2690 Register

Code : 20CE11T

Number
I Semester Diploma Examination, March/April-2022
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Time:3 Hours [Max. Marks: 100
Instructions: (i) Answer one full question from each section.
(i) One full question carries 20 marks.

SECTION -I

1 (a) Write the characteristics of a good building stone. 10

(b) Explain the geological classification of rocks. 10

2 (a) Define quarrying. Explain the process of quarrying by blasting. 10

(6) List and explain the cause of decay of stones. 10

SECTION- II

3
3. (a) With a neat sketch explain the structure of timber. 10
(b) List the general properties of a good timber. 10

4. (a)Explain
(a) the process oftempering of clay using pug mill. 10
(b) Explain Hoffman's kiln with a neat sketch. 10

SECTION- III

.5. (a) List the properties and uses of aerated concrete blocks. 10
(b) List the properties and uses of Glazed tiles. 10

6.
6. (a)
(a) Explain the burning process of cement with a neat sketch. 10
(b) Explain the grinding of cement using ball mill with a neat sketch. 10

OD 1 of 2 [Turn over
 20CE11T 2 of 2 2690

SECTION- IV

List the different types of cement and mention their uses 10

7. (a)
(b) Write the properties and uses of 10

Steel

(ii) Copper

8. (a) What are the properties and uses of plaster of Paris ? 10

b)Explain the properties and uses of FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic). 10

SECTION -V

9. (a) What are the properties of a good paint ? Mention the ingredients of paints. 10

b) What are the uses of 10

) Varnish
(i) M-Sand

10. (a) Briefly explain the Termite Proofing process. 10

b) Write a short note on 10
i) Shot crete
(ii) Geopolymer cement
 I Semester Diploma Examination, March/April- 2022
CIVIL ENGINEERING BOARD
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS-20CE11T
SCHEME OF VALUATION

Qn.No. Break up of marks Total marks

allotted
SECTION-I
1.(a) Writing any Ten Characteristics= 10x1= 10 marks 10
1.(b) Explanation of igneous rocks -4 marks, Sedimentary rocks -3 marks, metamorphic rocks- 3 10
marks
2.(a) Definition of quarrying – 1 mark, Sketch of blasting process -4 marks, Explanation- 5 marks 10
2.(b) Writing the ten causes of decay of stones and explanation-10x1= 10 marks 10
SECTION-II
3.(a) Sketch of structure of timber =5 Marks, Explanation=5 Marks 10
3.(b) Listing any ten general properties of a good timber= 10 x 1= 10 marks 10
4.(a) Sketch of Pug Mill- 5 marks, Explanation = 5 marks, 10
4.(b) Sketch of Hoffman’s Kiln- 5 marks, Explanation = 5 marks, 10
SECTION-III
5.(a) Listing of 5 properties of aerated concrete blocks 5x1 = 5 marks 10
Listing of 5 uses of aerated concrete blocks, 5x1= 5 marks,
5.(b) Listing of 5 properties of glazed tiles 5x1 = 5 marks 10
Listing of 5 uses of glazed tiles, 5x1= 5 marks,
6.(a) Sketch of Burning Process- 5 marks, Explanation = 5marks, 10
6.(b) Sketch of Grinding Process- 5 marks, Explanation = 5marks, 10
SECTION-IV
7.(a) Listing of any ten types of cement with their uses- 10x1 = 10 marks 10
7.(b) (i) Any five properties of steel- 2.5 marks, Any five uses of steel- 2.5 marks, (1/2 mark
each) 10
(ii) Any five properties of copper- 2.5 marks, Any five uses of copper- 2.5 marks, (1/2
mark each)
8.(a) Any five properties of POP- 5x1= 5 marks, any five uses of POP- 5x1= 5 marks 10
8.(b) Any five properties of FRP- 5x1= 5 marks, any five uses of FRP- 5x1= 5 marks
10
SECTION – V
9.(a) Any five properties of paint, 5x1 = 5marks, Listing of ingredients of paints- 5x1= 5 marks. 10
9.(b) (i) Any five uses of Varnish 5x1= 5 marks 10
(ii) Any five uses of M- sand 5x1= 5 marks
10. (a) Explanation of pre-construction treatment -5 marks, post-construction treatment -5 marks, 10
10.(b) (i) Explanation of shotcrete- 5 marks 10
(ii) Explanation of Geopolymer cement- 5 marks
1.(a) Characteristics of a good building stones are

