ALL TEST SET E LVL1 PROGRAMMING

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What is the output of this program?

#mclude <stdio.h> int testo sta c int

n = 10; return n—; int main()

for(test(); test(); test()) prm ("%d

", test()); return 0; 741

852

Infinite loop
Compila on Error

What is the output of this program?

int main() void test(),
tenv()-, void test()

prin ("2
void tempo

prin ("l ");

10

01

Compile me error as foo is local to main

Compile me error due to declara on of func ons inside

main

What is the output of this program?

*include <stdio void main() void test() prin

(" 1 "); 1

Compila on Error
Run Time Error

None of the above

What is the output of this program? #include

<stdio .h> void test(int * ,

int

s); void main() { mta=5,b=6;

pnn ("%d void test(int *p, int

*q)

30 5
65 56
None of the above

What is the output of this program?

*include void test(char**); int

mamo

{ char = {"a", "b", "c", "d"};

test(argv); return 0; void test(char *

*p) { char

*m; m = (p+=

sizeof(int))[-2]; prm

("%s", m); a b c d

What is the output of this program?

*include int main() char =

"Hello"; *&*&*ptr);
return 0; H

Compila on Error

Run Time Error

Garbage Value

What is the output of this program?

*include void test(int

*a, int *b)

{ a=b; *a= 15; int x = 10, y =

20; { test(&x, &y); prin ("%d

%d", x, y); retum O; 15 15

10 15

10 20

15 20

What does the following statement mean? mt (*ptr)[5]; ptr

is an array of 5 integers ptr is a pointer to an array of 5

integers ptr is array of pointers to 5 integers ptr is an

pointer to array

What is the output of this program?

*Include int maino inta = 5; void *ptr =

&a return 0; 5

0.0000 0

What is the output of the given code?

*include <stdio.h> void maino inta = 0; int

&a ; " : ptr); prin ("%p " , ptr);
0 1 compila on

Error Run Time

Error

None of the above

What is the output of this program?

#mclude <stdio.h> void main() int *b = &a
; int * = ,
5 garbage value garbage value
5 5 garbage value

555
Error

What is the output of this program? #include void main()

int arr[3J = {1, 2, 3}; int *ptr = arr; int * *temp = &ptr prin

("%p %p", *tenv, arr); Same Address

Different Address
12

23

What will be the output? void maino

char far *farther, *farthest;

%d", sizeof(farther), sizeof(farthest));

42
22

44

24

Is this the correct way for a NULL pointer assignment?

int i=O-, char

*q=(char*)i;
Yes

No

May B

Can't Say

What is the output of this program?

*include void test(int * , int *);

void main() mta=5,b=6;

test(&a.&b); prin ("%d

%d",a,b); void test(int *p, int

*q)

30 6

6 36
36 6

-42

What is the storage class for variable A in the below code?

int main() int A; A

= 10; A); return O;

Auto

Register

Sta c

Extern

hich operator is used to access the member func ons and

variables of a class through a pointer in C++?

. (dot operator)

-> (arrow operator)

:: (scope resolu on operator)

: (colon operator)

What is the correct output of given code snippets in C++?

*include <iostream> *include

<deque> usmg namespace
std; int main() deque<int> d;
dpush_back(10);
dpush_back(20);
dpush_back(30);
:iterator itr = [Link]()

[Link](itr, 40); for (int i =

O; i < d-size(); i*+) { cout

<< d[i] << return O;

10 20 30 40

10 40 20 30 10 30 40
20
Syntax error
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Which of the following pseudo-codes correctly represents

the implementa on of a circular queue in C++?

enqueue(item): if rear
max size -
1 rear = 0 else: rear* +
queue[rear] = item
enqueue(item): rear = (rear
+ 1)
% max_size queue[rear] =
item enqueue(item): if rear
max size - 1: rear = 0
queue[rear] = item
enqueue(item): rear* +
queue[rear]

= item

In C++, what is the purpose of the "namespace" keyword

in program structure?

It defines a new scope for variables and func ons to avoid

naming conflicts.

It specifies the memory alloca on strategy for variables and

func ons.

It declares the visibility of variables and func ons within a

program.

It defines the inheritance hierarchy for classes and objects.

What is the primary purpose of backtracking in the context

of constraint sa sfac on problems?

