BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF RESEARCH AND POSTGRADUATE STUDIES
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Theoretical Analysis & Experimental Investigation of Triple Fluid Vapor

Absorption Refrigeration System Using Non-Conventional Working Mixture

MSc. Thesis Proposal

By

Robel Getnet

Program: Thermal Engineering

Main Advisor: Prof,Dr Kathrivan Raja
Co-Advisor: Mr. Million

November, 2018
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
 Bahir Dar Institute of Technology-Bahir Dar University

School of Research and Graduate Studies

Faculty of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

THESIS PROPOSAL

Student:
________________________________________________________________________
Name Signature Date

The following graduate faculty members certify that this student has successfully presented the
necessary written thesis proposal and oral presentation of this proposal for partial fulfillment of
the thesis-option requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in [Thermal Engineering]

Approved:
Advisor:
________________________________________________________________________ Name
Signature Date

Chair Holder:
________________________________________________________________________
Name Signature Date

Faculty Dean:
________________________________________________________________________
Name Signature Date

ii
Acknowledgements
First of all, I would like to thank my lord Jesus who gave me this amazing life to live. And then I
would like to thank my advisor Prof. Dr Kathrivan Raja for his unlimited guidance, advice,
encouragement and I would like to thank my chair Mr. million for his good hospitality starting
from the title selection of this thesis. I also appreciate all of my friends who have helped me in
almost everything I need.

iii
 Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iii

Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... v
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Background ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................................... 4
Statement of the problem .............................................................................................................................. 9
Objectives of the study................................................................................................................................ 10
General objective .................................................................................................................................... 10
Specific objective .................................................................................................................................... 10
Methodology ............................................................................................................................................... 11
materials .................................................................................................................................................. 11
method .................................................................................................................................................... 11
Scope ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Significance of the Study ............................................................................................................................ 12
Work Plan ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Budget plan ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Reference .................................................................................................................................................... 15

iv
Summary
This paper presents an energy and exergy analyses of a triple fluid vapor absorption refrigerator
working with TFE(2,2,2-trifluoroethanol) as refrigerant, TEGDME (tetra ethylene glycol dimethyl
ether) as absorbent and He(helium) as auxiliary gas. The experimental setup is constituted of a
commercial unit equipped with the appropriate metrology. The temperature at the inlet and outlet
of every component of the machine, as well as the cabinet and ambient temperature are
continuously measured and monitored. The tests are repeated for various electric power inputs to
the refrigerator. The global heat transfer coefficient of the cabinet (UA)cab is determined using both
theoretical and experimental methods. The global heat transfer coefficient of the evaporator
(UA)evap is deduced using dynamic and steady state methods and cooling capacity of the unit and
the coefficient of performance are evaluated A simulation model of the machine is developed using
the process simulator Aspen-Hysys. The thermodynamic analysis includes energy and exergy
efficiency calculations, destroyed exergy evaluation and degradation of the coefficient of
performance (COP) in each component of the refrigerator. A comparative study is conducted with
the previous works.

v
Introduction
Energy is the driving force of civilization. It is also a measure of the prosperity of the nation. In
the present day, per capita energy consumptions increase with the increase of income. Developed
countries consume more energy compared to developing countries. About 10–20% of energy has
been consumed in air conditioning industry. Absorption refrigeration is a technology that is
undergoing continuous growth, because it allows the recovery and upgrading of thermal wastes,
the use of renewable sources, and the reduction of CO 2 emissions [1]. One of the most frequently
used working fluid mixtures (refrigerant/absorbent) in absorption refrigeration is ammonia
(NH3)/water (H2O). Nevertheless, low relative volatility of the compounds requires the use of a
rectification column to separate the two components to prevent the passage of water into the
refrigerant circuit, which could decrease the performance of the system [2][3].

The absorption refrigeration was discovered by Naim in 1777. Ferdinard Carre´ has built the first
absorption refrigeration system in 1823. Since these times, only two working fluid systems have
been largely used: ammonia water and water lithium bromide. The idea of eliminating the pump
and making the pressure uniform in all components of the machine occurred first to Geppert in
1899 [3][5]. To allow the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperature in the evaporator, a third
compound – an inert gas – is introduced. The first machine of this type was developed by the
Swedish engineers von Platen and Munters. This diffusion-absorption refrigeration (DAR)
system uses ammonia as refrigerant, water as absorbent, and hydrogen as inert gas. This system
offers several advantages such as:

