B.E / B.
Tech Degree End Semester Examination
Academic Year: 2024 – 25 [Regulations-23]
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
U23CET02 – SOLID MECHANICS
Year: II Semester: III
TWO MARK QUESTION AND ANSWER
UNIT I – TENSION, COMPRESSION AND SHEAR
1. Define stress.
When an external force acts on a body, it undergoes deformation.
At the same time the body resists deformation. The magnitude of the
resisting force is numerically equal to the applied force. This internal
resisting force per unit area is called stress.
Stress = Force/Area
= P/A
Unit is N/mm^2
2. Define strain.
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is some
change of dimension in the body.
Numerically the strain is equal to the ratio of change in length
to the original length of the body.
Strain = Change in length/Original length
ε = δL/L
Unit: No unit
3. State Hooke’s law.
It states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit,
the stress is directly proportional to the strain.
Stress α Strain
σ α ε
σ=Eε
E=σ/ε
Unit is N/mm^2
Where, E - Young’s modulus or Elastic constant
σ – Stress, ε – Strain
4. Define tensile stress and tensile strain.
The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and
opposite pulls, as a result of which there is an increase in length, is
known as tensile stress.
The ratio of increase in length to the original length is known
as tensile strain.
5. Define compressive stress and compressive strain.
The stress induced in a body, when subjected to two equal and
opposite pushes, as a result of which there is a decrease in length, is
known as compressive stress.
The ratio of decrease in length to the original length is known
as compressive strain.
6. Define shear stress and shear strain.
The two equal and opposite force act tangentially on any cross
sectional plane of the body tending to slide one part of the body over
the other part. The stress induced is called shear stress and the
corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
7. Define Poisson’s ratio.
When a body is stressed, within its elastic limit, the ratio of lateral
strain (axial strain) to the longitudinal strain (linear strain) is constant
for a given material. It is denoted by the symbol ‘γ or 1/m’ and it is a
dimensionless quantity.
Poisson’ ratio (μ or 1/m) = Lateral strain /Longitudinal
strain
8. Give the relationship between Young’s Modulus, Modulus of
Rigidity and poisson’s ratio.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
9. Define strain energy
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed
in the body. The energy which is absorbed in the body due to
straining effect is known as strain energy.
10. Give the relationship between Bulk Modulus, Young’s
Modulus and poisson’s ratio.
E = 3K (1-2/m)
Where,
E - Young’s Modulus
K - Bulk Modulus
1/m - Poisson’s ratio
11. What is compound or composite bar?
A composite bar composed of two or more different materials
joined together such that system is elongated or compressed in a
single unit.
12. Define- elastic limit.
Some external force is acting on the body, the body tends to
deformation. If the force is released from the body its regain to the
original position. This is called elastic limit.
13. Define – Young’s modulus
The ratio of stress and strain is constant with in the elastic limit.
E = Stress / Strain
14. Define Bulk-modulus
The ratio of direct stress (σ) to volumetric strain (ε v).
K = Direct stress / Volumetric strain
15. Define- lateral strain
Lateral strain is defined as the change in diameter to the
original diameter in case of circular rod.
ε t = ∆d/d
Lateral strain is defined as the change in breadth or thickness to
the original breadth or thickness in case of rectangular bar.
ε t = ∆b/b or ∆t/t
16. Define- longitudinal strain
Longitudinal strain is defined as the change in length to the
original length.
ε L = ∆L/L
17. Define- Rigidity modulus or Shear Modulus (N, C or G)
The shear stress (τ) is directly proportional to shear strain
(q).
N = Shear stress / Shear strain
18. Give the relationship between elastic constants.
E = 2G (1+1/m)
E = 3K (1-2/m)
E = 9KG / (3K + G)
19. What you mean by thermal stresses?
If the body is allowed to expand or contract freely, with the rise or
fall of temperature no stress is developed but if free expansion is
prevented the stress developed is called temperature stress.
20. Define Elasticity.
It is property of a material by which the material under strain,
recovers its original shape after the removal of the external load.
Eg., Steel, Aluminium and Copper
21. Define volumetric strain.
Is defined as the ratio of change in volume of an elastic body to
the original volume.
Volumetric strain (ε v) = ∆V/V
22. Define Factor of Safety.
Is defined as the ratio of allowable stress by ultimate stress
or yield stress by a suitable factor is called Factor of Safety.
23. A square steel rod 20 mm x 20 mm in section is to carry an
axial load (compressive) of 100 kN. Calculate the shortening
in a length of 50 mm. E = 2.14 X 108 kN / m2
Solution:
Area A =
Length (or) 0.05 m
kN / m2
Shortening of the rod
= 0.0000584 m (or) 0.0584 mm
Hence the shortening of the rod = 0.0584 mm.
24. A metal bar 50 mm x 50 mm section is subjected to an
axial compressive load of 500 kN. The contraction of a 200
mm gauge length is found to be 0.5 mm and the increase in
thickness 0.04 mm. find E and μ.
