Key Concepts in Python
1. Variables and Data Types
o Explanation: Variables store data, and Python supports various data types
such as integers, floats, strings, and booleans.
o Real-World Example: Storing a patient's name and age for a health record
system:
name = "Juma Shabani"
age = 32
2. Control Flow (Conditionals and Loops)
o Explanation: Control flow determines the execution path using if, elif, else
statements and loops (for, while).
o Real-World Example: A fitness app checks if a user's BMI is in a healthy
range:
if bmi < 18.5:
print("Underweight")
elif 18.5 <= bmi <= 24.9:
print("Healthy")
else:
print("Overweight")
3. Functions
o Explanation: Reusable blocks of code that perform a specific task, defined
with def.
o Real-World Example: A function to calculate BMI:
def calculate_bmi(weight, height):
return weight / (height ** 2)
4. Data Structures
o Explanation: Tools to organize and store data, including lists, tuples,
dictionaries, and sets.
o Real-World Example: Storing patient data in a dictionary:
patient = {"name": "Juma", "age": 28, "bmi": 23.5}
5. File Handling
o Explanation: Reading from and writing to files using Python's built-in open()
function.
o Real-World Example: Logging patient data to a file:
with open("patients.txt", "a") as file:
file.write(f"{patient['name']}, {patient['age']},
{patient['bmi']}\n")
6. Libraries and Modules
o Explanation: Predefined packages like NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib for
advanced operations.
o Real-World Example: Using Pandas to analyze health data:
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("health_data.csv")
print(data.describe())
7. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
o Explanation: Organizing code into objects using classes and methods.
o Real-World Example: Representing a patient as a class:
class Patient:
def __init__(self, name, age, bmi):
self.name = name
self.age = age
self.bmi = bmi
8. Error and Exception Handling
o Explanation: Managing errors using try and except blocks to make code
robust.
o Real-World Example: Handling incorrect user input:
try:
weight = float(input("Enter weight: "))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")
