ANANDAM FILE

{Group 5}
SHUBHAM SANJEEV
SIDDHI KHANDELWAL
SNEHA GUPTA
SOHAIL KHAN
SUJAL SONI
SUMIT KUMAWAT
TANISHKA KUMAWAT

SUBMITTING TO: DR JYOTI TEPAN DATE:

06/11/2024

c
THIS PROJECT

This project is an exploration of the pervasive issue of child labour in India, a

problem that continues to affect millions of children across the country. The
objective of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the current
state of child labour in India, assess the prevailing conditions, and review the
extensive body of literature, reports, and articles that have been written on this
topic. By synthesizing these sources, this project aims to present a
comprehensive view of the issue and suggest possible ways to mitigate and
ultimately eradicate child labour.

The primary method employed in this research is secondary data analysis,

utilizing information readily available on the internet, including reports, articles,
and newspaper publications. This data has been carefully reviewed to
understand the multi-dimensional aspects of child labour, such as its causes,
consequences, and the existing governmental and non-governmental
interventions aimed at addressing it.

As the project progressed, it became evident that while significant strides have
been made in raising awareness and implementing solutions, the problem of
child labour remains deeply entrenched. However, the conclusion drawn from
this study is hopeful: various initiatives, both governmental and societal, are
currently in place, showing promise in reducing the prevalence of child labour
in India.

I would like to express my gratitude to all those whose work has shaped this
research, especially the authors, activists, and organizations dedicated to the
cause of child welfare and labour rights. Their contributions have been
invaluable in helping me gain a broader perspective on the subject.

Ultimately, this project aims not only to present the challenges but also to
highlight the solutions that can bring about meaningful change. I hope it will
serve as a catalyst for further discussions and actions to create a child labour-
free society in India.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all those who have supported
and guided us throughout the completion of this project.

First and foremost, we extend our sincere thanks to Dr. Jyoti Tepan, our
project guide, for her constant guidance, valuable insights, and encouragement.
Her expertise in the subject and unwavering support have been instrumental in
shaping this research. We deeply appreciate her patience and her thoughtful
feedback, which have enhanced the quality of our work.

We would also like to convey our gratitude to Ms. Rubina Sajid, the Head of
the Department, for her continuous support and for providing us with the
opportunity to undertake this important project. Her leadership and direction
have created a conducive environment for learning and research, and we are
thankful for her encouragement throughout this process.

A special thank you to all the authors, researchers, and organizations whose
work we have referenced in this project. Their contributions have played a
significant role in broadening our understanding of child labor and its
complexities in India.

Lastly, we are grateful to our family and friends for their understanding and
support during the course of this research.

Thank you to everyone who has contributed, directly or indirectly, to the

successful completion of this project.
 CERTIFICATE

Date: …………………….

This is to certify that the members of Group V have contributed

in successfully completing the project of ANANDAM in

satisfactory manner as a partial fulfilment for the course of

B.B.A- I for the session 2024-2025 of MAHARISHI ARVIND

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT

………………….. ………………….
Project Guide H. O. D
 CONTENT
1. Introduction
a) What is child Labour?
b) History of Child labour in India
c) Reasons for Child Labour
d) Child Labour in Statistics
2. Literatures and Reviews
3. Objectives of the Study
4. Research Gap
5. Research Methodology
6.
INTRODUCTION
OF
CHILD LABOUR
What is Child Labour?
Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important stage of human
development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. Children who
are brought up in an environment, which is favourable to their intellectual, physical and
social health, grow up to be responsible and productive members of society. Every nation
links its future with the present status of its children. Due to child labour, children
excessively reduce their present welfare
or their future income earning
capabilities, either by shrinking their
future external choice sets or by
reducing their own future individual
productive capabilities. Under extreme
economic distress, children are forced
to forego educational opportunities and
take up jobs which are mostly
exploitative as they are usually underpaid and engaged in hazardous conditions. Parents
decide to send their child for engaging in a job as a desperate measure due to poor economic
conditions. It is therefore no wonder that the poor households send their children to work in
early ages of their life. One of the unfavourable aspects of child labour is that children are
sent to work at the expense of education. There is a strong effect of child labour on school
attendance rates and the length of a child’s work day is negatively associated with his or her
capacity to attend school. Child labour restricts the right of children to access and benefit
from education and denies the fundamental opportunity to attend school. Child labour, thus,
prejudices children’s education and adversely affects their health and safety. As per the
knowledge of [Link] “Child labour is the exploitation of children through any form of
work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school or is mentally, physically,
socially and morally harmful.” Child labour is a legally prohibited activity in every nation.
Unlike activities that help children develop, child labour causes harm to a child’s health,
safety or moral development. In its most insidious forms, child labour can amount to slavery
or practices similar to slavery, including the sale and trafficking of children. In some places,
children may be forcibly recruited into armed conflict, used in the production and trafficking
of drugs, or offered into prostitution.
History of Child Labour In India
The Child labour in India can be well understood by bifurcating it into three perspectives that
is: ancient, medieval and modern.