Solution:
b = 50 mm, t = 50 mm
Area =
P = 500 kN
Length, l = 200 mm,
Increase in thickness,
Young’s Modulus:
Poission’s Ratio:
Linear strain = 0.0025
25. State the two conditions employed in solving a composite
bar subjected to an axial load.
a) Total load P = P1 + P2
b) Change in deformation ∆L1 = ∆L 2
26. When a material is said to be perfectly elastic?
A material is said to be perfectly elastic, when it obeys Hooke’s law.
In other words the material is said to be perfectly elastic when the
stress is directly proportional to the strain within the elastic limit.
27. Find the magnitude of ‘P’ of a compound bar?
Sum of all the forces acting in left direction = Sum of all the
forces acting in right direction.
Therefore, 100 + P = 100 + 50
P = 50 kN.
28. How will you calculate the total elongation of a compound
bar which is connected in series?
The total elongation of a compound bar connected in series can
be computed by the relation
where, δli is the deformation on individual bar in the system.
29. Distinguish between elastic and plastic deformation
Elastic deformation: When the stress is removed, the material
returns to the original position before the load was applied. Valid for
small strains (except the case of rubbers). Deformation is
reversible, non permanent
Plastic deformation: When the stress is removed, the material
does not return to its original position but there is a permanent,
irreversible deformation.
30. Draw the stress-strain curve for a ductile material and
brittle material.
P - Limit of proportionality, E –
Elastic Limit, YU - Upper yield limit, Y L – Lower yield
limit, S - Ultimate tensile strength
31. What do you mean by limit of proportionality or elastic limit?
Limit of proportionality or elastic limit is a point in the stress-strain
curve at which the linear relation between them ceases. (i.e. the point at
which the straight line changes to a curve). Thereafter the stress is
not directly proportional to strain and therefore Hooke’s law is not
valid after the elastic limit.
STRESS – STRAIN CURVE
PART B
1. A bar of 25mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 40 kN. The measured ex-
tension on gauge length of 200 mm is 0.085 mm and the change in diam-
eter is 0.003 mm. Calculate the value of Poisson’s ratio and the
three moduli.
2. (a) Find the young’s modulus of a rod of diameter 30 mm and of length
300 mm which is subjected to a tensile load of 60 kN and the extension of
the rod is equal to 0.4 mm.
(b) The ultimate stress for a hollow steel column which carries an axial load
of 2 MN is 500 Nmm 2. If the external diameter of the column is 250
mm, determine the internal diameter. Take the factor of safety as 4.0
3. A brass bar, having cross sectional area of 1000 mm 2, is subjected to axial
forces as shown in fig. Find the total elongation of the bar. Take E = 1.05 x
105 N/mm2.
4. A RC column is 300 mm in diameter and has 4 steel bars each of 12 mm
diameters embedded in it. If the allowable stresses in steel and concrete
are 65.0 MN/m2 and 4.0 MN/m2 respectively, calculate the safe axial load
which the column can carry. Take Es = 15 Ec.
5. A hollow cast iron cylinder 4 m long, 300 mm outer diameter and thick-
ness of metal 50 mm is subjected to a central load on the top when stand -
ing straight. The stress produced is 75000 kN/m 2, assume the young’s
modulus of cast iron as 1.5 X 108 kN/m2. Find the
i. Magnitude of the load
ii. Longitudinal strain produced and
iii. Total decrease in length
6. A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data was ob-
tained from the test:
Diameter of the steel bar = 3 cm
Gauge length of the bar = 20cm
Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
Maximum load = 380 kN
Total extension = 60 mm
Diameter of rod at failure = 2.25 cm
Determine:
i. The Young’s modulus
ii. The stress at elastic limit
iii. The percentage of elongation
iv. The percentage decrease in area.
7. A hollow cylinder 2 m long has an outside diameter of 50 mm and inside di-
ameter of 30 mm. If the cylinder is carrying a load of 25 kN, find the stress
in the cylinder. Also find the deformation of the cylinder, if the value of mod-
ulus of elasticity for the cylinder material is 100 GPa.
8. When a copper wire of length 2 m and diameter 40 mm is subjected to an ax-
ial pull of 80 kN, its diameter reduces by 0.00775 mm. The modulus of elas -
ticity of copper is 105 GPa, calculate the extension of the wire, Poisson’s
ratio and modulus of rigidity of the material.
9. A compound tube consists of a steel tube 140 mm internal diameter and
160mm external diameter and an outer brass tube 160 mm internal diameter
and 180 mm external diameter. The length of the compound tube is 150 mm
and it carries an axial load of 900 kN. Find the stresses and load carried by
each tube and the amount it shortens. Take E steel = 2×10 5 N/mm2 and E
brass = 1.1×105 N/mm2.
10. A steel rod of 3 cm diameter and 5 m length is connected to two grips
and the rod is maintained at a temperature of 95˚C. Determine the stresses
and pull exerted when the temperature falls to 30 ˚C if (i) the ends do not
yield and (ii) the ends yield by 0.12 cm. Take E = 2×10 5 N/mm2 and α =
12×10-6 /˚ C.
