UNIT 2
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
PART 2
Steady flow process is one in which the condition
within the control volume do not vary with time.
This process must fulfil certain requirements:
STEADY The mass flow rate at the entry and exit of the CV
FLOW are equal and do not vary with time.
ENERGY State of the fluid at any given point with in CV does
not vary with time,
EQUATION The rate of heat and work transfer across the
control surface does not vary with time.
There is no change in the total energy of the
system.
Steady flow energy equation (SFEE) for a single stream flow system
Steady flow energy equation (SFEE) involving two fluid streams at the inlet and
outlet of control volume
Applications
1. Steam Nozzle
A steam nozzle is a device designed to accelerate the flow of
steam by converting its enthalpy into kinetic energy.
Applications
2. Throttling Device
A throttling device (such as a valve, an orifice, or a porous plug) is used to reduce pressure without performing
any work or allowing heat exchange.
Applications
3. Water Turbine
For a water turbine, the Steady Flow Energy Equation
(SFEE) applies to analyze how the turbine extracts work from
flowing water, converting fluid energy into mechanical work.
4. Steam or Gas Turbine 5. Centrifugal Pump
where the fluid (steam or gas) passes through the turbine and part The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) can be applied to analyze how the
of its energy is converted into work, we can express the Steady pump converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy, increasing the
Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) with heat transfer included. fluid's pressure and kinetic energy.
6. Centrifugal Compressor 7. Reciprocating Compressor
For a centrifugal compressor, where the elevation at the inlet and
outlet is the same (z1=z2), the
8. Boiler 9. Condenser
The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) can be used to analyze how the heat
is removed from the working fluid (typically steam or vapor) and how it is
condensed into a liquid phase.
10. Evaporator
Unsteady Flow Process Analysis
For an unsteady flow process, the amount of mass with in the control volume does change with
time. The magnitude of this change depends on the amounts of mass that enter and leave the
control volume.
Mass Balance
min - mout=( Δm )CV
min = mass entering to the control volume
mout = mass leaving the control volume
( Δm )CV = change in mass in control volume
If there are multiple entry and outlet then
∑min - ∑ mout=( mfinal- m initial )CV
For filling the vessel mout is zero
For emptying the vessel min is zero
Energy Balance:
Therefore, the energy balance equation becomes
In an unsteady flow process, the energy, the energy
(Qin+ Win +∑ minein)-( Qout+ Wout +∑ mouteout)= (m2e2-m1e1)cv
content of the control volume changes with time.
The energy balance equation can be written as where
Ein -Eout =(ΔE)CV ein= energy per unit mass of the fluid at entry= hin+(c2in/2)+gZin
Ein = Total energy entering eout= energy per unit mass of the fluid at entry= hout+(c2out/2)+gZout
Eout= Total energy leaving e1= energy per unit mass of CV before the process = U1+KE1+PE1
(ΔE)CV= change in total energy in control volume
e2= energy per unit mass of CV after the process = U2+KE2+PE2
For the analysis of unsteady flow process, the following
assumptions are made
when the changes in KE and PE associated with the control
1. The state of mass entering or leaving the control
volume is neglected, the entry equation becomes
volume is constant with time.
2. The state of the substance at any instant of time is
uniform throughout the entire control volume (Qin+ Win +∑ minein)-( Qout+ Wout +∑ mouteout)= (m2U2-m1U1)cv