a) CHILD LABOUR IN ANCIENT PERIOD

As regard child labour in ancient India, it can be said that it existed in the form of child
slaves. Child slaves could be purchased or sold like commodities. To some extent, parents
‘obligations were very often involved in working for the landlord on such low wages that it
created conditions for the child to work in the farms for wages. They remained as bonded
labour in the landlord‘s house along with the parents for repaying or minimizing the debt
which their parents had taken from landlord. Children, however, helped their parents in
house-hold activities and family crafts. They learnt the skills by observing and participating
in such activities. A predominantly rural society is inevitable characterized by small and
marginal economic units. The economic status of the slaves, hired labourers and unskilled
workers was worse. The same was the position of child when he was engaged in agricultural
sector. It is revealed that child labour in ancient India was very common and could be
witnessed in different occupations where they were engaged by the rich landlords to carryout
activities directly or indirectly related to their agriculture sector.

b) CHILD LABOUR IN MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Child Labour in medieval period was no exception. Increasing pressure on land led to
fragmentation of holdings. Growing families had to look beyond personal cultivation for
subsistence. A class of landless labourers came into existence, often bonded to the large
landowners. These labourers used their children to help in their economic activities. The
rural artisan rarely worked alone. Occupations were determined largely on the basis of
heredity, and children were introduced to their traditional craft at a young age. Child labour
in medieval India remained in existence on a large scale and even the rulers encourage it
with an intention to make only traffic in child slaves. The child labour was found in the form
of child slavery and rulers did not endeavour to weed out this practice and hence the result
was that child was always exploited for this selfish ends.

c) CHILD LABOUR IN MODERN ERA

Children have always been used in economic activities. In pro-capitalist and socialist states
including India, children were employed in guild and in trade occupations. In these societies,
their workplace was an extension of the home and work relationships were informal
relationship. The child grew up and found work within the family where the child was not
given hazardous and difficult task. Work was a central aspect of their socialization and
training. This conception, however, underwent a dynamic change with the advent of
capitalism in the industrialization during the 18th century and child labour began to be
designated as a social problem. The new economic forces unleashed by capitalism destroyed
the family-based economy. A large number of labourers were displaced due to mechanisation
of agriculture – the farmers were alienated from their homebased work place. They became
wage-earning labourers. Extreme poverty created a situation in which the child had to be
introduced in the labour market, lack of alternative employment for adults and lack of
education for children reinforced this process. The data on sectoral look in various
occupation of child labour is taken from Census [Link] is observed from the above table that
child labour is more pronounced in urban areas with 15.55% in agriculture and 12.31% in
manufacturing in rural areas. The minimum child labour with 1.71% in urban and 1.22% in
rural in electric, gas and water is observed.
Basic reasons for Child Labour
The causes of child labour are numerous and vary from one country to another and from one
economic sector to another. Several common main causes can however be identified:

• Poverty is a determining factor of child labour. Poor

families send their children to work (or ask them to work in
the family business), because they don’t have enough income
and nor do they have access to decent work.

• Because it has been with us for so long people can start

seeing child labour as an ‘acceptable’ tradition which of course
it is not! In this environment families are happy to receive the
income that the child labour generates and employers see
themselves as providing a social service. What of course is
required is an economic and social environment.

• Very often, working children are a cheap workforce reservoir.

In some areas, the significant availability of child workers undermines decent working
conditions for adult workers, keeping wages low and making it even harder for families
to meet their economic needs.

• Informal work encourages the development of child

labour as it lacks both regulation and inspections.

• Lack of quality education limits the chances of the child

worker to escape from the cycle of poverty. Educational
gaps impact on child labourers as they move into adulthood
as low levels of literacy and vocational qualifications deprive
them of decent work opportunities not allowing them to get
out from poverty.

• Discrimination in terms of gender and socio-economic status

can be identified as one of the main causes of Child Labour.

• Armed conflicts is another important cause of child labour.