 Crushing strength: For a good building stone crushing strength should be greater than 100 N/mm2.
 Appearance: The stones which are to be used for face work should be decent in appearance and they
should capable of preserving their color for longer time. Light colored stones must be preferred.
 Durability: A good building stone should be durable. Factors affecting the durability are Chemical
composition, texture, resistance to atmosphere and location in structure. Stones should be arranged
such that the natural bed is perpendicular to the direction of load.
 Facility of dressing: the stones should be such that they can be easily carved, moulded, cut and dressed.
 Fracture: for a good building stone its fracture should be sharp, even, bright and clear with well
cemented grains.
 Hardness: the coefficient of hardness for the stone should be greater than 17 for a stone to be used in
road work.
 Percentage of wear: In attrition test if the percentage of wear is more than 3% the stone is not
satisfactory.
 Resistance to fire: the mineral composition of stone should be such that the shape of the stone is
preserved when a fire occurs.
 Seasoning: stones should be well seasoned before putting into use. Presence of moisture makes the
stone soft. Stones quarried freshly from the quarry contains quarry sap, therefore proper seasoning for
a period of 6-12 months is required.
 Specific gravity: Specific gravity should be greater than 2.7 for a good building stone.
 Texture: A good building stone should have a compact fine crystalline structure free from cavities,
cracks or patches or soft or loose material.
 Toughness index: in impact test if the value of toughness index comes below 13, the stone is not tough.
If it comes between 13-19, the stone is said to be moderately tough. If it exceeds 19, the toughness of
stone is high.
 Water absorption: percentage absorption by weight should not exceed 0.60.
 Weathering: A good building stone should possess better weathering qualities. It should be capable of
withstanding adverse effects of rain, temperature, wind, frost etc.

1.(b) According to geological classification rocks are classified into three types

 Igneous Rocks

 Sedimentary Rocks

 Metamorphic Rocks
 Igneous Rocks: Rocks that are formed by cooling of Magma (molten or pasty rocky material) are known
as igneous rocks.

The igneous rocks are recognized in the following three classes:

 Plutonic rocks: These rocks are formed due to cooling (slow) of magma at a considerable (higher)
depth from the earth surface. They have coarse grained crystalline structure. Eg: Granite
 Hypabyssal rocks: A rock formed due to cooling (quick) of magma at a relatively shallow depth from
the earth surface. They have finely grained crystalline structure due to quick cooling of magma. Eg:
Dolerite
 Volcanic rocks: The rocks formed due to pouring of magma on earth surface. They have extremely
fine-grained structure due to rapid pouring of magma. Eg: Basalt.
Sedimentary Rocks
These rocks are formed by the deposition of weathering products on the pre-existing rocks. Weathering
products are carried from their place of origin by weathering agents i.e. by frost, rain, wind, flowing water,
etc.
Eg: Gravel, Sandstone, Limestone, Gypsum, Lignite, etc.
Following are the four types of deposits that occur:
 Residual deposit: Some portion of the products of weathering remain at the site of origin. Such deposit
is known as a residual deposit.
 Sedimentary deposit: The insoluble products of weathering are carried away in suspension and when
such products are deposited, such deposit is known as sedimentary deposit. (Agent of transport-
flowing water)
 Chemical deposit: Some portion that is carried away in solution may be deposited by some physico-
chemical process such as evaporation precipitation. It gives rise to the chemical deposit. (Agent of
transport-precipitation)
 Organic deposit: Some portion of the product of weathering gets deposited through the agency of
organisms. Such deposits are known as the organic deposits.
Metamorphic Rocks
These rocks are formed by the change in character of the pre-existing rocks when they are subjected to
great heat and pressure. The process of change is Known as metamorphism.
There are three agents of metamorphism, namely, heat, pressure and chemically acting fluids.
Eg: Quartzite, Schist, Slate, Marble and Gneisses.
Following are the four types of metamorphisms:
 Thermal metamorphism: The heat is the main predominant factor in this type of metamorphism.
  Cataclastic metamorphism: This type of metamorphism occurs due to direct pressure only. Such
metamorphism is known as the Cataclastic metamorphism.
 Dynamo-thermal metamorphism: If changes in rocks due to combination of heat and pressure. Such
metamorphism is known as Dynamo-thermal metamorphism.
 Plutonic metamorphism: The metamorphic changes at great depths due to uniform pressure and heat.
Such metamorphism is known as plutonic metamorphism.