• No moving parts in the unit so no noise; that’s why it is used in hotel rooms and offices.
• It can be powered by different electricity tensions (AC 220 V, AC110 V, DC12 V, DC24
V).
• It can be powered by different thermal energy sources such as natural gas, PLG, etc.
• It has good reliability, durability, and no maintenance cost.
• It uses no CFC or HCFC [5]

A DAR has no moving parts, that is why it is both reliable and inaudible. The circulation of the
aqueous ammonia solution is driven by a bubble-pump and that of the gas between absorber and
evaporator by natural convection. The first refrigerator of this type was introduced to the market

1
by Electrolux Company in Sweden (also known as Dometic), and since then, millions of
refrigerators have been marketed and used mainly in domestic applications (mini-bar in hotel
rooms, refrigerator in camping cars and caravans). The DAR is driven by thermal energy, so no
mechanical or electric power is needed [6]. This energy can be provided by fossil fuel
combustion (gas, fuel, etc), and for temperatures varying between 90 and 200 o C, by industrial
waste heat or, even better, by solar energy from evacuated tube collectors. In recent decades the
growing concerns about worldwide climate changes, depleting fossil energy sources and
environmental sustainability have boosted the research in the environment friendly DAR field
[7].

The triple fluid vapor absorption system or diffusion absorption refrigeration system (DAR) is a
single pressure cycle using ammonia as refrigerant, water as absorbent and hydrogen as auxiliary
gas. It was first invented by the two Swedich engineers Von Platen and Munters (Munters et al).
This unit can be powered by different energy sources such as natural gas, liquid petroleum gas,
waste, electric or solar heat. These refrigerators are used in domestic applications like hotel
rooms. This kind of systems has very low COP. Many studies have been carried out to improve
the unit performance [8]. Researches have been focused on the working fluids, component
configuration and thermodynamic modeling: Rodriguez and Belman-Flores presented a review
of the state of the art of the DAR technologies. They analyzed over 70 publications. Several
researches have been done to identify other working mixtures [9]. Pfaff et al. have used the
LiBr/H2O mixture by a generator temperature between 66 °C and 78 °C. The mixtures
NH3/NaSCN, NH3/LiNO3 have been studied by Acina et al. The obtained results confirm that
the NH3/LiNO3 system was 50% more efficient then the NH3/H2O /H2 mixture and 27% more
efficient than NH3/NaSCN system. Koyfman et al. have studied experimentally the mixture
R22/DMF, the generator temperature was varied between 50 °C and 90 °C. Zohar et al. analyzed
the use of R32, R124, R125 and R134a as refrigerant and DMF as absorbent [9][6].

2
 Background
Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) belong to the class of vapor cycles similar to
vapor compression refrigeration systems. However, unlike vapor compression refrigeration
systems, the required input to absorption systems is in the form of heat. Hence these systems are
also called as heat operated or thermal energy driven systems. Since conventional absorption
systems use liquids for absorption of refrigerant, these are also sometimes called as wet absorption
systems. Similar to vapor compression refrigeration systems, vapor absorption refrigeration
systems have also been commercialized and are widely used in various refrigeration and air
conditioning applications. Since these systems run on low-grade thermal energy, they are preferred
when low-grade energy such as waste heat or solar energy is available [8].

Fig: diffusion absorption refrigeration system [6]

