ensuring efficient
operation

4.3.1 Purpose:
Prevention of Clogging: Removes large objects (e.g., plastics, rags, leaves) that can clog
pipes and pumps.
Protection of Equipment: Shields pumps, valves, and other equipment from wear and tear
caused by large solids.
Improvement of Treatment Efficiency: Enhances the overall efficiency of subsequent
treatment processes by reducing the load on them.

4.3.2 Types of Screens:

Bar Screens: Consist of parallel bars spaced apart to allow water to flow while capturing
larger debris. They can be manually cleaned or automatically cleaned using mechanical
rakes.
Mesh Screens: Use a mesh or perforated plate to filter out smaller particles. The size of
the mesh can vary depending on the required level of filtration.
Rotating Drum Screens: Cylindrical screens that rotate to filter out solids. As the drum
turns, water flows through, and solids are retained on the surface, which can be removed
by scraping.
Static Screens: Fixed screens that rely on gravity to let water flow through while retaining
solids.

4.3.3 Process:
Influent Flow: Wastewater enters the screening system.
Separation: As water passes through the screen, larger particles are caught and retained.
Removal: Retained solids are regularly removed, either manually or mechanically, to
ensure the screen remains effective.
4.3.4: Location in Treatment Process:
Screening is typically the first treatment step, positioned right after the wastewater enters
the treatment facility.

4.3.5: Benefits:
Reduces Operational Costs: By preventing equipment damage and downtime.
Enhances Treatment Performance: By allowing subsequent processes (like
sedimentation and biological treatment) to operate more efficiently.

Fig No : 03 Screening
4.4: Grit chamber
A grit chamber is an essential component of a sewage treatment plant designed to
remove heavier inorganic materials, such as sand, gravel, and other grit, from wastewater.
This process is crucial for protecting downstream equipment and enhancing the overall
efficiency of the treatment system. Here’s a detailed overview:

4.4.1 Purpose of Grit Chambers

 Removal of Grit:

Grit chambers are specifically designed to allow heavier particles to settle out of the
wastewater flow, preventing these materials from causing wear and tear on pumps, pipes,
and other treatment equipment.

 Improving Treatment Efficiency:

By removing grit and coarse solids early in the treatment process, grit chambers help ensure
that subsequent treatment stages (like primary sedimentation and biological treatment) can
operate more effectively.

4.4.2 Types of Grit Chambers

 Horizontal Flow Grit Chambers:

Design: Wastewater flows horizontally through a long channel.

Operation: The velocity of the flow is controlled to allow heavier particles to settle while
lighter organic materials remain in suspension.

 Vortex Grit Chambers:

Design: Uses a circular or cylindrical tank where wastewater enters tangentially, creating
a vortex.

Operation: The vortex action causes heavier grit to settle in the center of the tank, while
lighter materials are carried away with the effluent.

 Aerated Grit Chambers:

Design: Incorporates aeration to keep organic materials suspended while allowing heavier
grit to settle.
Operation: Air is introduced into the chamber to promote mixing, which helps separate
organic material from grit.

4.4.3 Benefits of Grit Chambers

 Protecting Equipment:

By removing abrasive materials, grit chambers help extend the life of pumps and other
mechanical components in the treatment plant.

 Enhancing Treatment Performance:

With reduced solid loading on downstream processes, grit chambers improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of biological treatment and sedimentation processes.

 Reducing Operational Costs:

Preventing damage and reducing wear on equipment lowers maintenance and replacement
costs.

Fig no 4 : Grit Chamber

4.5: Primary Clarifier
A primary clarifier in sewage treatment is an important component in the wastewater
treatment process. Its main function is to remove large solid particles and set lable organic
matter from the raw wastewater before it moves to further stages of treatment. This is a
crucial step in improving the efficiency of the subsequent biological treatment process.

4.5.1 Key Functions and Process:

Sedimentation:

Wastewater enters the primary clarifier at a relatively slow flow rate to allow solid particles
to settle by gravity.

Suspended solids, fats, oils, and greases float to the top as scum.

Heavier particles, such as sand, grit, and organic matter, settle to the bottom as sludge.

Scum and Sludge Collection:

A mechanical scraper at the bottom of the tank moves the sludge toward a collection hopper.

Scum is skimmed off the surface, and the sludge is removed for further treatment or
disposal.

4.5.2: Benefits:

Reduction of Solids: It typically removes 50-70% of the total suspended solids (TSS) and
about 30% of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).

Improved Downstream Efficiency: By removing solids early, it reduces the load on

secondary treatment processes, improving overall treatment efficiency.

Fig no : 05 Primary sedimentation tank

4.6: Aeration Tank
An aeration tank is a critical part of the secondary treatment process in sewage treatment
plants. It plays a central role in the biological treatment of wastewater by promoting the
growth of microorganisms that break down organic matter. The process that occurs in the
aeration tank is often referred to as the activated sludge process.

4.6.1: Key Functions and Process:

Biological Degradation:

Wastewater from the primary clarifier enters the aeration tank, where it is mixed with
activated sludge (a suspension of microorganisms).

Oxygen is introduced into the tank, typically through diffused air or mechanical aeration
systems. This oxygen is necessary for aerobic bacteria to thrive and metabolize the
organic pollutants in the water.