2.(a) Quarrying is the process of taking out the useful stones from the natural rock formations.

Process of Blasting: The blasting is carried out by hand drilling as follows:

 Using jumpers, dippers, blast holes are made at required depth and diameter.
 Blast holes are cleaned by rotating a small iron rod with dry cloth tied at the end.
 Gun powder or dynamite is placed at the bottom of hole and priming needle coated with grease is
placed in position.
 The remaining portion of blast hole is filled with dry sandy clay or moorum and each layer is
rammed by brass tamping bar or rod.
 While tamping operation is being done, priming needle is turned continuously.
 When tamping is finished priming needle is taken out and hole formed is filled with gun powder as
shown in fig.
 A fuse is inserted in the hole and it is kept projecting outside the hole to a length of about 60cm to
90 cm.
 Now it is ready for blasting. The free end of fuse is fired either with a match or with a electricity.
The electric firing has got many advantages compare to match firing such as Safety, saving of time
and labour, under water firing and no chance of misfire.
 The explosion takes place and the rock is disintegrated into small pieces. A good blast should
produce a dull sound.
2. (b) Following are the atmospheric agencies which cause decay/deterioration of stones:

 Alternate wetness and drying: Stones wear out quickly due to alternate wetness and drying.
 Frost: In the cold climate, the moisture present in atmosphere is deposited in pores of stones. Later this
moisture freezes due to which it expands in volume and causes splitting of stones.
 Impurities in atmosphere: Impurities present in atmosphere will have adverse effect on stones.
 Living organisms: The worms and bacteria act upon stones and deteriorate them and it leads to
weakening stones.
 Movements of chemicals: if stones of different variety are used side by side in the same structure. The
chemicals formed by the action of atmospheric agencies make move on one other and cause the
deterioration of the other stones.
Eg: Lime stone used side by side with sand stone.
 Nature of mortar: Depending upon the type of mortar used it may react chemically with the contents of
stones which may leads to disintegration of stones.
 Rain water: The rain water act both physically and chemically.
 Temperature variation: Due to alternate frequent rise and fall of temperature the stones get deteriorated.
 Vegetable growth: roots of plants growing on the stones attract moisture and they try to expand which
may also lead to decay of stones.
 Wind: The wind contains fine particles of dust. If it is blowing high velocity, wind strike against the
stones surface, thus the stones will be decayed.
3.(a) Structure of a Timber

PITH: The inner most central part of the tree is called pith or medulla. The size and shape of the pith varies
with the different types of trees. It has cellular tissues. The pith dies, as the tree gets aged.

HEART WOOD: The inner annual rings surrounding the pith is called heart wood. Its color is dark. Heart
wood dies, when the tree gets aged. Therefore, it does not take the active part in the growth of the tree. Heart
wood gives rigidity and strength to the tree.

SAP WOOD: The outer most annual rings between heart wood and cambium layer is called sap wood. Its
color is light. Sap wood is light in weight. Sap wood takes active part in the growth of the tree. The sap
wood is also known as alburnum.

CAMBIUM LAYER: The thin layer between the Sap Wood and Inner bark is called cambium layer. It
indicates sap which has yet not been converted into sap wood. If the bark is removed the cambium layer gets
exposed and cells become inactive, resulting in death of tree.