3
Literature Review
Commercial used diffusion absorption refrigeration system uses hydrogen as an inert gas, water as
absorbent and NH3 as refrigerant [4]. NH3/H2 is for cooling at lower temperatures of range -10oC
to 30oC, depending on the configuration which requires moderately high generation temperature
of about 150oC [5]. In the source temperature of 200oC (solar) the system was able to achieve a
coefficient of performance of 0.126 with a cooling capacity of 22.3 W at 26oC ambient
temperature. Bubble pump and boiler were at 47oC temperature and power of 130 Watts [6][7].
For the ambient temperature of 23.04oC, it has a condensation temperature of 29.46oC. The
ambient temperature of NH3/H2/H2O system were to increase to 32.56oC then condensation
temperature rises to 31.51oC at best evaporation temperature of 3oC with minimum starting
temperature of 152oC and electric power of 63.8 W [8]. The COP of NH3/H2/H2O can vary from
0.01-0.38 depending on the generation temperature and operating conditions. Though the
minimum generation temperature required should be greater than 135oC and it can work with
generation temperature up to 225oC[2]. It can be used for refrigeration as well air conditioning
systems. But Thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of hydrogen is greater, so it causes a lot
of energy to be wasted in the process and hence the lower coefficient of performance [9] and also
requires a high operating pressure.
Helium was studied as a substitute for hydrogen as secondary balance gas or inert gas. An
experiment that indicated that the COP of He as inert gas was 40% higher than of the system using
H2 as inert gas [10] [11]. It investigated the use of helium as an alternative to hydrogen. The authors
observed similar system performance for both [9] [12] [13]. The coefficient of performance of
standard NH3/H2O/He was going to be around 0.298 with heat source generation temperature of
150oC and evaporator temperature of -15oC. Minimum generation temperature required for
NH3/H2O/He for efficient working is 100oC and it can work up to 220oC where the COP can vary
from 0.1-0.4[2]. The mixture with Helium was applicable to both refrigeration and air conditioning
systems. LiNO3, NaSCN, and H2O were compared as absorbent substances on the basis of COP
and the operating conditions by using NH3 as a refrigerant at an evaporator temperature of -15oC,
a generator temperature of 120oC and absorber and a condenser temperature of 40oC and it used
Helium as inert gas. The performance achieved by NH3-LiNO3-He mixture with COP of 0.48 was
superior and approximately 50% more efficient than a conventional NH3/H2O mixture and 27%
more efficient than NH3/NaSCN mixture [14] [15]. As a refrigerant ammonia (NH3) has excellent

4
thermo-physical properties but it is toxic, explosive and corrosive to copper (Cu) and other
nonferrous metals. It can be used to maintain temperature under 0oC but is not a very good pair for
low generation temperatures [4]. The minimum temperature at which ammonia boils is 140oC [16].
The best performance of ammonia was for 0.35 ammonia mass fraction rich solution and worst
performance was for a weak solution with a concentration of 0.1 mass fraction [17]. Different
working fluid pairs are experimented to substitute for ammonia as a refrigerant.
A study was conducted on the performance of simplified diffusion absorption refrigeration system
working with an organic absorbent (DMAC dimethylacetamide) and five different refrigerants
with helium as an inert gas. The system was analyzed numerically, with the aim of lowering
generation temperature and system pressure along with determining the most efficient fluid for the
system. The refrigerants used were; chlorodifluoromethane(R22), difluoromethane(R32), 2-
chloro-1, 2-tetrafluoro-ethane(R124), pentafluoroethane (R125), and 1, 2-tetrafluoro-
ethane(R134a) [1]. The results were compared with the performance of system working with
NH3/H2O/He with same operating conditions. Similar behavior was found for all system with
lower COP and generation temperature of 150oC [18]. TheoreticallyDMAC-R22 has the highest
COP of 0.22 among all 5 refrigerants with generation temperature of 143oC and evaporation
temperature of -9oC. It can work between temperature range of 138oC and 160oC with COP varying
between 0.19-0.22. In the study observed that the experimental values, DMAC-R134a has the
highest COP of 19.5. DMAC-R125 and DMAC-R32 were poor working refrigerants with COP of
0.157 and 0.136 with an evaporator temperature of -8oC and -7oC at generation temperature of 143
o
C and 138 o C respectively. DMAC-R124 COP varied from 0.05-0.4 for generation temperature
between 90-180 o C [2].
In an experiment, nonane was used as an absorbent, propane as a refrigerant and helium as an
inert gas with a cooling capacity of 1KW and maximum generation temperature 130 o C [19]. The
propane/nonane mixture was inflammable and required high activation energy. R23/R130 and
R23/R32/R134a were used as mixed refrigerants and tested experimentally. N, N-dimethyl form
amide (DMF) and helium were used as the absorbent and inert gas. DMF was used with R22 as
fluid mixtures at generation temperature of 130 o C with maximum COP of 0.612 at the cooling
capacity of 139.1 W [20]. For R32 optimal refrigeration temperature of -28.8 o C was obtained with
generation temperature 106.9 o C and refrigeration temperature of - 23.5 o C was obtained at