To explore all possible solu ons

To quickly find the op mal solu on
To reduce the problem size

To enforce constraints on the search space

Let X be a problem that belongs to the class NP. Then

which one of the following is TRUE?

There is no polynomial me algorithm for X.

If X can be solved determinis cally in polynomial me, then

P = NP

If X is NP-hard, then it is NP-complete.

X may be undecidable.

ich of the following statements are TRUE? (1) The

problem of determining whether there exists a
cycle in
n undirected graph is in P. (2) The problem of determining
whether there exists a cycle in an
undirected raph is in NP. (3) If a problem A is NP-Complete, there exists a non-determinis c polynomial
me
algorithm o solve A.

1, 2 and 3

1 and 3

2 and 3

1 and 2

The Euler's circuit problem can be solved in?

O(N)

O(N log N)
O(log N)

O(N2)

In the Frac onal Knapsack problem, if the items have equal values but different weights, which
strategy should the greedy algorithm follow to obtain the op mal solu on?

Select the item with the highest weight

Select the item with the lowest weight

Select the item with the highest value-to-weight ra o

Select the item with the lowest value-to-weight ra o
Given a hash table T with 25 slots that stores 2000
elements, the load factor a for T is

80

0.0125

8000

1.25

In a doubly linked list, what is the me complexity of dele

ng a node when its pointer is given?

0(1)

O(log n)

O(n)

0(nA2)

Which data structure can be used to efficiently implement

a priority queue that supports efficient inser on, dele on,
and upda ng of priori es?
Binary heap

AVL tree

Hash table
Linked list

In the Knuth-Morris-Pra (KMP) algorithm, what is the

primary purpose of the "par al match table" or "failure
func on"?
To op mize the pa ern matching process

To make the pa ern shorter

To decrease memory usage

To ensure the pa ern is in lexicographical order

The average successful search me taken by binary search

on a sorted array of 10 items is

2.6

2.7
2.8 2.9

Consider the following code:

intarr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4,

5}; int *ptrl = arr, int *ptr2 = arr + 2; ptr2 -

ptrl);
What does this code snippet print?

3
4

Consider the following code:

int arr[3] = {1, 2, 3}; int *ptr = arr;

prin ("%d", ptr[2J);

What does this code snippet print?

2
3

Compiler Error

How are func on arguments passed in C++ by default?

By reference

By value

By pointer

By constant reference

How do you define a member func on of a class outside the class in C++?
returnType className::func onName(parameters) {body} func

onName::className(parameters) {body} className returnType::func

onName(parameters) {body} returnType func onName(parameters) ::

className {body}

Which of the following is NOT a valid C++ program structure?

Program with no "main" func on but with other func ons defined.

Program with mul ple "main" func ons defined.

Program with a "main" func on defined within a namespace

Program with a class defini on containing only sta c member func ons

What will be the output of the following C++ code?

*include <iostream>

[Link] namespace std; int main() {

mtn, for (n = 5; n < 0; n—) cout n;
if(n— 3) break;

Return 0;

543
54

5432

53

What is the main difference between a func on and a method in C++?

A func on cannot return a value, while a method can

A func on is defined inside a class, while a method is not

A method is a func on defined inside a class

There is no difference

What is a default argument in a func on in C++?

An argument that is always required

An argument that the func on uses if no corresponding

argument is passed
The first argument in a func on

An argument that defaults to zero

What is inheritance in C++?

Sharing data between classes

Deriving new classes from exis ng classes

Copying proper es of one class into another

Changing the behavior of a func on

Which of the following is NOT a valid C++ program structure?

Program with no "main" func on but with other func ons defined.

Program with mul ple "main" func ons defined.

Program with a "main" func on defined within a namespace.

Program with a class defini on containing only sta c member func ons.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of header files in C++ program structure?
Header files contain executable code that is included in the final program.

Header files define the interface for func ons and classes
used in a program.
Header files provide the main entry point for program execu on.

Header files declare global variables and func ons for the program.

In C++, what is the purpose of the "sta c" keyword in program structure?

It specifies that a variable or func on is only visible within

the current source file.
It defines a new namespace for the program.

It specifies that a variable or func on is defined in another source file.

It imports external libraries or header files into the program.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the "iostream" header file in C++
program structure?