INNER BARK: The inner skin covering the cambium layer is called inner bark. It gives protection to the
cambium layer from the injury.

OUTER BARK: The outer cover or skin is called outer bark. It is the outer most protective layer. It consists
of the wood fiber or cells. And is also known as cortex.

MEDULLARY RAYS: It is the radial fibers from the pith to the cambium layer, is called medullary rays. The
medullary rays hold together the annual rings of heart wood and sap wood.
3.(b) General Properties of a good timber:

 Appearance: A freshly cut surface of timber should exhibit hard and shining appearance.
 Color: The color of timber should preferably dark, the light color usually indicates timber with low
strength.
 Defects: A good timber should be free from serious defects such as dead knots, flaws, shakes, etc.
 Durability: A good timber should be durable. It should be capable of resisting the actions of fungi,
insects, chemicals, physical agencies and mechanical agencies.
 Elasticity: it is the property of timber due to which, timber returns to its original shape when load
causing its deformation is removed.
 Fibers: Timber should have straight fibers.
 Fire resistance: the timber is a bad conductor of heat; a dense wood offers good resistance to fire and it
requires sufficient heat to cause flame.
 Hardness: A good timber should be hard; it should offer sufficient resistance when it is being
penetrated by another body.
 Mechanical wear: A good timber should not deteriorate easily due to mechanical wear and abrasion.
 Shape: A good timber should be capable of retaining its shape during conversion and seasoning. It
should not bow or warp or split.
 Smell: A good timber should have a sweet smell. An unpleasant smell indicates decayed timber.
 Sound: A good timber should give out a clear ringing sound when struck. A dull heavy sound, when
struck, indicates decayed timber.
 Strength: A good timber should be strong for working as structural member such as joist, beam, rafter,
etc.it should be capable of taking loads slowly or suddenly.
 Structure: it should be uniform; the fibers should be firmly added. The medullary rays should be hard
and compact.
 Toughness: A good timber should be tough; it should be capable of offering resistance to the shocks
due to vibrations.
 Water permeability: A good timber should have low water permeability.
 Weathering effects: A good timber should be able to with stand reasonably the weathering effects.
 Weight: A timber with heavy weight is considered to be sound and strong.
 Working condition: the timber should be easily workable; it should not clog the teeth of saw and
capable of being easily planed or made smooth.
4.(a) Tempering is the process of making the clay to a proper degree of hardness and homogeneous mass. In
this process, required quantity of water is added to the clay and then whole mass is kneaded or pressed, under
the feet of men or cattle.

Pug mill is used for tempering the clay. A pug mill is made up of Iron tub with a cover at its top. The
Iron tub is fixed to the wooden base. A vertical shaft is provided at the center of the iron tub. Number of
horizontal arms are fixed to the vertical shaft. Knives are also fixed to the horizontal arms. Long arm is also
provided at the top of vertical shaft to attach a pair of bullocks. A ramp is also provided at the bottom to
collect the pugged clay. The height of the pug mill is 2 m above the ground, and 600-800 mm below the
ground. An opening is provided at the bottom to take the pugged clay.

PROCEDURE:

 The required quantity of clay and water is put into the iron tub from the top.
 The long arm is rotated with the help of bullocks or by the motor.
 The long arm is rotated, until the clay gets homogeneous mass.
 After the clay is sufficiently pugged, it is then taken out from the bottom.
 The pugged clay is then sent for moulding purpose.

4.(b) Hoffman’s Kiln:

The operation such as, loading, burning, cooling, unloading is continuous in Hoffman’s (Continuous) Kiln.
HOFFMAN’S KILN:

Chamber 1 Loading

Chambers 2 to 5 Drying and Pre-heating

Chambers 6 and 7 Burning

Chambers 8 to 11 Cooling

Chamber 12 Unloading

 HOFFMAN’S kiln is in circular in shape. There are 12 chambers in Hoffman’s kiln.