The microorganisms feed on the organic material, breaking it down into simpler
compounds, ultimately reducing the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical
oxygen demand (COD).

Aeration:

Aerators supply the necessary oxygen to the wastewater. This can be done by:

Diffused aeration systems that use fine bubbles from air diffusers or jets placed at the
bottom of the tank.

Mechanical aerators that stir the water surface to introduce oxygen.

The dissolved oxygen level in the tank is carefully monitored, as oxygen is essential for
aerobic microorganisms to function efficiently. A typical dissolved oxygen concentration is
kept around 2 mg/L to support microbial activity.

Suspension of Solids:

Aeration keeps the wastewater and microorganisms in constant motion, ensuring that the
solids are suspended and evenly distributed. This improves the contact between the
bacteria and the organic matter.
Retention Time:

Wastewater typically remains in the aeration tank for 4 to 8 hours (depending on the
design and treatment requirements).

The retention time allows sufficient time for microorganisms to metabolize the organic
pollutants.

4.6.2: Benefits:
Reduction of Organic Pollutants: The aeration tank significantly reduces BOD and COD,
allowing treated wastewater to meet environmental discharge standards.

Enhanced Nitrogen Removal: In some cases, aeration tanks are also used for nitrification
and denitrification processes to remove nitrogen compounds (e.g., ammonia) from
wastewater.

Fig no : 06 Aration tank

4.7: Sedimentation Tank
A sedimentation tank (also known as a settling tank or clarifier) is a crucial component in
both primary and secondary stages of wastewater treatment. It allows suspended solids to
settle by gravity, separating them from the liquid phase of sewage. This process is essential
for reducing the load of organic and inorganic matter before the water is treated further or
discharged.

4.7.1: Key Functions and Process:

 Sedimentation (Settling Process):

Wastewater is slowly introduced into the sedimentation tank. The flow rate is reduced to
allow solids to settle naturally by gravity.

Heavier particles (suspended solids) fall to the bottom of the tank, forming sludge.

Lighter materials like oils, grease, and scum rise to the surface and are skimmed off for
removal.

The clarified liquid (effluent) exits the tank for further treatment or discharge.

4.7.2: Types of Sedimentation Tanks:

Primary Sedimentation Tank: Used after the initial screening and grit removal phase in
wastewater treatment. It removes 50-70% of suspended solids and reduces biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) by 25-40%.

Secondary Sedimentation Tank (Secondary Clarifier): Found after the biological treatment
process (e.g., after the aeration tank in an activated sludge system). It separates the biomass
(microorganisms) from treated wastewater, allowing the recycled sludge to return to the
aeration tank and excess sludge to be removed.

Sludge and Scum Removal:

Sludge Collection: The settled solids (sludge) at the bottom of the tank are collected by
scrapers and moved toward a central collection point (a sludge hopper) for further
treatment, such as digestion or dewatering.

Scum Removal: Floating materials like oil and grease are removed from the surface using
skimmers or scum removal systems.
Effluent Discharge:

The clarified effluent at the top of the sedimentation tank is directed to further treatment
stages (such as secondary treatment or disinfection) or, in some cases, discharged into a
water body after meeting environmental standards.

4.7.3: Benefits of Sedimentation Tanks:

 Reduction in Solid Load:

Sedimentation tanks play a major role in reducing the load of suspended solids and
organic matter in the wastewater. This improves the efficiency of subsequent treatment
processes.

 Cost-Effective:

Sedimentation is a relatively low-energy process compared to mechanical treatment

methods. It relies mainly on gravity, making it cost-effective.

Increased Efficiency of Biological Treatment:

By removing suspended solids early in the treatment process, sedimentation tanks reduce
the load on biological treatment systems like aeration tanks, enhancing their performance.

Fig no : 07 Secondary sedimentation tank

4.8: Filtration
Filtration in a sewage treatment plant is a tertiary treatment process used to remove
fine particles, suspended solids, and residual impurities from treated water.

4.8.1: Key Function of Filtration

The primary function of filtration is to separate solid particles from a liquid or gas to
purify or clarify the medium. This is achieved by passing the mixture through a medium
that allows the fluid to pass while retaining the solid particles.

4.8.2: Processes of Filtration

Preparation:

 The fluid or gas to be filtered is prepared to ensure it can flow through the filtration
system effectively.
 Selection of an appropriate filtration medium based on the particle size and type (e.g.,
sand, cloth, paper, or membrane filters).

Flow of Mixture:

 The mixture is forced through the filter medium using gravity, pressure, or suction,
depending on the system's design.

Capture of Particles:

 Solid particles larger than the filter's pore size are trapped, while smaller particles and
the fluid or gas pass through.

Collection:

 The filtered liquid or gas is collected on the other side of the filter, often referred to as
the filtrate.
 The trapped solids, or the residue, remain on or within the filter medium.

Removal of Residue:

 Residue is removed either manually or automatically, depending on the system

Cleaning and Maintenance:

 Periodic cleaning or replacement of the filter medium ensures the system operates
effectively over time.
Recycling or Disposal:

 The filtrate and residue may be further processed, reused, or disposed of, based on the
application.