It defines input and output opera ons for console-based

programs.
It provides defini ons for standard data types and macros used in C++ programs.
It declares global variables and func ons for the program.

It specifies the entry point for program execu on.

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Consider the following C++ program snippet for inser ng a node at the end of a linked list:

*include <iostream> usmg namespace

std; struct Node { int data;
Node* next; void head, int value) {

Node* newNode = new Node newNode-

>data = value newNode->next =

nullptr; if (head == nullptr) {

head = newNode; Node* temp = head;

while (temp->next nullptr)

{ temp = temp->next; temp>next =

newNode; int main() { Node* head =

nullptr; insenEnd(head, l); insenEnd(head,

2); insertEnd(head, 3); insertEnd(head, 4);
insenEnd(head, 5); while (head == nullptr) {

cout head>data " head = head-

>next; return 0;

What will be the output of the program?

Infinite Loop
54321

1234

5432

Consider the below program, and iden fy which Opera on is performed. int solve(stmct
Node* head) if NULL) return 1; struct Node* ptr; ptr = head->next; while (ptr [Link] &&
ptr head) ptr = ptr->next; return (Otr head);
Checking for List is empty of not Checking for the list is
Circular or not count the number of elements in the list
None

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What does the following func on check for? (all necessary headers to be included and func on is called
from main) *define MAX 10 typedef struct stack mt top; int item[MAXJ

} stack; int func on(stack *s) if(s>top

== -1) return 1; else return 0; Full

stack

Invalid index

Empty stack

Infinite stack

What will be the output of the following C code snippet?

int = 2, 3}, {4, 5, int = arr; prm

("%d" + 2));

3 6

Choose a correct C++ for loop syntax.

for(initaliza on; condi on; inc/dec){ // statements }; for(declara on; condi on;

incrementopera on){ l/ statements }; for(declara on; incrementopera on; condi

on){ // statements }; for(initaliza on; condi on; incrementopera on){ // statements

};
What are access specifiers in C++?

Keywords that set the access level of class members

Func ons that determine how a class is accessed

Variables that specify the size of a class

Operators that manage class member access

In a C++ applica on, a developer implements a cache mechanism using smart pointers to manage cached

objects' memory. However, a er extended usage, the program's performance degrades significantly. What

could be a poten al reason for this performance degrada on?

Memory leaks occur, resul ng in excessive memory consump on

Smart pointer overhead, such as reference coun ng opera

ons, impacts performance
The program exceeds the maximum stack size allocated for dynamic memory

The cache mechanism encounters hash collisions, leading to increased lookup mes

In backtracking, what is the role of the "state space tree"?

It represents the en re problem space

It represents the current state of the system

It visualizes the pruning process

It is a data structure for storing solu ons

Which of the following problems cannot be solved op mally using a greedy algorithm?

Dijkstra's Shortest Path

Minimum Spanning Tree

Huffman Coding

Knapsack Problem

Which of the following best defines dynamic programming?

A programming technique for op mising code execu on speed.

A programming approach that divides a problem into smaller subproblems and solves them recursively.

A method to store and reuse previously computed results to

solve a problem more efficiently.
A process of transforming a problem into a set of mathema cal equa ons
Which data structure represents a collec on of nodes connected by edges where each node can have mul

ple child nodes?

Stack

Queues

Linked List

Graph

A text is made up of the characters a, b, c, d, e each occurring with the probability 0.11, 0.40, 0.16, 0.09

and 0.24 respec vely. The op mal Huffman coding technique will have the average length of:

2.40

2.16

2.26

2.15

A hash func on h defined h(key)=key mod 7, with linear probing, is used to insert the keys

44, 45, 79, 55, 91, 18, 63 into a table indexed from 0 to 6. What will be the loca on of key

18?

4
5 6

Which of the following standard algorithms is not Dynamic Programming based?

Bellman—Ford Algorithm for single source shortest path

Floyd Warshall Algorithm for all pairs shortest paths

0-1 Knapsack problem

Prim's Minimum Spanning Tree

A data structure in which elements can be inserted or deleted at/from both the ends but not in the middle

is? Queue

Circular queue

Dequeue

Priority queue
The KMP algorithm is par cularly efficient when searching for a pa ern within a text that:

Has a very long pa ern

Is very short

Contains no duplicate characters in the pa ern

Has a repea ng subpa ern

The average successful search me for sequen al search on 'n' items is.

n/2

(n-1)/2

(n + 1)/2

Log(n) + 1

What is the purpose of the •realloc• func on in C?