 Each chamber has main door. The main doors are used for loading and unloading the bricks.
 Communicating doors are provided between each chamber. This will act as flues.
 Flues are provided to the chamber. Flues are connected to the main chimney.
PROCEDURE:
 The cool air enters the main door of the chamber 1 and 12.
 Then the cool air enters to the cooling chambers 11 to 8 in zig-zag manner and cools the bricks.
 Then it enters the burning chambers 6 and 7 and heats up.
 The heated air then, moves to the chambers 2 to 5, and dries the raw bricks.
 In the chambers 2, the air flows in the flues and allowed to the atmosphere through chimney.

5.(a) Properties of Aerated Concrete Blocks:

 Aerated concrete blocks are light in weight.

 These blocks exhibit high thermal insulation.

  Aerated concrete blocks are fire resistant.

 Aerated concrete blocks are durable and moisture resistant.

 Aerated concrete blocks are nontoxic and breathable.

 Aerated concrete blocks have high load bearing capacity.

 Aerated concrete blocks possess excellent sound insulation capacity.

Uses of Aerated Concrete Blocks:

 Aerated concrete blocks are used for foundation in building work.

 Aerated concrete blocks are used for building retaining walls.

 Aerated concrete blocks are used for partition walls.

 Aerated concrete is used for sound proof rooms.

 These blocks are applicable in warehouse and buildings with industrial aim, bearing in mind their high
insulation capacities, less construction time, cost effectiveness and also their light weight which
reduces dead load of building considerably.

 Aerated concrete is used preferentially in external walls because of its outstanding insulation
properties.

 Aerated concrete is used in multistoried buildings and it is quite viable for even 5- storey
constructions.

5.(b) Properties of glazed tiles:

 Glazed tiles provide good resistance to weather and chemicals.

 They have a high strength.

 Glazed tiles are hard.

 They provide a glossy surface.

 Glazed tiles are available in different colors and pleasing appearance.

 Glazed tiles are easy to maintain.

 Uses of Glazed tiles:

 Glazed tiles are used extensively in bathrooms, kitchens in modern buildings.

 They are used in hospitals.

 They are used in analytical laboratories.

 They are used in interior walls to improve the aesthetics of buildings.

 They are used in toiletries attached to railway platforms.

6.(a) Burning process of cement:

Burning is carried out in rotary kiln rotating at 1-3 rpm at its longitudinal axis. Rotary kiln is steel tube
having diameter in between 2.5-.3.0 m and length varies from 90- 120 meter. The inner side of kiln is
lined with refractory bricks. The kiln is rested on roller bearing and supported by columns of masonry
or concrete in slightly inclined position at gradient of 1 in 25 to 1 in 30.
The process of burning is explained below.

* The corrected slurry is injected into the kiln from its upper end.

* Burning fuel like powdered coal or oil or hot gases are forced through the lower end of the kiln, so
long hot flame is produced.

* The portion of the kiln near its upper end is known as dry zone and in this zone, the water of slurry is
evaporated.

* As the slurry gradually descends, there is a rise in temperature and in next section of kiln, carbon
dioxide from slurry is evaporated and small lumps called nodules are formed.

* These nodules gradually roll down passing through zones of rising temperature and ultimately reach to
the burning zone, where the temperature is about 1400°C to 1500°C.

* In burning zone, the calcined product is formed and nodules are converted into small hard dark greenish
blue balls known as the clinkers.

* The size of clinkers varies from 3-20 mm and they are very hot when they come out of burning zone of
kiln.

* The clinker temperature at the outlet of kiln is nearly 1000°C. A rotary kiln of small size is provided to
cool down the hot clinkers.

* Cooled clinkers having temperature of about 95°C are collected in containers.

6.(b) Grinding of Cement:

The clinkers obtained from the rotary kiln are cooled and ground to fine powder in ball mill or tube
mill. 3-4% powdered gypsum is added as retarding agent during final grinding. So that, resulting
cement does not settle quickly, when it comes in contact with water.