4.8.3: Applications of Filtration

 Water Treatment: Removal of impurities and particles from water.

 Air Purification: Filtering dust, pollen, and contaminants from air.
 Industrial Processes: Separating solids from liquids in chemical, pharmaceutical, and
food production.
 Laboratories: Sterile filtration for microbiology and chemical analysis.

Fig no : 08 Filtration tank

4.9: Deification
Disinfection in a sewage treatment plant is a tertiary treatment process aimed at killing
or inactivating harmful pathogens in treated water.

4.9.1: Key Factors Affecting Disinfection

 Type of Microorganism:
Different microorganisms vary in resistance to disinfectants. For instance, bacterial
spores are more resistant than vegetative bacteria.
 Disinfectant Type:
The chemical composition and properties of the disinfectant determine its effectiveness
(e.g., alcohol, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide).
 Concentration of Disinfectant: Higher concentrations generally increase efficacy, but
excessive amounts can cause material damage or health risks.
 Contact Time:
The disinfectant must be in contact with the surface or medium for an adequate time to
ensure microbial destruction.

 Temperature:
Higher temperatures can enhance the effectiveness of some disinfectants but may
degrade others.

 pH:
The acidity or alkalinity of the environment can influence the activity of certain
disinfectants.
 Presence of Organic Matter:
Organic material (e.g., blood, dirt) can shield microorganisms and reduce disinfectant
efficiency.

 Surface Type:
Smooth, non-porous surfaces are easier to disinfect compared to porous surfaces that
may trap microorganisms.

4.9.2: Processes of Disinfection

1. Preparation of Area/Material:
 Remove visible dirt and organic matter before applying disinfectants to maximize their
effectiveness.
2. Selection of Disinfectant:

 Choose a disinfectant suitable for the target microorganisms and the surface/material to
be disinfected.

3. Application of Disinfectant:

 Apply the disinfectant through spraying, wiping, soaking, or other methods, ensuring
even coverage.
4. Contact Time:
 Allow the disinfectant to remain on the surface/material for the recommended duration
specified by the manufacturer.

5. Rinse or Remove Residue (if needed):

 Some disinfectants require rinsing to remove chemical residues, especially in food

preparation areas.

6. Drying:

 Allow the surface or material to air dry or use drying equipment if necessary.

7. Monitoring and Testing:

 Periodic microbial testing. ensures that disinfection is effective and meets required
standards.

4.9.3: Applications of Disinfection

 Healthcare: Disinfecting medical equipment and surfaces to prevent infections.

 Water Treatment: Using chlorine or UV light to disinfect drinking water.
 Food Industry: Sanitizing surfaces and tools to prevent contamination.
 Households: Cleaning surfaces, especially during disease outbreaks.

Fig no : 09 Disinfection tank

 CHAPTER – 5
Experiment No: 01
pH
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the pH of given sample of water.
Methodology: Using pH indicator and pH meter.
Apparatus: Digital pH Meter.
Reagents Used: Turbidity free distilled water, Buffer tablets of 4 and 9.18
Procedure:
Using pH meter.
 Follow the manufacture operating instruction.
 Calibrate the instrument with buffer solution (known pH solution of pH 4 and 9)
 Dip the electrodes in the unknown water sample and note down the instrument
reading which will give the direct pH value of the unknown sample.

Fig no 10 : pH
 Tabular Colum :
a) Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Name of the sample Temperature pH Value
01 27℃ 8.75

02 Hand wash water ` 27℃ 8.7

03 27℃ 8.5
Avg : 8.65

Result :
 The pH Value of Sample no 01 : 8.75
 The pH Value of Sample no 02 : 8.7
 The pH Value of Sample no 03 : 8.5

Conclusion :
As Per IS 10500-2012 The pH Value of Agricultural water is 5.5 to 7.0 . This for Sample
1,2,3 as not suitable for Agricultural purpose.

b) Filtered Water ( After Filtration )

SL NO Name of the sample Temperature pH Value
01 27℃ 6.58
02 Hand wash water ` 27℃ 6.50
03 27℃ 6.52
Avg : 6.53

Result :
 The pH Value of Sample no 01 :.6.58
 The pH Value of Sample no 02 : 6.50
 The pH Value of Sample no 03 : 6.52

Conclusion :
As Per IS 10500-2012 The pH Value of Agricultural water is 5.5 to 7.0 . This for Sample
1,2,3 as suitable for Agricultural purpose.
 Experiment No. 02
TURBIDITY
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the turbidity of given sample of water.

Methodology: Turbid metric method (photoelectric measurement)

Apparatus: Digital Nephelo Turbidity Meter and Necessary glassware’s

Procedure

1. Allow the instrument to warm up sufficiently after switching on.

2. Take the test tube containing distilled water or blank solution and close the test tube
holder cover. Make sure the mark on test tube coincides with mark on panel

3. Select the required NTU range.

4. Adjust the display to zero by 'set zero knob'.

5. Remove the test tube containing distilled water and keep another test tube with the
standard solution of 400 NTU.

6. Adjust the calibration knob and make the display to 400 NTU.

7. Now the instrument is ready and turbidity of any solution can be measured.

8. Now keep test tube containing sample and note its turbidity in NTU.

Fig no 11 : Turbidity
Tabular Colum :
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Name of The Turbidity
sample

01 01 162.9
02 02 172.1
03 03 171.8
Avg 168.9
Conclusion :
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Turbidity is 5 NTU in Drinking water. So
tested water sample can be NOT used for Drinking purpose.