Allocates memory on the stack

Deallocates memory on the heap

Resizes the memory block previously allocated by *malloc'

or •calloc• .
Allocates memory for a constant variable

What is the output of the following C code snippet?

intarr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int *ptrl = arr +

2; int *ptr2 = arr; prin

("%d", ptrl - ptr2);

2
3

What is the purpose of a func on prototype in C++?

To define a func on
To declare a func on before its usage
To ini alize func on variables

To terminate a func on

What is polymorphism in C++?

The ability of a class to have mul ple constructors

The ability of a func on to perform different tasks based on

the context
The capability of crea ng many objects from a single class

The feature of combining mul ple classes into one

In C++, what is the purpose of the "namespace" keyword

in program structure?

It defines a new scope for variables and func ons to avoid

naming conflicts
It specifies the memory alloca on strategy for variables and
func ons

It declares the visibility of variables and func ons within a

program
It defines the inheritance hierarchy for classes and objects

What will be the output of the following C++ code?

#include <iostream> ustng namespace

std; mt mamo { mta= 10;
cout a if (n = 3) goto me; break;

return O; 1010 10
infinitely print 10 compile me

error

What is a 'const' member func on in C++?

A func on that can modify the object it is called on

A func on that cannot change any class member variables

A func on that is always called first

A constructor func on

What is the return type of a constructor in C++?

void
The type of the class

It has no return type

Int

In C++, what is the purpose of the "include" direc ve in

program structure?

It imports external libraries or header files into the

program.
It defines a new namespace for the program.

It specifies the entry point for program execu on.

It declares global variables and func ons for the program.

Which of the following are member dereferencing

operators in C++?

1. *
2. ::
3. _>*
4. ::* 5. _>

Only 1, 3, 4

Only 1 and 5 Only 3 and 4

only 3, 4, 5

Which of the following header file is required to use

deque container in C++?

<queue>

<deque>
<dqueue>

<cqueue>

What is the output of the following C++ code?

*include <iostream>

#mclude <queue>

usmg namespace std; int mam() {

queue<int> q;
[Link](10);
[Link](20);

[Link](30);
[Link](); cout qfront(); return 0;

10
20

30

Compila on Error

What is the correct output of the given code snippets?

*include <iostream> *include <deque> usmg

namespace std; int main() deque<int> d;
dadd(lO); da 20 for (int i = 0; i < [Link]();
i*+) { cout << d[i] return O;

10 20 30

Garbage Value

Syntax error
Run me error

What is the correct output of the given code snippets?

*include <iostream> usmg namespace std;

int main() deque<int> d;

10); dpush_back(20); d back 30 for (mt i =

O; i < [Link](); i+) { cout d[i] return O; 10
20 30

Garbage Value
Syntax error

Run me error

What will be the output of the following C++ program

snippet for dele ng the first node of a linked list?
*include <iostream> usmg namespace
std; struct Node { int data;
Node* next; void head) { if (head ==
nullptr) { Node* temp = head; head =
head->next; delete temp; int main() {

Node* head = new Node head->data = 1;

head>next = nullptr; deleteFirst(head); cout
<< head; return 0;

1 nullptr
Compila on error

What is the correct output of the given code snippets?

*include <iostream> #include <deque>

usmg namespace std; int main()
deque<int> d;

d. h fron O for (int i = O; i < [Link](); {

cout d[i] return 0; 10 20 30

20 10 30
30 10 20

Syntax error

Consider the following C++ code snippet for implemen ng

a circular queue using a linked

list:

*include <iostream> usmg namespace std;

class Node { public:
int data;

Node* next; Node(int value) { data =

value; next = nullptr class
CircularQueue { pnvate:

Node* front; Node* rear; public:

CucularQueue() { front = rear = nullptr,

bool isEmpty() { return front nullptr, bool
isFull() { return false; void enqueue(int
value) {

Node* newNode = new Node(value); if (isEmpty()) {

front = rear = newNode; rear-

>next = front; } else { rear->next = newNode•, rear

= newNode; rear->next = front; int dequeue() { if

(rsEmpty()) { cout << "Queue is empty. " << endl;

return -1, int item = front->data; if (front rear) {

delete front; front = rear = nullptr; } else { Node*

temp = front; front = front->next; rear->next = front;

delete temp; return item; int main() { CircularQueue

q;

q. enqueue( O);

q. dequeue();
q. dequeue();

q. enqueue(40);

q. dequeue(); cout << "Front element " << q dequeue() << endl, return
O;

What will be the output of the given code?