Children are more vulnerable and can be enlisted as child soldiers or used in military
operations.
Child Labour In Statistics
Global Scenario
According to the report published by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and
UNICEF on 10 June 2021, the number of children working in child labour has increased by
8.4 million in the last four years to 160 million worldwide. Another 9 million children are at
risk due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The report points out that there has been a
significant increase in the number of child workers aged 5 to 11, who currently account for
more than half of the number of child workers in the world. The number of children aged 5 to
17 working in hazardous jobs, defined as work that may harm the health, safety or morals of
children, has increased by 6.5 million to 79 million since 2016.

The 16-year period starting in 2000 saw a net reduction of 94 million in children in child
labour. The number of children in hazardous work fell by more than half over the same
period. But progress slowed during 2012 to 2016. The reduction in the number of children in
child labour amounted to 16 million for the 2012 to 2016 period, just one third of the 47
million reductions recorded during 2008 to 2012. The decline in hazardous work slowed in a
similar fashion.

Africa ranks highest both in the percentage of children in child labour – one-fifth – and the
absolute number of children in child labour 92 million. Asia and the Pacific ranks second
highest in both these measures 5.6 per cent of all children, 49 million in absolute terms, are in
child labour in this region. The remaining child labour population is divided among the
Americas (8.3 million), Europe and Central Asia (8.3 million), and the Arab States (2.4
million).

The agricultural sector accounts for by far the largest share of child labour. The sector
accounts for 70 per cent of all those in child labour and for 112 million children in absolute
terms. Children in child labour in the services and industry sectors number 31.4 million and
16.5 million, respectively.

Children aged 5 to 11 years form the largest share of those in child labour and also form a
substantial share of those in hazardous work. Forty-eight per cent of all those in child labour
are in the 5–11 years age bracket, 28 per cent are aged 12–14 years, and 25 per cent fall into
the 15–17 years age range.
Source: Global Estimates 2020, Trends and the Road Forward, International Labour
Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund (2021)

Indian Scenario
Evidence drawn from the National Sample Survey data suggest that India’s child workforce
during 2004-05 was estimated at little over nine million (9.07 million) as against twenty-one
and half million (21.55 million) in 1983. During this period, the number of child employment
has declined sharply by 12.48 million. There is considerable fall in child workforce is
observed among boys than girls. The corresponding fall in boys and girls workforce during
1983 to 2004-05 is observed to have decreased from 12.06 to 4.76 million, and 9.49 to 4.31
million, respectively. In effect, the gender difference that existed between boys and girls
(adverse against boys) during the early 1980s has almost dissipated in recent years, the
difference being slowed down from 2.57 million to roughly 0.45 million. However, in
absolute numbers, the problem is large. As per the Census 2001, there are 1.26 crores
economically active children in the age-group of 5-14 years. It was 1.13 crores in the 1991
Census.
LITERATURES
 A
There are 160 million children waiting for your action. How long will they have to wait?”
asked Kinsu Kumar, a survivor of child labour and rights advocate, while speaking at a panel
organised on the occasion of World Day Against Child Labour. Mr. Kumar started working at
the age of six, sometimes as a car cleaner, and other times as a domestic help, to contribute to
the income of his family, who lived in Uttar Pradesh’s Mirzapur. A similar story plays out for
one in 10 children globally. Child labour — a form of modern slavery — includes any work
that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that harms their
physical or mental development, per the International Labour Organisation (ILO) definition.
The practice includes, and is not limited to, trafficking, sexual exploitation, debt bondage,
and exploitation in armed conflicts. 12% of those in forced labour are possibly children, ILO
[Link] trafficking manifests in the form of domestic labour, forced child labour across
industries, and illegal activities such as begging, organ trade and commercial sex purposes.
Several reports since the 2020 lockdown have noted that the pandemic created a second crisis
of child trafficking, with children being pushed into a vortex of “despair, disease and death.”
Estimates show that children account for one in every three detected victims of trafficking
worldwide; this rises to one in two in low-income countries. India, meanwhile, has pledged to
eliminate child labour by 2025. – SAUMYA KALIA, THE HINDU