Result:

Turbidity of given water sample 01 = 162.9 NTU

Turbidity of given water sample 02 = 172.1 NTU

Turbidity of given water sample 03 = 171.8 NTU

Filtered Water ( After Filtration )

SL NO Name of The Turbidity
sample

01 01 28.1
02 02 28.6
03 03 28.3
Avg : 28.33
Result:

Turbidity of given water sample 01 = 28.1 NTU

Turbidity of given water sample 02 = 28.6 NTU

Turbidity of given water sample 03 = 28.3 NTU

Conclusion:

As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Turbidity is 5 NTU in Drinking water. So

tested water sample can be Not used for Drinking purpose.
 Experiment No: 03 (A)

ACIDITY
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the Total Acidity of a given sample of water.
Methodology: The sample is titrated against Standard alkaline reagent using
phenolphthalein and Methyl orange indicator (using titration).
Apparatus: Conical flask, Beaker, Burette, pipette, Measuring jar etc.
Reagents Used: Standard NaOH of 0.02 N, Phenolphthalein indicator, Methyl orange
indicator
Procedure:
A. Methyl Orange Acidity
1. Pipette out 25 ml of given sample of water into a 250 ml conical flask.
2. Add 1 drop of 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulphate solution to remove free residual chlorine, if
present.
3. Add 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange indicator to the sample. If solution turns yellow, note
down the pH value and stop the experiment. If the solution changes to faint red color, titrate
against 0.02N NaOH solution up to faint orange color.
4. Note down the volume of titrant used.

Fig no : 12 Acidity (Methyl Orange)

B. Phenolphthalein Acidity
1. Pipette out 25 ml of given sample of water into a 250 ml conical flask.
2. Add 1 drop of 0.1 N Sodium Thiosulphate solution to remove free residual chlorine, if
present.
3. Add 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
4. If the sample turns pinks color it means that, phenolphthalein acidity is absent and
stop the experiment.
5. If there is no color change, the titrate with 0.02N Standard NaOH solution till faint pink
color appears. The end point is colorless to faint pink color.
6. Note down the volume of titrant used (V2).

Fig no: 13 Acidity (Phenolphthalein)

Observation:
1. Conical Flask: 25 ml of water sample+2-3drops of Indicator
2. Burette : 0.02N NaoH [Sodium hydroxide]
3. Indicators: Methyl Orange Acidity, Phenolphthalein
4. End point : a) Pink to colorless
b) Colorless to Permanent Pink

Tabular Colum :
A. Methyl Orange Acidity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample (A)
Initial Final
01 25 20 22.9 2.9
02 25 22.9 26.5 3.6
03 25 26.5 29.8 3.3
Avg : 3.26
B. Phenolphthalein Acidity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample Initial Final (B)
01 25 0 0 0
02 25 0 0 0
03 25 0 0 0
Avg : 0
Calculation :
Methyl Orange Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of NaOH(A)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= 3.26*0.02*50*1000
25
= 130.4 mg/l
Phenolphthalein Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of NaOH(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= 0*0.02*50*1000
25
= 0 mg/l
Total Acidity as CaCO3 in mg/l = Volume of NaOH (A)+(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= (3.26+0)*0.02*50*1000
25
= 130.4 mg/l

Result :
The Acidity of given water sample is = 130.4 mg/l

Conclusion :
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Acidity is 200 mg/l in Drinking water. So
tested water sample can be used for Drinking purpose.

A. Methyl Orange Acidity

Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample (A)
Initial Final
01 25 20 21 1.0
02 25 21 22.2 1.2
03 25 22.2 23 0.8
Avg : 1
B. Phenolphthalein Acidity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample Initial Final (B)
01 25 0 0 0
02 25 0 0 0
03 25 0 0 0
Avg : 0
Calculation :
Methyl Orange Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of NaOH(A)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= 1*0.02*50*1000
25
= 40 mg/l
Phenolphthalein Acidity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of NaOH(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
 = 0*0.02*50*1000
25
= 0 mg/l
Total Acidity as CaCO3 in mg/l = Volume of NaOH (A)+(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= (1+0)*0.02*50*1000
25
= 40 mg/l
Result :
The Acidity of given water sample is = 40 mg/l

Conclusion :
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Acidity is 200 mg/l in Drinking water. So
tested water sample can be used for drinking purpose.
 Experiment No: 03 (B)
ALKALINITY
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the Phenolphthalein Alkalinity and Methyl orange
Alkalinity or Total Alkalinity of a given sample of water.
Apparatus: Conical flask, Beaker, Burette, pipette, Measuring jar etc.
Reagents Used: Standard Sulphuric Acid of 0.02 N, Phenolphthalein indicator, Methyl
orange indicator, Distilled Water [Blank]

Procedure:
A. Phenolphthalein Alkalinity
 Pipette out 25 ml of given sample of water into a 250 ml conical flask.
 Add 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
 If the sample turns pink in color, then titrate with 0.02N standard H2SO4, till the pink
color just disappears.
 The end point is when the pink color changes to colorless.
 Note down the volume of acid is used (V1).
 If the pink color does not exist it indicates that, Phenolphthalein Alkalinity is absent.
 Then continue the titration with Methyl orange indicator.