Empty Queue. Will cause compila on error

Front element: 20

Front element: 30 Front element: 40

What is a func on in C++?

A block of code that executes when the program starts

A named unit of code that can be invoked from other parts

of the program
A variable declara on

A class member

What is a constructor in C++?

A special func on used to ini alize objects of its class

A func on that destroys an object
A normal func on declared inside a class

A sta c member func on of a class

What is a class in C++?

A data type defined by the user A blueprint for

crea ng objects collec on of func ons container

for variables

What is the significance of the "backtrack" step in

backtracking algorithms?

It indicates a dead-end in the search space

It revisits previously explored solu ons

It involves undoing the most recent choice

It marks the star ng point of the algorithm

What is the me complexity of the dynamic programming

solu on for the Matrix Chain

Mul plica on problem with n matrices?

O(n)

0(nA2)

O(nA3)

O(2An)

What is the me complexity of the dynamic programming

algorithm for compu ng the nth

Fibonacci number?

O(n)
O(log n)

O(nA2)

O(2An)

The number of edges in a complete graph of n ver ces is n(n+1)/2 n(n-l)/2

nA2/2
n

The number of permuta ons of the characters in LILAC so

that no character appears in its original posi on, if the two

L's are indis nguishable, is

12
10
8

15

What is the search complexity in direct addressing?

O(n)
O(logn)

O(nlogn)

0(1)

Consider the following two problems of graph. 1) Given a

graph, find if the graph has a cycle that visits every vertex
exactly once except the first visited vertex which must be
visited again to complete the cycle. 2) Given a graph, find
if the graph has a cycle that visits every edge exactly once.
Which of the following is true about the above two
problems?
Problem 1 belongs NP Complete set and 2 belongs to P
Problem 1 belongs to P set and 2 belongs to NP Complete
set

Both problems belong to P set

Both problems belong to NP complete set

Let S be an NP-complete problem and Q and R be two other problems not known to be in NR Q is

polynomial me reducible to S and S is polynomial- me reducible to R. Which one of the following statements

is true?

R is NP-complete

R is NP-hard
Q is NP-compIete

Q is NP-hard

The "Manacher Array" or "P-array" in Manacher's

algorithm is used to:

Store palindromic substrings found in the text

Store informa on about the posi on and length of

palindromic substrings
Implement the hash func on

Keep track of the number of opera ons performed

Which of the following sor ng algorithm has the worst me

complexity of n Log n?
heap sort quick sort Inser on sort

selec on sort

What is the output of the following C code snippet?

int *ptr = arr; prin ("%d",

1

Which func on is used to free the memory allocated by the malloc func on? dealloc free
release dispose

What are variadic func ons in C++?

Func ons that can take a variable number of arguments

Func ons that return variable values

Func ons that vary in return type

Func ons that can be called in various ways

A C++ program is designed to manage a large database with extensive memory requirements. The

program dynamically allocates memory using the "new" operator to store database records. However, a er

running for a while, the program crashes due to excessive memory consump on. What could be a poten al

reason for this issue?

Memory fragmenta on causes an inability to find con guous memory blocks.

The program exceeds the maximum stack size allocated for dynamic memory.

Memory leaks occur, resul ng in con nuous alloca on of memory without dealloca on. The program
encounters a segmenta on fault due to invalid memory access. Which of the following statements
accurately describes the role of header files in C++ program structure?

Header files contain executable code that is included in the final program
Header files define the interface for func ons and classes used in a program

Header files provide the main entry point for program execu on

Header files declare global variables and func ons for the program

What will be the output of the following C++ code?

*include <iostream> usmg namespace

std; mt mam() { intn= 15;
for (; ;) cout << n; return O; error 15
infinite mes of prin ng n none of the men

oned

Which of the following is true about inline func ons in C++?