Ball mills – These mills are used to carry out grinding of raw materials or mixture of raw materials or
clinkers. Figure shows the vertical section of a typical ball mill. It is in the form of cylinder of
diameter of about 2 to 2.50 m and length about 1.80 m to 2 m. The cylinder is placed in horizontal
position and it rotates around a steel shaft. On the inside of cylinder perorated curved plates are fixed.
Ends of these plates overlap each other, the cylinder is filled partly with steel balls of diameter 50-120
 mm.
The material to be ground is fed from top. When the mill is rotated about its horizontal axis, the steel
balls strike against the perforated curved plates due to which they crush the material. This crushed
material passes through an inner sieve plate and then through an outer sieve plate.it is collected from
an outlet at the bottom of outer casing of mill.
7.(a) Different types of cement and their uses:

Sl.No Type of Cement Uses

1 Ordinary Portland cement Used for plastering, mortar and concreting
works for construction of buildings.
2 Acid resistant cement Used in chemical industry for acid resistant
and heat resistant coatings.
3 Blast furnace cement Used in ready mix concrete plants, used in
retaining walls, tunnels and ports.
4 Colored Cement Used in finishing of floors, external surfaces,
artificial marble, window sill slabs, textured
panel faces, stair treads etc.
5 Expanding cement Used for construction of water retaining
structures, also used for repairing damaged
concrete surfaces
6 High alumina cement Used in sewer lines and marine construction,
Used in construction of boilers, kilns, and
chimneys
7 Hydrophobic cement Used in dams, spillways and underwater
constructions.
8 Low heat cement Used for mass concrete works such as bridges
dams etc.
9 Pozzolana Cement Used for marine structures, sewage works,
bridges, piers, dams, mass concrete works
10 Quick setting cement Used in underwater constructions and cold
and rainy weather conditions
11 Rapid hardening cement Used in construction of pavements
12 Extra rapid hardening cement Used in cold weather concreting.
13 Sulphate resisting cement Used in canal linings, culverts, siphons, used
 in construction of sewage treatment works,
used in foundations and basements, in marine
constructions, pile fabrications in marshy
regions or sulphate bearing soils.
14 White cement Used in swimming pools, for molding
sculptures and statues, for painting garden
furniture, also used in ready mix concrete and
precast concrete blocks.

7.(b). (i) Properties and uses of mild steel:

 Mild steel can be magnetized permanently.

 It can be readily forged and welded.
 It cannot be easily hardened and tempered.
 It has fibrous structure.
 It can be welded.
 It is ductile and malleable.
 It is not attacked by salt water.
 It is used for all types of structural work
 It rusts easily.
 Its melting point is 1400°C.
 Its specific gravity is 7.8.
 Its compressive strength is about 80-120 KN / cm2.
 Its tensile strength is 60-80 KN/cm2.
Uses:
 It is used for boiler plates, ships, etc
 It is used for case hardening of gear wheels, cams, etc.
 Used for crank axles, shafting etc.
 It is used for hydraulic cylinders, rams, turbine motor shafts, spindles etc.
 It is used for structural works like making channels, girders, rails etc.
 Used for rivets, bolts, wire tapes etc.
7.(b). (ii) Properties and Uses of Copper:

PROPERTIES USES

Copper is reddish brown color. Copper is used make electrical wires.

It is good conductor of heat & electricity. It is used to make kitchen utensils.

It is not attacked by water. It is used to make electrical conductors.

Its specific gravity is 8.90. It is used to make electrical appliances.

It melts at 1085°C & boiling point is 2300°C. It is used to make dowels.

It is malleable, ductile and very soft. It is used to make pipes.

It is not attacked by dry air. It is used to make paints.

Moist air gives green coating. It is used to make alloys.

It is brittle just below its melting point. It is used to make solar heaters.

It cannot be welded.

8.(a) Properties and uses of Plaster of Paris:

Properties of POP:

 It is light in weight.
 It expands slowly and slightly upon setting.
 It is highly fire resistant.
 It is not affected by bacteria.
 It is slightly soluble in water.
 It is cheap and easy to work.
 It sets by natural process of crystallization.
 It sets with little change in volume.
 It shows good adhesion to fibrous materials.
 It suffers very little shrinkage after drying.
  It results in the formation of a thick surface to resist normal knocks after drying.
 It is easy to spread.
 It is easy to level.
 It does not cause cracking of surface.
 It gives decorative interior finish.