REVIEW
The narrative of Kinsu Kumar, a survivor who is now an advocate, who began working at the
age of six to support his family, serves as a stark reminder of the terrible realities of child
labour and trafficking. One in ten children worldwide are subjected to child labour, which
deprives them of their youth, potential, and dignity and frequently causes trauma that lasts a
lifetime. These problems have been made worse by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has led
to minors being further exploited in a variety of illicit activities and industries, particularly in
low-income areas. The International Labour Organisation reports that children make up one-
third of all trafficking victims globally, with that number rising to half in developing nations.
In order to break these patterns of exploitation and safeguard the future of vulnerable children
worldwide, India has committed to ending child labour by 2025. This is an ambitious
objective that calls for strong legislation, support networks, and public awareness.
 B
Though the pandemic has amplified its contributing factors, policy and programmatic
interventions can save children The true extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
child labour is yet to be measured but all indications show that it would be significant as
children are unable to attend school and parents are unable to find work. However, not all the
factors that contribute to child labour were created by the pandemic; most of them were pre-
existing and have been exposed or amplified by it. What the data show As the world enters
the third decade of the 21st century, 152 million children around the world are still in child
labour, 73 million of them in hazardous work. A Government of India survey (NSS Report
No. 585, 2017-18, Statement 3.12, p.35) suggests that 95% of the children in the age group of
6-13 years are attending educational institutions (formal and informal) while the
corresponding figures for those in the age group of 14-17 years is 79.6%. Hence, a large
number of children in India remain vulnerable, facing physical and psychological risks to a
healthy development. The Census of India 2011 reports 10.1 million working children in the
age group of 5-14 years, out of whom 8.1 million are in rural areas mainly engaged as
cultivators (26%) and agricultural labourers (32.9%). While multiple data vary widely on
enrolment/attendance ratios in India, UNESCO estimates based on the 2011 Census record
38.1 million children as “out of school” (18.3% of total children in the age group of 6-13
years). Work performed may not appear to be immediately dangerous, but it may produce
long-term and devastating consequences for their education, their skills acquisition, and
hence their future possibilities to overcome the vicious circle of poverty, incomplete
education and poor quality jobs. A Rapid Survey on Children (2013-14), jointly undertaken
by the Ministry of Women and Child Development and UNICEF, found that less than half of
children in the age group of 10-14 years have completed primary education. These remain
challenges we must overcome. – DAGMER WALTER, THE HINDU

REVIEW
Child labour has been made worse by the COVID-19 epidemic, which has brought attention
to pre-existing problems like poverty and limited access to school that fuel this catastrophe.
According to a 2017–18 Government of India survey, 95% of children aged 6–13 attend
school, while for those aged 14–17, attendance declines to 79.6%, leaving them at risk of
exploitation. According to 2011 census data, 10.1 million children between the ages of 5 and
14 are employed, mostly in rural agriculture. According to UNESCO, 38.1 million children
between the ages of 6 and 13 are not attending school, which increases the dangers due to
long-term effects on education, skills, and employment prospects. Even once the pandemic is
ended, addressing these issues—such as poverty and educational barriers—is crucial to
ending the cycles that support child work.

C
In addition to increase in the amount of fines, stricter punishments, including cancellation of
license and attachment of property, are needed to protect the interests of children, panel’s
report says The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, headed by senior Biju Janata
Dal (BJP) MP Bhartruhari Mahtab, tabled a detailed report on the implementation of the
Centre’s policy on child labour in Parliament on December 20. The report, titled ‘National
Policy on Child Labour - An Assessment’, states the country has a long way to go in
eliminating child labour, and requires changes to the policies and laws that govern the issue.
The 582-page report touches upon almost all aspects of the issue, and recommends various
Ministries of the Centre and the States take coordinated steps to address it. The panel has
recommended that discrepancies in the criteria for determination of the age of the child in
various Acts, as well as the provisions of offence being cognisable/non-cognisable under the
Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, and Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015 be examined to ensure they did not lead to any
ambiguity or delay in securing justice for aggrieved children. The panel has also
recommended that, in addition to the three-four times increase in the amount of fine, stricter
punishment in the form of cancellation of license, attachment of property, etc., needed to be
incorporated to protect the interests of children. “This may require amendment in the Act,
which the [Union Labour] Ministry should pursue in order to have zero tolerance on child
labour,” the report said. The panel said the number of working children has decreased from
1.26 crore (as per 2001 census) to 1.01 crore (as per 2011 census), and the number of
working children in the age group of five-14 years has also decreased from 57.79 lakh (as per
2001 census) to 43.53 lakh (as per 2011 census).The panel said the Ministry of Labour does
not conduct any survey to ascertain the number of child labourers across the country and
consider this data as child labour data. “The Ministry have also categorically stated that no
proposal is under their consideration to develop a mechanism to maintain child labour data
except depending on census data,” the report said, and urged the Ministry to take up
collecting data on children between 14 to 18 years during the next Census exercise with the
Ministry of Home Affairs so as to have reliable data on children and adolescents, which
would not only help in formulating policies but also devising an action plan for eliminating
child labour.“Since census exercise is conducted after a period of ten years and for 2021, it is
yet to commence, the Committee impress upon the Ministry of Labour & Employment to
conduct periodic survey particularly in urban areas to identify child labours, as assured by the
representatives of the Ministry during oral evidence,” the report added. The panel also asked
the Centre to direct States conduct surveys to identify child labour, collect and furnish
enforcement data, along with their suggestions to address the problem. The panel said, in
addition to the employer, the accountability of the principal employer and traffickers should
be fixed. Considering the prevalence of child labour at present, the panel said, it is practically
not possible to meet the international commitment to eliminate child labour by 2025.“As
action taken today will determine the future of children of tomorrow, the Committee impress
upon the Ministry to take up the issue in a mission mode and devise a systematic action plan
based policy to meet international commitments, which are not only relevant for economic
development of the country but will also brighten the image of the country in international
forum,” the panel said. – THE HINDU BUREAU