Fig no: 14 Alkalinity (Phenolphthalein)

B. Methyl Orange Alkalinity
 Add 2 to 3 drops of Methyl orange indicator to the sample.
 If the solution turns yellow, continue the titration with 0.02N standard H2SO4 till the
solution turns to faint orange color.
 Note down the total volume of acid used (V2).

Fig no: 15 Alkalinity (Methyl Orange Alkalinity)

Observation:
Conical Flask: 25 ml of water sample+2-3drops of Indicator
Burette: 0.02N Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
Indicators: Phenolphthalein and Methyl orange
End point: a) Pink to colorless.
b) Yellow to Faint orange.
Tabular Colum :
A. Phenolphthalein alkalinity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of H2SO4( ml )
of sample Initial Final (A)
01 25 42 42.5 0.5
02 25 42.5 43.2 0.7
03 25 43.2 44.2 1.0
Avg : 0.73
B. Methyl Orange alkalinity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample Initial Final (B)
01 25 32 35.7 3.7
02 25 35.7 39 3.3
03 25 39 42.1 3.1
Avg : 3.36
Calculation :
Phenolphthalein alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (A)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= 0.73*0.02*50*1000
25
= 29.2 mg/l

Methyl Orange alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (B)*N*50*1000*n

Volume of sample
= 3.36*0.02*50*1000
25
= 134.4 mg/l
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (A)+(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= (0.73+3.36)*0.02*50*1000
25
= 163.6 mg/l
Result :
The Acidity of given water sample is = 163.6 mg/l
Conclusion :
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Acidity is 200 mg/l in Drinking water. So
tested water sample can be used for Drinking purpose.

Tabular Colum :
A. Phenolphthalein alkalinity
Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of H2SO4( ml )
of sample Initial Final (A)
01 25 6 6.2 0.2
02 25 6.2 6.5 0.2
03 25 6.5 6.7 0.2
Avg : 0.2
B. Methyl Orange alkalinity
Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of NaOH ( ml )
of sample Initial Final (B)
01 25 6.7 7.5 0.8
02 25 7.5 8.1 0.6
03 25 8.1 8.7 0.6
Avg : 0.66
Calculation :
Phenolphthalein alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (A)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= 0.2*0.02*50*1000
25
= 8 mg/l

Methyl Orange alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (B)*N*50*1000*n

Volume of sample
= 0.66*0.02*50*1000
25
= 26.4 mg/l
Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/l = Volume of H2SO4 (A)+(B)*N*50*1000*n
Volume of sample
= (0.2+0.66)*0.02*50*1000
25
= 34.4 mg/l

Result :
The Acidity of given water sample is = 34.4 mg/l

Conclusion :
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit of Acidity is 200 mg/l in Drinking water. So
tested water sample can be used for drinking purpose.
 Experiment No:04
TOTAL HARDNESS
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the Total Hardness of a given sample of water.
Apparatus: Conical flask, Beaker, Burette, pipette, Measuring jar etc.
Methodology: Titrimetric method.
Reagents used: 0.01N Standard EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid). Ammonia
Buffer solution. Erichrome Black – T indicator (EBT), Solochrome Black T/ Murexide
indicator.
Observation:
Titrant: 0.01 N EDTA
Indicators: Erichrome Black – T
End Point: Wine Red to Blue.
Procedure:
Total Hardness
 Take 25 ml of a well mixed sample in a clean conical flask.
 To above sample add 2ml of ammonia buffer solution and add a pinch of Eriochrome
black T indicator.
 The color of the solution becomes wine red.
 Titrate the solution against 0.01N EDTA solution till the color of the solution changes
to blue.
 Note down the volume of EDTA used by this total hardness can be computed.

Fig no: 16 Total Hardness (Eriochrome black T)

Tabular Colum:
Row Water (Before Filtration)
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of EDTA ( ml )
of sample
Initial Final (A)
01 50 14.0 16.5 2.5
02 50 16.5 18.6 2.1
03 50 18.6 20.9 2.3
Avg : 2.3

Calculation:
Total Hardness as CACO3 in mg/l = Volume of EDTA * 1000
Volume of sample
= 2.3 * 1000
50
= 46 mg/l

Observation:
Titrant: 0.01 N EDTA
Indicators: Murexide
End Point: Pink to purple.

Procedure:
Calcium Hardness [Solochrome/Murexide indicator]

 Take 25 ml of a well-mixed sample in a clean conical flask.