5
generation temperature of 83.3 o C [21]. R124/DMAC as working fluid was more performing than
conventionally used working fluids [22].
Nbutane/ octane (C4H10/C8H10) were used for a prototype of power about 55W based on von
platen and munters cycle for air conditioning applications with maximum COP of 0.3. The system
was tested at different heating powers from 112.2 W to 270.6W, the bubble pump was able to work
at lower frequencies [25].
1-3-dimethylimedazolylium dimethyl phosphate/ methanol/ helium was studied as working fluid
mixture. They had the advantage of non-crystallization and non-corrosion and could operate at
higher boiler temperature. The COP of this system is greater than butane/nonane/helium working
fluid mixture [26].
H2O/ NH3with Al2O3 in nano size are analyzed in diffusion absorption refrigeration system
studying the system performance. Due to nanoparticles, the operation time was reduced and
provided better absorption of heat from the generator. COP of a system working with nanoparticles
were 51% higher than COP of the system working without nano-particles [30], but NH3-NaSCN
crystallize readily, which affects system performance.
A study suggested that LiBr/H2O can be used as working fluid mixture in the diffusion absorption
refrigeration system for generation temperature between 66 o C to 78 o C. Dimethyl acetamide/
chloro-difluoro methane (R22) as working can achieve evaporator temperature below 0 o C at
generation temperature of 50-90 o C and a COP of 35% [31, 32]. TFE-TEGDME was studied as a
working fluid for the diffusion absorption refrigeration system. TFE-TEGDME has good thermo-
physical properties. It was found that with absorber effectiveness of 0.8, the optimum generation
temperature for air-cooled TFE-TEGDME DAR system is 170 o C and the corresponding COP is
0.45. In the water-cooled system, generator temperature is 130 o C and COP is 0.56[33]. Although
air-cooled NH3-H2O gives better performance than TFE-TEGDME, the water-cooling system has
obvious advantages. All in all, TFE-TEGDME is a good working fluid though this model is not
verified experimentally [34].

6
Table 1: Summary of main published research.
Authors Main Work Research Type Main Results

Gurevich et al. Influence of the number of Experimental The configuration of three

parallel lift tube at different parallel lifting tubes shows the
solution concentration on the maximum flow rate of
bubble pump performance refrigerant in the range of 150–
200 [W] heat input per pipe for
refrigerant mass concentrations
of 30%–40%

Han et al. An experimental study of a Experimental Increasing the tubes diameters

bubble pump with different and refrigerant concentration
tubes diameters & different increase the pumping ratio of
refrigerant concentration the pump

Belman-Flores Analysis of DAC based on Experimental COP and cooling capacity are
et al. geometrical & operational & Theoretical principally influenced by the
parameters was done geometrical parameters than by
the operational parameters

Acuña et al. DAC with LiNO3, NaSCN and Simulation The best solution mixture were
H2O as absorbent, NH3 as NH3-LiNO3-He with COP of 0.48
refrigerant and He, H2 as inert
gas were investigated

Abdullah Yıldız Thermodynamic model were Experimental Solution heat exchanger is the
et al. developed and validated by & Theoretical component where the most
experimental results energy loss and energy
destruction occurred

Sözena et al. An ejector was installed into Experimental Results showed that DAC with
the absorber inlet of DAC and an ejector achieves rapidly a low
ots performance were evaporation temperature
compared to two another compared to the two others
refrigerators with and without when the system pressure
sub-cooling increased

Wang et al. Performance of a DAR using Simulation The use of binary refrigerant in
binary refrigerant R23/R134a the DAC can provide a high
and the absorbent DMF was negative to temperature level
studied up to _40 _C

7
Jakob et al. Detailed investigation of the Experimental With some improvement on The
performance of three DACs & Simulation latest prototype, cooling
prototypes capacities between 0.7 kW and
3.0 kW at evaporator
temperatures of 12/6 _C and
18/ 15 _C with COPs from 0.12
to 0.38 were reached

Zohar et al. Two configurations of DAC Simulation At evaporator temperature of

with and without sub-cooling 15 _C DAC cycle without sub-
effect using NH3-H2O mixture cooling showed better COP (14–
and H2 inert gas were 20%) than the cycle with sub-
analyzed cooling

Srikhirin et al. Performance of an Experimental DAC performance are strongly

experimental set up of DAC & Simulation affected by the pump
was investigated characteristics and Absorber-
Evaporator mass transfer
effectiveness

8
Statement of the problem
Although diffusion vapor absorption refrigeration is a wonderful technology which uses low grade
energy, use environmentally friendly & low global warming potential refrigerants and has the
capacity to provide higher cooling effect, due to its absorber and cycle performance and also due
to its limitations of working pairs it has a low coefficient of performance. The conventional
working pairs (NH3/H2/H2O /He) also needs rectifier due to volatility of water and this increases
the system cost. heat exchangers have to be made from steel because water is not compatible with
aluminum and ammonia is toxic, explosive and not compatible with copper. But steel has poor
heat transfer performances compared to aluminum. It is also incompatible with solar thermal
system due to their requirement of high driving temperature(>150oC). All the above problems
alarm the need for the investigation of new working pairs for use in diffusion absorption system.