REVIEW
India urgently needs stronger child work regulations, according to a report by the
Parliamentary Standing Committee on work, which is chaired by BJP MP Bhartruhari
Mahtab. According to the paper "National Policy on Child Labour – An Assessment,"
offenders should face harsher penalties, licence suspensions, and property attachment. In
order to keep impacted children from experiencing delays in justice, it further urges that age
requirements be standardised across all statutes. Notwithstanding the decline in child work
since 2001, the Committee pointed out that the Ministry of work lacked up-to-date data
collection methods and recommended regular surveys, particularly in cities, to track trends in
child labour. The paper highlights that India will have difficulty achieving the global goal of
eliminating child labour by 2025 and calls for a mission-mode strategy to protect children's
futures and enhance India's reputation abroad.
 D
A recent Supreme Court ruling reframes the watching and downloading of child porn as a
serious crime, rather than an adult indulgence. The historic judgment against the online
sexual abuse of children, pronounced by the Supreme Court of India in a petition filed by the
Just Rights for Children Alliance, will have a long lasting and global impact on society,
crime, and child rights. In January 2024, the Madras High Court had ruled that “merely”
downloading or watching child pornography is not a crime, and quashed a case against a 28-
year-old man. How can someone who searches for and watches the rape of a child, thereby
creating a demand for child rape, walk free? This ruling not only defeated the spirit of the
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, but also risked
normalising the exploitation of children. On September 23, the Supreme Court corrected this
grave oversight. It was not only just in expanding the understanding and scope of the crime
by making downloading and storage of such material an offence, but also mandated a
comprehensive framework to combat Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material
(CSEAM) and placed strict responsibilities on social media intermediaries to comply with
Indian law. By shifting the language from child porn to CSEAM, the ruling reframes the
issue as a serious crime, rather than an adult indulgence. It further establishes that individuals
who search for or download such material create a demand-supply chain that fuels the rape
and exploitation of children. – THE HINDU

REVIEW
In contrast to the Madras High Court's previous finding that found viewing or downloading
child sexual exploitative and abuse material (CSEAM) to be non-criminal, the Supreme Court
of India's current ruling reframes these activities as serious crimes. The Supreme Court's
ruling, which was in response to a petition filed by the Just Rights for Children Alliance,
expands the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act by making it illegal
to view and keep child abuse videos and acknowledging that they contribute to the demand
for child exploitation. In addition to requiring stricter enforcement mechanisms and holding
social media companies responsible to Indian law, this landmark ruling challenges the
normalisation of such content and upholds children's rights and society's protection against
exploitation.

E
Brick kiln owners must provide local police with list of all migrant worker children at their
sites under new strictures; apart from ending child labour, they must provide creches and
ensure school admission. At hundreds of brick kilns across the country, children as young as
six years can be seen working alongside their migrant worker parents, laboriously turning
over the raw bricks drying under the merciless sun, losing their childhoods for a life of
drudgery. In the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack area, however, the local police are now imposing a
new ‘code of conduct’ to hold brick kiln owners accountable for ensuring the children are
removed from their worksites and admitted to school. In the four stages of brick-making —
soil preparation, molding, drying and burning — children play a critical role in the third
stage. Within the industry, it is argued that this job cannot be undertaken by adult men and
women, as they cannot step on the raw bricks which would crumble under the pressure of
their weight. “On an average, a group of three persons can mold around 1,000 to 1,200 bricks
a day and spread the bricks on the ground for sun baking. Now, the work of a child is very
important to flip these 1,000 bricks twice a day under testing conditions,” said Umi Daniel,
head of the migration unit of Aide et Action, an international non-governmental organisation
which is collaborating with UNICEF and the State government to implement the program. –
SATYASUNDAR BARIK