 To above sample add 2ml of ammonia buffer solution and add a pinch of murexide
Indicator.
 The color of the solution becomes wine red/pink.
 Titrate the solution against 0.01N EDTA solution till the color of the solution changes
to sky blue/ purple.
 Note down the volume of EDTA used by this total hardness can be computed.
 Fig no: 17 Calcium Hardness (Murexide indicator)

Tabular Colum:
Row Water (Before Filtration)
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of EDTA ( ml )
of sample
Initial Final (A)
01 50 1.0 2.9 1.9
02 50 2.9 5.0 2.1
03 50 5.0 6.8 2.5
Avg : 2.1

Calculation:
Calcium Hardness CACO3 in mg/l = Volume of EDTA * 1000
Volume of sample
= 2.1* 1000
50
= 42 mg/l
Magnesium Hardness = Total Hardness – Calcium Hardness
= 46 – 42
= 4 mg/l
Result :
Hardness of the given water sample = 46 mg/l

Conclusion :
According to IS 10500-2000. The limit of hardness of water is 200 mg/l and we obtained
46 mg/l .

 After Filtration :
Total Hardness
Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of EDTA ( ml )
of sample
Initial Final (A1)
01 50 10.0 11.2 1.2
02 50 11.2 12.0 0.8
03 50 12.0 13.0 1.0
Avg :1.0
Calculation:
Total Hardness as CACO3 in mg/l = Volume of EDTA * 1000
Volume of sample
= 1.0 * 1000
50
= 20 mg/l

 After Filtration :
Calcium Hardness
Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of EDTA ( ml )
of sample
Initial Final (A1)
01 50 15 15.8 0.8
02 50 15.8 16.6 0.8
03 50 16.6 17.5 0.9
Avg : 0.833
Calculation :
Calcium Hardness as CACO3 in mg/l = Volume of EDTA * 1000
Volume of sample
= 0.833 * 1000
50
= 16.66 mg/l
Magnesium Hardness = Total Hardness – Calcium Hardness
= 20 – 16.66
= 3.34 mg/l
Result :
Hardness of the given water sample = 20 mg/l

Conclusion :
According to IS 10500-2000. The limit of hardness of water is 200 mg/l and we obtained
20 mg/l .
 Experiment No. 05
DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Aim of the Experiment: To determine the quantity of Dissolved Oxygen present in a given
sample of water.
Apparatus: Conical flask, Beaker, Burette, pipette, Measuring jar etc.
Methodology: Wrinkler’s method (Azide modification)
Reagents Used:
1. Manganese Sulphate solution.
2. Alkali Iodine solution (Azide).
3. Concentrated Sulphuric acid.
4. Standard Sodium Thiosulphate solution of 0.025N
5. Starch solution

Procedure:
 Collect the water sample in 300ml BOD bottle and take care to avoid contact of sample
with air.
 Add 1ml of Manganese Sulphate solution by a pipette. Insert the stopper, remove the
excess liquid by spilling out by inverting the bottle and mix thoroughly.
 Add 1ml of Alkali Iodine (Azide) Solution by a pipette. Insert the stopper; remove the
excess liquid by spilling out by inverting the bottle and mix thoroughly. Wait for few
minutes.
 After the precipitate is settled, remove the stopper and immediately add 1 ml of
concentrated H2SO4.
 Re-stopper and mix by gentle inversion until the precipitate is dissolved.
 Measure 201ml of the sample for BOD bottle into a clean conical flask.
 Add 2-4 drops of starch indicator. The Solution color turns dark blue.
 Titrate the sample with 0.025 N Na2S2O3till blue color disappears.
 Note down the volume of Sodium Thiosulphate used.
 Fig no: 18 DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Observations:
1. Conical flask: 201ml of sample from BOD bottle + Starch Indicator.
2. BOD Bottle: 300ml of sample+1ml or 2ml of Alkali Iodine (Azide) Solution+1ml or 2ml
of Manganese Sulphate solution+1 ml or 2ml of concentrated H2SO4.
3. Burette: Standard sodium thiosulphate of 0.025 N
4. Indicators: Starch solution
5. End point: Blue to colorless

Tabular column
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of Na2SO3
of sample
Initial Final ( ml )
01 203 7.8 8 0.2
02 203 8 8.3 0.3
03 203 8.3 85 0.2
Avg : 0.23
Calculations :
Dissolved oxygen in mg/l = Vol. of Na2SO3*N*8*1000
Volume of sample
= 0.23*0.025*8*1000
203
= 0.22 mg/l
Result :
Dissolved oxygen in the given water sample : 0.22 mg/l .

Conclusion :
According to the WHO standard is 15 to 14.5 mg/l. The obtained value is 0.22 mg/l.
Hence it is fit for drinking.

Tabular column
Filtered Water ( After Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of Na2SO3
of sample
Initial Final ( ml )
01 203 8.6 9.5 0.9
02 203 9.5 10.5 1.0
03 203 10.5 11.3 0.8
Avg : 0.9

Calculations :
Dissolved oxygen in mg/l = Vol. of Na2SO3*N*8*1000
Volume of sample
= 0.9*0.025*8*1000
203
= 0.11 mg/l
Result :
Dissolved oxygen in the given water sample: 0.11 mg/l .

Conclusion :
According to the WHO standard is 15 to 14.5 mg/l. The obtained value is 0.11 mg/l.
Hence it is fit for drinking.
 Experiment No.06
CHLORIDE
Aim of the Experiment: To determine the amount of Chloride in a given sample of water.
Apparatus: Conical flask, Beaker, Burette, pipette, measuring jar etc.
Reagents Used:
1. Chloride free distilled water.
2. Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) indicator.
3. Standard Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) solution of 0.0141 N.

