Molecules

Do not
Exist
 Molecule does not exist

Lack of 2d orbitals

Molecule exist Molecule does not exist

PCl5 NCl5

SF6 OF6

SF4 OF4

ClF3 FCl3
 Molecule does not exist

Steric crowding

Molecule exist Molecule does not exist

PF5 PI5(g)

SF4 SCl4, SBr4, SI4

SF6 SCl6 , SBr6, SI6

IF7 ICl7, IBr7

 Molecule does not exist

Valence Bond Theory (V.B.T)

Molecule exist Molecule does not exist

PF5 PH5

SF4 SH3

SF6 SF5

IF3 IF2

IF5 IF4

IF7 IF6
 Molecule does not exist
d- Orbital contraction
P
+

3s 3p
3d
H F
− + H can’t promote This charge increases + −
P−H d-orbital contraction nuclear attraction P–F
3d 3d
3p 3p
3s 3s

+ +
 Molecule does not exist

d- Orbital contraction

Molecule exist Molecule does not exist

PF5 PH5

SF6 SH6

SF4 SH4

XeF2 XeH2

XeF4 XeH4

XeF6 XeH6

IF7 IH7

BrF5 BrH5
Molecule does not exist

For the participation of d-orbitals in hybridisation, It is necessary that

central atom must bonded with more EN atom so that more partial +ve
charge is produced on central atom.

Due to partial +ve charge , size of valence shell d-orbital decreases. It is

called d-orbital contraction .
Example

Which of the following molecule do exist ?

(A) ClF3 (B) SF3
(C) BrH5 (D) SI6

Solution

Ans. (A)
Dipole
Moment
 Dipole Moment

Dipole Moment
 Dipole Moment
Dipole Moment

It is the product of charge accumulated on an element and internuclear

distance (bond length).

It is a vector quantity whose magnitude is (q*d) and direction is from

positive to negative.

μth = q × d unit: debye

where µth = theoretical dipole moment

q = charge accumulated on either A or B (not with Sign)
d = bond length of A - B
 Dipole Moment
Direction of dipole moment

+ −
𝜹 𝜹

If B is more electronegative than A

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞

Unit of µ or µth = Debye

(1D = 10-18 [Link])
(1D = 3.33 x 10-30 C.m)
q = 1.6 x 10-19 C
 Dipole Moment

Application of dipole moment

Calculation of % ionic character in covalent compound

µ
% IC = µob x 100
th

µob
% IC = q ×𝑑 x 100
Example

Calculate % IC in HCl molecule if dipole moment is μ = 1.03 D and bond length

(d) = 156 pm.

Solution

Ans. 13.74
Polarity of
Species
 Polarity of species

Polarity of molecule/ species

1. Polarity of bond :

(i) Polar Bond : ∆EN = 0

(ii) Non-Polar Bond : ∆EN ≠ 0
 Polarity of species

2. Polarity of molecule:

(i) Polar Molecule : μ ≠ 0

(ii) Non-Polar Molecule : μ = 0
Example

Comment on polarity of given species :

H2

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species :

HCl

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species :

CO2

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

AlCl3

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

PCl5

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

SF6

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

CH4

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

IF7

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

PF3Cl2

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

PF2Cl3

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

NH3

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

NF3

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

XeF4

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

SO42–

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

H2O

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example
Comment on polarity of given species
H2O2

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

CO

Solution

Ans. Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given species

C6H6

Solution

Ans. Non–Polar
Example

Comment on polarity of given molecules :

X X X
X

X
ortho meta X
para
Solution

Ans. ortho > meta > para

Example

Comment on polarity of given molecules :

H H
O S

O S
H H

Solution

Ans. Polar, Polar

Example

Dipole Moment Order

HF HCl HBr HI

Solution

Ans. HF > HCl > HBr > HI

Example

Dipole Moment Order

CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3 CCl4

Solution

Ans. CH3Cl > CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > CCl4

Example

Dipole Moment Order

CH3F CH3Cl CH3Br CH3I

Solution

Ans. CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I