They are always faster than regular func ons

The compiler may ignore the inline request

They cannot have a loop

They are defined outside the class

How do you create an object in C++?

className objectName; objectName className;

className::objectName; new className;

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of a C++ program?

The "main" func on must be declared before any other func ons.

Func ons in a C++ program must be defined in the same order as they are called.

Variables declared inside a func on are accessible only within that func on.

C++ programs must have a class defini on even if no objects are instan ated.

What is the significance of the "return 0;" statement at the end of the "main" func on in a

C++ program?

It signifies the successful execu on of the program.

It indicates an error condi on and terminates the program.

It returns a value to the opera ng system indica ng the program's status.

It has no significance and can be omi ed without affec ng program execu on.
What is the result of the following code snippet?

*include <iostream> usmg namespace

std; int main() { int *ptr = arr, cout <<
*(ptr + 2) << endl; return 0;
1

3 4

What is the correct output of the given code snippets?

#include <iostream> #include <deque>

usmg namespace std; int main()
deque<mt> d; dpush_back(10); d h fron
20 dpop_back(); dpush_back(40);
for (int i = O; i < d-size(); iH-) { cout << d[i]
<< return
0; 10 20 40

1040

20 40

Syntax error

What is the output of the following program? public class Stack {

protected sta c final int
CAPACITY = 100; protected int size, top = 1; protected

Object stk[l; public Stack() { stk = new Object[CAPACITY],

public void push(Object item) { if(size_of_stack size) {

[Link] overflow"); return; } else { stk[top] = Item,

public Object pop()

{ if(top < 0) { return

-999;

} else {
Object ele = stk[top]; size of stack--; return ele; public class

StackDemo { public sta c void marn(String args[]) { Stack

my-Stack = new StackO; [Link](l O);

Object elementl = [Link]();

Object element2 = [Link]();

System. out.print1n(element2);

Stack is full

20
0

None of the men oned

What is the correct output of given code snippets in C++?

*include <iostream> *include <deque

usmg namespace std; int main()
deque<int> d; dpush_back(10);
d.push_back(20); dpush_back(30);
dmsefl(40); for (int i = 0; i < [Link](); i+)
{ cout d[i] return O;

10 20 30 40
10 20 40

103040

Syntax error

What is the correct output of the given code snippets?

*include *include

<deque> usmg

namespace std; int main()

dpush_back(20);

d.push_back(30); itr = d-end() itr++; dinsen(itr, 40);

for (int i

= O; i < d. size(); i-H-) { cout

<< d[i] << return O;

10 20 30 30
10 20 40 30

Garbage value
Syntax error

Consider the following C++ program snippet for coun ng the number of nodes in a linked

list:

#include <iostream> usmg namespace

std; struct Node { int data;

Node* next; mt countNodes(Node* head) { mt

count = O; while (head nullptr) { count++;

head = head; return count; int

mam() {
Node* head = new Node head->data = I

head->next = nullptr; cout <<

countNodes(head); return
O;

WHat will be the output of the program?

Infinite Loop

2
Compila on error

What is the correct implementa on of the dequeue() func on for a double-ended queue

(deque) in C++? void dequeue() {

q.pop_front(); void dequeue() {

q.pop_back(); void dequeue() {
[Link]([Link]()); void dequeue() {

q.remove_front();

There are the following statements that are given below, which of them are correct about deque container
in C++?
The deque stands for the double-ended queue.

The deque is a sequence container.

The deque is a derived container.

In the deque container, data can be inserted and deleted from both the front and back ends the side. A and
B A, C, and D
A, B, and D

C and D

Which of the following is NOT a valid way to ini alize a queue in C++?

queue<int> q; queue<int> q(5); queue<int> q =

{1 ,

2, 3}; queue<int> q(other_queue);

What is the func onality of the following code?

int func on() if (head null)

return [Link]

VALVE; mt var; Node temp = head; while

head) temp = [Link]; if (temp ==

head) { var = head. getltem(); head = null;
return var; [Link]([Link]()); var

= head. getltem(); head = head. getNext();

return var;

Choose the most appropriate answer.

Returns the data from the beginning of the list

Returns the data and deletes the node at the end of the list

Returns the data from the beginning of the list and deletes the node from the beginning of the list
Returns the data and deletes the node from the beginning of the list

In backtracking algorithms, what is the purpose of maintaining a "state vector"?