Uses of Plater of Paris:

 Used as an insulating material to protect wood or metal columns and beams from high temperature.

 It is used for ornamental castings.

 The gypsum plaster boards are used for ceilings, for internal linings of wall and for partition walls.

 Used in art work, dentistry, pottery and in surgery for shaping of fractured bones.

 It is used as a base coat as well as fine coat.

 Used to provide decorative finish.

 Used in making casts and patterns for molds and statues.

 Used for making decorative materials.
 Used as a fireproofing material
 Used for making chalks.
8.(b) Properties of FRP are

o Aesthetic appeal: It is available with superb finish and can be adopted for eye catching aesthetics.
o Corrosion resistance: The FRP has excellent resistance to moisture and chemicals over a large
temperature range.
o Dimensional stability: The FRP component holds its form and shape even under severe mechanical and
environmental stresses.
o Durability: The performance of FRP under fatigue or creep is known to be superior to that of metals. It
is therefore durable and has a long working life.
o Easy to Repair: The damaged portion of FRP can be repaired very easily and quickly. It requires
common skill and little or no equipment.
o Effect on health: The fiber glass is itself inorganic in nature and hence the FRP is one of the safest
materials and its products can be used to virtually to store anything as they have no ill effects even
after prolonged usage.
o Energy saving: It requires far less energy for production.
o Freedom of Design: As the constituents of FRP have no inherent shape, they can be easily fabricated in
any desired shape with necessary properties.
 o Light transmission: In thinner sections, FRP products transmit a great deal of light. They can therefore
provide a unique combination of a strong enclosure with adequate day lighting.
o Light weight: The FRP product weighs roughly half the steel component for bearing the same load. It
results in the reduction of dead load to be carried by the supporting members and foundations.
o Low investments in tooling: The tooling for FRP is inexpensive and fast.
o Maintenance: The FRP products require the least maintenance as they are pigmented and are
unaffected by changing weather conditions.

Uses of Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP):

 It is used in Concrete Shuttering:

 It is used for Domes:

 It is used for Doors and window frames:

 It is used for Internal Partitions:

 It is used for Corrugated Roof Sheets:

 It is used to manufacture various Structural Sections:

 It is used in Temporary Shelters:

 It is used in Water Storage tanks:

 It is used to prepare chairs and benches for various applications.

9.(a) Following are the properties of a good paint.

a. It should possess a good spreading power, i.e., maximum area of the surface should be covered by
minimum quantity of the paint.

b. The paint should be fairly cheap and economical.

c. The paint should be such that it dries in reasonable time and not too rapidly.

d. The paint should be such that its color is maintained for a long time.

e. The paint should form a hard and durable surface.

f. The paint should not affect health of workers during its applications.

g. The paint should not be affected by weathering actions of atmosphere.

 h. The paint should possess attractive and pleasing appearance.

i. The surface coated with paint should not show cracks when the paint dries.

j. When applied on the surface, the paint should form a thin film of uniform nature.

Oil paint consists of the following ingredients:

1. Base

2. Vehicle or Carrier

3. Drier

4. Coloring pigment

5. Solvent

9.(b). i) Uses of Varnish

 To protect the painted surface from the effects of weathering agencies.

 To brighten the appearance of the grains of wood.
 To protect and enhance the appearance of musical instruments.
 To provide brilliancy to the painted surface
 To protect an unpainted surface of doors, windows, floors, roof trusses etc. form atmospheric action

ii) Uses of M – Sand

 It is used in the construction of houses, government buildings, complex etc.

 It is used for concrete to construct columns, beams, roofs etc.
 Used to prepare concrete blocks.
 It is used in construction of dams.
 It is used in construction of roads.
 It is used in construction of bridges.
 It is used where sand in huge quantities is not available near the place of work.

10.(a) Termite Proofing process:

Anti-termite treatment may be divided into two categories

 Pre-construction treatment.
 Post-construction treatment.
Pre-construction treatment: This treatment is started right at the initial stage of construction of building.
Pre-construction treatment can be divided into three operations: they are site preparation, soil treatment and
structural barriers.