Procedure:
Part – A (Sample Test)
1. Pipette out 25 ml of given sample into a 250 ml conical flask.
2. Adjust the pH using dilute acid or dilute alkali solution.
3. Add 2 to 3 drops of Potassium Chromate (K2Cr2O4) indicator. The color of
the solution turns to yellowish green.
4. Titrate against standard AgNO3 solution of 0.0141N.
5. End point is yellowish green to reddish brown color or brick red color.
6. Note down the volume of AgNO3 used as A.

Observation:
1. Conical Flask: 25 ml of water sample+2 to 3 drops Potassium Chromate Indicator
2. Burette: Standard AgNO3 solution of 0.0141N
3. Indicators: Potassium Chromate solution
4. End point: Yellowish green to Brick red.

Tabular column
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of AgNO3
of sample
Initial Final ( ml )
01 25 10 15 5.0
02 25 15 21.3 6.3
03 25 21.3 26.5 5.2
Avg : 5.5
Calculations :
Chloride content in mg/l = Vol. of AgNO3*N*35.46*1000
Volume of sample
= 5.5*0.0141*35.46*1000
25
= 109.99 mg/l

Result:
Chloride in the given water sample: 109.99mg/l.

Conclusion:
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit Chloride of is 250 mg/l in Drinking water. The
obtained values within the range. So it is fit for drinking.

Filtered Water ( After Filtration )

SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of AgNO3
of sample
Initial Final ( ml )
01 25 10 13 3.0
02 25 13 17.1 4.1
03 25 17.1 20.6 3.5
Avg : 3.53
Calculations :
Chloride content in mg/l = Vol. of AgNO3*N*35.46*1000
Volume of sample
= 3.53*0.0141*35.46*1000
25
= 70.59 mg/l

Result:
Chloride in the given water sample: 70.59mg/l.

Conclusion:
As pre IS 10500-2012 the acceptable limit Chloride of is 250 mg/l in Drinking water. The
obtained values70.59mg/l, is within the range. So it is fit for drinking.
 EXPERIMENT NO.07
JAR TEST
Aim of the experiment: To determine the optimum dosage of coagulant.
Procedure:
1. Take 6 beakers containing 500 ml of sample.
2. Add the coagulant alum for the beakers in increasing order.
3. With the help of flash mixer go for the process of coagulation with the speed between
80-100 rpm for 15 minutes.
4. After 15 minutes, slow down the speed between 20-30 rpm and stir for 5-10 minutes.
5. After all the above process keep the beaker for a detention period of 20-30 min for
efficient settling of flocks.
6. The turbidity of supernatant in each jar after mixing is found out or flock is compared n
all the jars.
7. Amount of coagulant in the jar which produces good flock with least amount of coagulant
indicates the optimum dosage
8. Similarly after knowing optimum dosage value optimum pH for this dosage is also
calculated by taking six jars of sample kept at different pH and with constant dosage.

Fig No : 20 Jar Test

1) pH
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Name of the sample Temperature pH Value
01 27℃ 8.75

02 Hand wash water ` 27℃ 8.7

03 27℃ 8.5
Avg : 8.65
2) Turbidity
Row Water (Before Filtration)
SL NO Name of The Turbidity
sample

01 01 162.9
02 02 172.1
03 03 171.8
Avg 168.9
3) Alkalinity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of H2SO4( ml )
of sample Initial Final (A)
01 25 42 42.5 0.5
02 25 42.5 43.2 0.7
03 25 43.2 44.2 1.0
Avg : 0.73
After Jar test

Fig no : 21 After Jar Test

1 ) pH
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Name of the sample Temperature pH Value
01 27℃ 8.06

02 Hand wash water ` 27℃ 7.36

03 27℃ 8.01
Avg : 7.81
2) Turbidity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Name of The Turbidity
sample

01 01 17.6
02 02 17.8
03 03 18.3
Avg 17.8
3) Alkalinity
Row Water ( Before Filtration )
SL NO Volume Burette Reading Volume of H2SO4( ml )
of sample Initial Final (A)
01 25 44.5 46.4 1.9
02 25 46.4 47.9 0.7
03 25 47.9 49.7 1.0
Avg : 0.73
Result :
The optimum dosage of coagulant required for given water sample is 12 ml. The
required Turbidity is 17.8 NTU.

Conclusion:
As per IS 10500-2012 The NTU value is 5NTU. The given water sample NTU is 17.8
NTU. There for it is not suitable for drinking purpose.
 CHAPTER – 06
DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
6.1: Technical specification and design adequacy calculations

Design Basis

Design capacity : 80 KLD

Operating Hours : 24 hrs

Plant Flow Rate/Phase : 3.3 m3 / hr

Design Flow Rate : 3.3 m3 / hr

6.2: Adequacy Evaluation of the Sewage Treatment Plant of 80 KLD

6.2.1: SPECIFICATION OF RAW SEWAGE COLLECTION TANK

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the Raw Sewage Collection tank : 11.11 m2 x 3.03m (LD) Volume of
the Raw Sewage Collection Tank, V : 33.66 m3

Flow Rate, Q : 3.3 m3/hr

Retention Time : 33.66/3.3

= 10 hours

Standard Retention hours for Raw Sewage Collection Tank is 8-12 hrs. Provided
Retention hours is = or > standard retention hours.