REVIEW
Brick kiln owners are required by new laws in Bhubaneswar-Cuttack to notify the police of
any migrant worker children at their locations, make sure the children are taken off the job,
and assist with their school enrolment. Children, frequently as young as six, have historically
assisted in the drying stage of the brick-making process in India by flipping raw bricks, a
work that is challenging for adults because of the bricks' fragility. Every day, a normal team
may mould 1,000 to 1,200 bricks, and kids are crucial to the drying process. In addition to
addressing the welfare and educational requirements of the children, the new "code of
conduct," which is backed by Aide et Action, UNICEF, and the State, attempts to stop child
labour and offer safe spaces and educational support through creches.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 Explore Prevalence: Investigate the current extent of child labour globally and in India.
 Analyse Causes: Identify and analyse the socio-economic factors contributing to child
labour, including poverty and lack of education.
 Historical Context: Provide a historical overview of child labour in ancient, medieval, and
modern India.
 Examine Consequences: Highlight the negative impacts of child labour on children's
health, education, and development.
 Societal Implications: Discuss the broader societal and economic consequences of child
labour, including its effect on poverty and human rights.
 Raise Awareness: Increase awareness about the ongoing challenges related to child labour
and the need for effective interventions.
 Promote Child Rights: Emphasize the importance of protecting children's rights and
ensuring their access to education and safe environments.

LITERARTURE A

 Highlight Child Labour Crisis: Emphasize the urgency of addressing the plight of
160 million children affected by child labour.
 Define Child Labour: Clarify what constitutes child labour, including its various
exploitative forms.
 Raise Awareness of Child Trafficking: Bring attention to the increase in child
trafficking and exploitation, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Promote Action: Urge for immediate action and commitment from governments,
particularly India's pledge to eliminate child labour by 2025.
LITERATURE B

 Assess COVID-19 Impact: Investigate the effects of the pandemic on child labour
and its contributing factors.
 Present Data: Provide statistics on child labour and educational attendance to
highlight vulnerabilities.
 Identify Challenges: Discuss the long-term consequences of child labour on
education and future job opportunities.
 Call for Interventions: Emphasize the need for policy changes to address the root
causes of child labour, such as poverty and lack of education.

LITERATURE C

 Evaluate Child Labour Policies: Assess the current state of child labour laws and
their implementation in India.
 Recommend Stricter Penalties: Advocate for harsher punishments and stricter
regulations to deter child labour.
 Highlight Data Collection Gaps: Stress the importance of updated and regular data
collection on child labour for effective policy-making.
 Call for Coordinated Action: Encourage collaboration between various
governmental ministries to address child labour comprehensively.

LITERATURE D

 Reframe Legal Definitions: Advocate for a legal redefinition of child pornography to

emphasize its seriousness and implications for child rights.
 Establish Accountability: Highlight the need for stricter regulations and
accountability for social media platforms regarding child sexual exploitation.
 Protect Children’s Rights: Aim to reinforce protections for children against sexual
exploitation through legal frameworks.

LITERATURE E

 Enforce New Regulations: Ensure compliance with new laws requiring to report and
remove child workers.
  Promote Education: Highlight the importance of providing educational opportunities
for children working.
 Implement Support Structures: Advocate for the establishment of creches and
educational support systems to aid child workers and their families.
 Raise Awareness of Child Labour Issues: Address the broader issues of child labour
and the importance of protecting children's rights.

RESEARCH GAP
 Many of the aspects of child labour have been untouched due to lack of means to
collect data.
 The raw data at ground level has remain untouched.
 The mentioned statistical data are of till 2011. There is a information gap of more than
a decade.
 As living in a urban area, the aspects of rural area has been untouched.
 Our data of child labour as prostitutes also been uncovered.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research design of this paper is based on descriptive studies. The study is truly based on
secondary data. First objective is directly extracted from internet. Observation method is used
to know the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. To justify the statistical data, we have used
analytical term. The analytical study is based on the data of last five decades from 1971 to
2011. Further we have conducted the review of literatures collected from the census surveys,
reports, newspapers, journals, websites, etc.