To store the final solu on

To keep track of the current state of the system

To represent the constraints of the problem

To guide the explora on of the search space

Which of the following is a drawback of the dynamic programming solu on for the 0/1

Knapsack problem?
It has exponen al me complexity

It requires exhaus ve search of all possible subsets

It does not guarantee an op mal solu on

It only works for small knapsack capaci es

The Longest Common Subsequence problem is a classic example of which type of dynamic programming
problem?

Par on problem

Op miza on problem

Shortest path problem

Subset sum problem

Which of the following is an advantage of adjacency list representa on over adjacency matrix representa

on of a graph?

In adjacency list representa on, space is saved for sparse graphs.

DFS and BSF can be done in O(V + E) me for adjacency list representa on. These opera ons take

O(VA2) me in adjacency matrix representa on. Here it is V and E are the number of ver ces and edges

respec vely.

Adding a vertex in adjacency list representa on is easier than adjacency matrix representa on.
All of the above

In the Frac onal Knapsack problem, what is the objec ve?

Maximise the total value of items taken

Minimise the total weight of items taken

Maximise the ra o of value to weight of items taken

Minimise the number of items taken

What is simple uniform hashing?

Every element has equal probability of hashing into any of the slots

A weighted probabilis c method is used to hash elements into the slots

All of the men oned

None of the men oned

What is the key property used in dynamic programming to solve the Longest Common
Subs uence roblem?

Op mal substructure
Overlapping subproblems

Greedy choice property

Subproblem decomposi on

Which of the following problems is not NP complete?

Hamiltonian circuit

Bin packing

Par on problem

Hal ng problem

Manacher's algorithm is par cularly efficient when:

There are no palindromes in the string

There is exactly one palindrome in the string

The string contains mul ple palindromic substrings

The string is very short

As part of the maintenance work, you are entrusted with the work of rearranging the library books in a

shelf in proper order at the end of each day. The ideal choice will be bubble sort inser on sort selec on

sort heap sort

Which of the following is a correct way to dynamically

allocate memory for a 2D array in c?

'int **arr = (int**)malloc(3 * sizeof(int));

'int arr[3][3] = (int*)malloc(3 sizeof(int));

'int *'arr = (int**)malloc(3 sizeof(int));

'int *'arr = (int**)malloc(3 sizeof(int));

What does the malloc func on return if it fails to allocate

memory?
Nullptr

0
-1

Excep on

What is the significance of the 'main' func on in C++?

It indicates the end of the program

It is the first func on that gets called when a program starts

It is used to define methods

It is a special class constructor

In a C++ applica on, a developer is implemen ng a custom

memory allocator to op mize memory usage. However,

during program execu on, memory corrup on issues arise,

leading to unexpected behavior and crashes. What could be

a likely cause of these memory corrup on issues?

The custom memory allocator fails to handle mul threading

scenarios effec vely.

The program exceeds the maximum stack size allocated for

dynamic memory

Memory leaks occur, resul ng in excessive memory

consump on.

The custom memory allocator incorrectly manages

memory alignment requirements.

In C++, what is the significance of the "return 0;"

statement at the end of the "main" func on in a C++
program?
It signifies the successful execu on of the program

It indicates an error condi on and terminates the program

It returns a value to the opera ng system indica ng the

program's status
It has no significance and can be omi ed without affec ng
program execu on

What will be the output of the following C++ code?

0123456789
10
012345678910 compile me error

What are member func ons in a C++ class?

Func ons defined outside the class

Func ons that operate on class data

Independent func ons

Func ons that return class objects

What is recursion in C++?

A loop in a func on

A class calling another class

A func on calling itself Overloading a func on In

C++, what is the purpose of the "extern" keyword in
program structure?

It specifies that a variable or func on is defined in another

source file.

It declares a variable or func on to have external linkage.

It defines a new class with external visibility.

It imports external libraries or header files into the

program.

What is the me complexity of finding the size of a queue in

C++?
0(1)

O(log n)

O(N)

O(n log n)

Consider the following C++ code snippet:

What does the func on in the *CircularQueue• class check

for?