9
Objectives of the study
General objective
✓ To experimentally investigate the performance of commercial diffusion-absorption
refrigerator using alternative working mixtures and study its exergy performance.

Specific objective
✓ Determining global heat transfer coefficient of refrigerator theoretically and
experimentally
✓ Determining global heat transfer coefficient of evaporator using transient and steady state
models
✓ Evaluating and discussing evolution of coefficient of performance and electrical energy
consumed
✓ Developing simulation model of the unit using software ASPEN-HYSYS
✓ Calculation of energy and exergy efficiencies
✓ Evaluation of destroyed exergy
✓ Evaluation of degradation coefficient of performance in each component of the refrigerator

10
Methodology
materials
✓ diffusion vapor absorption refrigerator
✓ TFE+TEGDME+helium mixture
✓ Data logger
✓ Data acquisition system
✓ Thermocouple (K-type) 16 pieces
✓ Multimeter
✓ Electric resistance heater
✓ Computer for data processing

Fig: locations of thermocouples on a refrigeration cycle [17]

Method
✓ Data collection
✓ Selecting specific working pair
✓ Preparing experimental setup
✓ Preparing different mixtures of the solution
✓ Applying experimental procedures
✓ Measuring and recording of data
✓ Comparing different results of the experiment
✓ Analyzing and interpreting the results using sigma plot software

11
Scope
The scope of this thesis is to investigate a single effect vapor absorption refrigeration system using
binary and ternary solution working fluids such as ammonia with water and salt and ammonia with
ionic liquids. We are going to use the available vapor absorption device or we can purchase the
device from local market. From among the many types of ionic liquids we are going to study on
one ionic liquid only and from different types of available salts we are going to select only one
based on the literature survey. This research studies the effect of different composition or mass
fraction of working pairs on the performance of single effect vapor absorption refrigeration system.

Significance of the Study

After the completion of this research we will get the best performing working pairs which will
solve the inherent drawbacks of conventional working pairs. And this may attract the world
towards vapor absorption refrigeration and this will solve our worlds current needs of energy
consumed by other refrigeration cycle and also since this research uses zero global warming
potential refrigerants it really helps in reduction of greenhouse gases. Based on this research we
can also solve our country’s many problems in agricultural products in rural areas by providing
low cost and high performing working pairs which will also reduce initial investment cost. Vapor
absorption refrigeration can best be integrated with solar, geothermal or waste heat in industries
and this will solve our need of cooling and heating. This research also provides a novel
composition of working pair to the scientific world and also gives directions for future
improvement.

12
Work Plan

Month December January February March April May June

Tasks Week
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1. Literature review

2. Data collection

2.1. Experimental setup preparation

2.2. Preparing refrigerants and absorbents

3. Starting the experiment

3.1. Measurement for ternary solution

3.2. Measurement & recording for binary solution

3.3. Comparing, discussing and analyzing the results

4. Documentation
5. Draft Report submission

6. Final Report submission

13
Budget plan
Budget Estimate
Unit Quantit Unit Price Total cost
Tasks y

1. Stationary expenses (pen, paper, notebook, etc.) no 10 5 100ETB

2. Miscellaneous expenses (photocopy, print, etc)
no 100ETB
1.Literature review

1. Materials costs (data recording device, input raw no 1 5000 5000ETB

2.Data collection materials, spare part, etc.)
2. Stationary expenses (pen, paper,, notebook) no 10 100 500ETB
a. experimental setup preparation 3. Miscellaneous expenses(photocopy, print,
transport, telephone, ammonia, kg 3 10$ 30$
4. Fridge worker( technical assistant),
a. refrigerant & absorbent preparation
no 1 5000 5000ETB

1. Lithium nitrate kg 3 10$ 30$

3.Data Analysis 2. Ionic liquid
3. Miscellaneous expenses(photocopy, print, kg 3 30$ 90$
a. measurement transport, telephone, labor, etc)
4. Measuring instruments 100ETB
b. Data record
8 2000ETB
c. Result discussion & interpretation
1. Stationary expenses (pen, paper, , notebook, flash, 100ETB
4.Documentation publishing costs, etc.)
5.Final Report submission 2. Miscellaneous expenses(transport, labor) 100ETB

Total Cost=COST+20%COST 20,460ET

B

14
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15
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16
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