Site Preparation: This operation consists of removal of stumps, roots, logs, waste wood and other fibrous
matter from the soil at the construction site. This is essential since the termites thrive on these materials. If
termite mounds are detected, these should be destructed by use of insecticide solution, consisting of chemicals
like DDT, BHC, Aldrin, Hepthachlor and Chlordane.

Soil Treatment: The best and only reliable method protect building against termites is to apply a chemical
treatment to the soil at the time of construction of building. This should be done in such way that a complete
chemical barrier created between the ground from where the termites come and damage wood work in the
building. An insecticide solution consists of any one of the chemicals like aldrin, hepthachlor and Chlordane:

Structural Barrier: Continuous impenetrable physical structural barriers may be provided continuously at
plinth level to prevent entry to termites through walls. These barriers may be in the form of concrete layer or
metal layer. Cement concrete layer may be 5 to 7.5 cm thick. It is preferable to keep the layer projecting about
5 to 7.5 cm internally and externally. Metal barrier may consist of non-corrodible sheets of copper or
galvanized iron, of 0.8 mm thick.

Post Construction treatment: It is a maintenance treatment for those buildings which are already under
attack of termites. the termites, even after entering the building, maintain their contact with their nest or
colony in the ground, through shelter tubes or tunnels lined with soil.

It is essential to carry out inspection to estimate the magnitude of spread of termites in the building. and to
detect the points of entry of termites in the building. These points may be in near vicinity of columns,
basements, steps leading from ground, bathrooms and lavatories, leaking pipes, drains etc. and the places
where wood work is embedded in the ground.

In case of multistoried buildings, lift wells, casing-coverings of electrical wirings, water supply lines, soil pipe
etc. may be the entry points for the termites. Wherever these shelter tubes are detected, these should be
destroyed after injecting anti-termite emulsion through these.

If the attack is severe, the soil around the building, and soil under the floor may be injected with anti-termite
emulsion. This treatment may be applied up to a depth of 30 cm below ground level. To prevent the entry of
termites through voids in masonry. 12 mm dia. holes are drilled at 30 cm c/c at downward angle of 45° from
both the sides of walls at plinth level and chemical emulsion is pumped into these under pressure. These holes
are then sealed.
This treatment of drilling punch holes and pumping chemical emulsion is carried out at critical locations such
as wall corners, column bases, place of embedment of doors and windows etc. Similar holes are drilled in
damaged wood work also and then oil based chemical emulsion is pumped into these.

10.(b) (i) Shotcrete:

Shotcrete is a method of applying the concrete projected at high velocity primarily on to a vertical or
overhead surface. The impact created by the application consolidates the concrete. Shotcrete provides
excellent bond with most substrates and useful on complex forms and shapes.

The shotcrete process requires less form work and can be more economical than conventionally placed
concrete. Shotcrete is applied using wet or dry process. The wet mix shotcrete process mixes all ingredients
including water, before introduction into the delivery hose, the dry mix process adds water to mix at the
nozzle. Shotcrete is used in new construction and repairs and is suitable for curved and thin elements.

(ii) Geopolymer cement:

Geo polymer cement is a binding system that hardens at room temperature, like regular Portland cement.
Geopolymer cement can be used as an alternative to conventional Portland cement for use in transportation
infrastructure, construction of offshore structures.

Production of Geopolymer cement requires alumina silicate material, a user-friendly alkaline reagent and
water. Geopolymer cements cure more rapidly than Portland based cements. They gain most of their strength
with in 24 hours. Geopolymer cement set slowly enough so that they can be mixed at batch plant and delivered
in a concrete mixer. It also has the ability to form a strong chemical bond with all kind of rock-based
aggregates.

Certified that Model answers prepared by me for Subject code- 20CE11T are from
prescribed text book & model answers & scheme of valuation prepared by me are
correct.

LOHITHA S. J
Lecturer
Ph:9916317008
106- D.R.R.G.P.T Davanagere