Whether the queue is empty

Whether the queue is completely full
Whether the rear pointer is one posi on behind the front
pointer

Whether the queue has reached its maximum capacity

without any space for addi onal
Elements

Which operator is used for dynamic memory alloca on in

C++?

new malloc alloc alloc

mem

Given the following enqueue opera on in the

'CircularQueue• class:

What is the purpose of the '0/0' operator in the line •rear =

(rear + 1) % MAX SIZE?

It increments the rear pointer by one

It calculates the modulo opera on to ensure the rear pointer

wraps around in a circular manner

It checks if the queue is full

It resets the rear pointer to zero when it reaches the end of

the array

Consider the dequeue opera on in the 'CircularQueue'

class:
What does the condi on front == rear' represent?

Whether the queue is empty

Whether the queue is full

Whether there is only one element in the queue

Whether the rear pointer is one posi on behind the front
pointer

What will be the output of the following C++ program snippet for searching a key in a linked list? 0 1
true fals e

State the complexity of algorithm given below.

o(n)
O(logn)

0(1)
O(n logn)

Consider the following C++ program snippet for reversing

a linked list:

1
12

123

Compila on error

In C++, what is the purpose of the "placement new"

operator in memory management?

It is used to allocate memory from the stack for a new

object.

It allows the programmer to specify the memory loca on

where an object should be constructed.

t deallocates memory allocated for an object on the heap.

t automa cally manages memory alloca on and dealloca on

for objects.

In C++, which of the following correctly describes the

structure of a C++ program?

A C++ program consists of a single func on called "main"

where program execu on begins.

A C++ program consists of one or more func ons, with the

"main" func on serving as the entry point.

A C++ program must have exactly one class defini on, which acts as the main program structure.

A C++ program consists of a series of statements without

the need for func ons or classes.

What is the func onality of the given code? Choose the most

appropriate answer:

Print success if a par cular element is found

Print fail if a par cular element is not found

Print success if a par cular element is equal to 1
Print fail if the list is empty

In the "Subset Sum Problem," if we aim to find all subsets

that sum to a target value, what is the op mal backtracking

strategy?

Include only the elements that exactly meet the target sum

Include all elements and then backtrack to meet the target

sum

Exclude elements un l the target sum is reached

Include and exclude elements alternately un l the target

sum is reached

What is the output of the following code? int

find_max(int a, int b) if(a > b) retum a; return b; int
knapsack(int W, int •wt, int •val,int n) int ans[n + II[W+
1]; int itm,w; for(itm = O; itm <= n; itm++)

ans1itml[01 = O; for(w = W, w++)

for(itm = I; itm n; itm++) for(W = 1; W

W; W++)

if(wt[itm - IJ w)

= find_max(ans[itm - - - 1],

ans[itm else = anslitm – return int main() int wo =

= {60, 100, 120}, W = 50 int ans = knapsack(W, w,
v,

3); prin ("%d",ans); return O; 120

100

180 220

Consider two strings A = "qpqrr" and B = "pqprqrp". Let x

be the length of the longest common subsequence (not

necessarily con guous) between A and B and let y be the

number of such longest common subsequences between A

and B.
Then x + 10y =

33
23

43 34 Consider an
undirected random
graph of eight ver ces.
The probability that
there is an edge
between a pair of ver
ces is 1/2. What is the
expected number of
unordered cycles
Of length three?

1/8

7 8

Greedy algorithms are o en used for solving problems that

exhibit:

Overlapping subproblems

Op mal substructure
Both overlapping subproblems and op mal substructure

Neither overlapping subproblems nor op mal substructure

In simple uniform hashing, what is the search complexity?

O(n)

O(logn)

O(nlogn)

0(1)

Given the following statements: Sl : Every context-sensi ve language L is recursive S2 : There exists a
recursive language that is not context-sensi ve Which statements are true?

Only Sl is correct
Only S2 is correct

Both Sl and S2 are not correct

Both Sl and S2 are correct

Which greedy algorithm is used to solve the task

scheduling problem?

Dijkstra's Algorithm

Prim's Algorithm

Kruskal's Algorithm
Interval Scheduling Algorithm

When using Manacher's algorithm to find the longest

palindromic substring, what is th role of the "mirror"
variable?
To find the center of the longest palindrome

To compare characters in the text for equality

To improve the hashing process

To track the expansion of a palindrome around its center

The given array is arr = {1 Bubble sort is used to sort the array elements. How many itera ons will

be done to sort the array with improvised version?

2
1

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