Hence it is adequate

6.2.2: SPECIFICATION OF FBBR TANK

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the FBBR Tank : 2.835m x 2.69m x 3.78m (LD)

Volume of the FBBR Tank, V : 28.83 m3

Flow Rate, Q : 3.3 m3/hr

Retention Time : 28.83/3.3

: 8.7 hours Provided retention hours is = or > standard retention hours. Hence it is adequate
6.2.3: SPECIFICATION OF Clarified TANK 1

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the Clarified Tank 1 : 2.835m x 1.3m x 3.68m (LD)

Volume of the Clarified Tank 1, V = 13.56 m3

Flow Rate, Q : 3.3 m3/hr

Retention Time : 13.56/3.3

= 4 hours

Standard Retention hours for Secondary Settling Tank is 4 – 6 hrs. Provided retention
hours is = or > standard retention hours. Hence it is adequate.

6.2.4: SPECIFICATION OF CLARIFIED TANK 2

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the Clarified Tank 1 : 2.835m x 1.37m x 3.58m (LD)

Volume of the Clarified Tank 2, V = 13.90 m3

Flow Rate, Q : 3.3 m3/hr

Retention Time : 13.9/3.3

: 4.2 hours Standard Retention hours for Clarified Tank is 4 – 6 hrs. Provided retention
hours is = or > standard retention hours. Hence it is adequate

6.2.5: SPECIFICATION OF SLUDGE HOLDING TANK

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the sludge holding Tank : 1.5m x 1.7m x 3.78m (LD)

Volume of the sludge holding Tank, V : 9.64m3

Flow Rate, Q :3.3m3/hr

Retention Time : 9.64/3.3

: 3 hours Provided retention hours is = or > standard retention hours. Hence it is

adequate

6.2.6: SPECIFICATION OF AIR BLOWER

Adequacy Calculation

Assume O2 requirement : 2.5 kg of O2/ 1kg of BOD

 : 1 kg of BOD / 2.5 kg of O2

Assume BOD for sewage : 300 mg/l = 0.3kg / m3

BOD Load : 80 x 0.3 = 24 kg of BOD / day

O2 requirement : 24 x 2.5 =60 kg of O2 / day

Oxygen transfer @ 16% of SOTR : 60 / (0.16 x 0.23 x 0.65 x 0.95)

: 60 / 0.022 = 2727

α = 0.65; β = 0.95; Density = 1.16

= 2727/ 1.16 = 2350 m3/ day

Air requirement = 2350/ 24 = 98 m3/ hr

Hence air flow rate is adequate

6.2.7: SPECIFICATION OF PRESSURE SAND FILTER

Adequacy Calculation

Flow rate Q : 3.3 m3 / hr

Considering the operation of 16 hours of filter

Filtration rate for PSF (V) : 8 m3 / m2 hr

Q :AxV

A : 3.3/8

: 0.4125 m2

D2 : 0.4125 x 4 / 3.14

: 0.5254

D : 0.7 m

Hence it is adequate.

6.2.8: SPECIFICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER

Adequacy Calculation

Flow rate Q : 3.3 m3 / hr.

Considering the operation of 16 hours of filter

Filtration rate for ACF (V) : 8 m3 / hr.

Q :AxV

A : 3.3/8

= 0.4125 m2

D2 : 0.4125 x 4 / 3.14

= 0.5254

D : 0.7 m

Hence it is adequate.

6.2.9: SPECIFICATION OF TREATED WATER TANK

Adequacy Calculation

Size of the Treated Water Tank : 2.835m x 1.795m x 3.78m (LD)

Volume of the Treated Water Tank, V : 19.24 m3

Flow Rate, Q : 3.3 m3/hr.

Retention Time : 19.24/3.3

: 5.8 hours

Hence it is adequate
 CHAPTER: 07
RESULT
The conducted Experiments before and After Filtration results

SL.No Description Unit Before After Standar

Filtration Filtration ds
1 pH 8.65 6.53 6.5 – 8.5
2 Turbidity NTU 168.9 28.33 5
3 Acidity mg/ l 130.4 40 <250
4 Alkalinity mg/ l 163.6 34.4 <250
5 Total Hardness mg/ l 46 20 <200
6 DO mg/l 0.22 0.11 <14.6
7 Chloride mg/l 109.99 70.59 <250
 CHAPTRE: 08

CONCLUSION
A successful technical project involves the integration of various knowledge from
different field. This is an attempt to combine several aspects of environmental, biological,
part of chemical and mostly civil engineering from which the knowledge were acquired.
Since in Basaveswar Block Hostel, due to increase in population in recent days and looking
on the future aspect, it was quite necessary to construct a sewage treatment plant. The plant
is designed perfectly to meet needs and demands of approximate 80 KLD population with
a very large period of time. The project consist of the design of complete Sewage treatment
plant components starting from receiving chamber, screening, grit chamber, skimming
tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and drying bed for
sewage.
 CHAPTER - 09

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