Lene Hau

Lene Vestergaard Hau (Danish: [ˈle̝ ːnə ˈvestɐˌkɒˀ

ˈhɑw]; born November 13, 1959) is a Danish physicist Lene Hau
and educator. She is the Mallinckrodt Professor of
Physics and of Applied Physics at Harvard
University.[1]

In 1999, she led a Harvard University team who, by

use of a Bose–Einstein condensate, succeeded in
slowing a beam of light to about 17 metres per second,
and, in 2001, was able to stop a beam completely.[2]
Later work based on these experiments led to the
transfer of light to matter, then from matter back into
light,[3] a process with important implications for
quantum encryption and quantum computing. More
recent work has involved research into novel
interactions between ultracold atoms and nanoscopic-
scale systems. In addition to teaching physics and
applied physics, she has taught Energy Science at
Lene Hau in her laboratory at Harvard, 2007
Harvard,[4] involving photovoltaic cells, nuclear
power, batteries, and photosynthesis. In addition to her Born November 13, 1959
own experiments and research, she is often invited to Vejle, Denmark
speak at international conferences, and is involved in Nationality Danish
structuring the science policies of various institutions. Alma mater Aarhus University
She was keynote speaker[5] at EliteForsk-konferencen Known for Slow light, Bose–Einstein
2013 ("Elite Research Conference") in Copenhagen, condensates, nanotechnology,
which was attended by government ministers, as well quantum optics
as senior science policy and research developers in
Awards Ole Rømer Medal
Denmark.[6]
George Ledlie Prize
In acknowledgment of her many achievements, MacArthur Fellowship
Discover Magazine recognized her in 2002 as one of Rigmor and Carl Holst-Knudsen
the 50 most important women in science.[7] Award for Scientific Research
Scientific career
Fields Physics and Nanotechnology
Early life, family and education Institutions Harvard University
Rowland Institute for Science
Hau was born in Vejle, Denmark.
Doctoral Naomi Ginsberg, Christopher
Hau earned her bachelor's degree in mathematics in students Slowe, Zachary Dutton
1984 at the University of Aarhus in Denmark at the age
of 24. Hau continued her studies there, receiving her master's degree in physics two years later.
For her doctoral studies in quantum theory, Hau worked on ideas similar to those involved in fibre optic
cables carrying light, but her work involved strings of atoms in a silicon crystal carrying electrons. While
working towards her doctorate, Hau spent seven months at CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle
Physics near Geneva. She received her doctorate from the University of Aarhus in 1991 at the age of 32,
but by this time her research interests had changed direction.

Career
In 1991 she joined the Rowland Institute for Science at Cambridge, Massachusetts as a scientific staff
member, beginning to explore the possibilities of slow light and cold atoms. In 1999 at the age of 40, Hau
accepted a two-year appointment as a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University. Her formalized training
is in theoretical physics but her interest moved to experimental research in an effort to create a new form
of matter known as a Bose–Einstein condensate. "Hau applied to the National Science Foundation for
funds to make a batch of this condensate but was rejected on the grounds that she was a theorist for whom
such experiments would be too difficult to do."[8] Undeterred, she gained alternative funding, and became
one of the first handful of physicists to create such a condensate. In September 1999 she was appointed
the Gordon Mckay Professor of Applied Physics and Professor of Physics at Harvard.[9] She was also
awarded tenure in 1999 and is now Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Harvard. In
2001 she became the first person to stop light completely,[10] using a Bose–Einstein condensate to
achieve this. Since then she has produced copious research, and new experimental work, in
electromagnetically induced transparency, various areas of quantum physics, photonics and contributed to
the development of new quantum devices and novel nanoscale applications.

Qubit transfer
Hau and her associates at Harvard University "have demonstrated exquisite control over light and matter
in several experiments, but her experiment with 2 condensates is one of the most compelling".[11] In 2006
they successfully transferred a qubit from light to a matter wave and back into light, again using Bose–
Einstein condensates. Details of the experiment are discussed in the February 8, 2007, publication of the
journal Nature.[12] The experiment relies on the way that, according to quantum mechanics, atoms may
behave as waves as well as particles. This enables atoms to do some counterintuitive things, such as
passing through two openings at once. Within a Bose–Einstein condensate a light pulse is compressed by
a factor of 50 million, without losing any of the information stored within it. In this Bose–Einstein
condensate, information encoded in a light pulse can be transferred to the atom waves. Because all the
atoms move coherently, the information does not dissolve into random noise. The light drives some of the
cloud's roughly 1.8 million sodium atoms to enter into "quantum superposition" states, with a lower-
energy component that stays put and a higher-energy component that travels between the two clouds. A
second 'control' laser then writes the shape of the pulse into the atom waves. When this control beam is
turned off and the light pulse disappears, the 'matter copy' remains. Prior to this, researchers could not
readily control optical information during its journey, except to amplify the signal to avoid fading. This
experiment by Hau and her colleagues marked the first successful manipulation of coherent optical
information. The new study is "a beautiful demonstration", says Irina Novikova, a physicist at the College
of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA. Before this result, she says, light storage was measured in
milliseconds. "Here it's fractional seconds. It's a really dramatic time."[13]
Of its potential, Hau said "While the matter is traveling between the two Bose–Einstein condensates, we
can trap it, potentially for minutes, and reshape it – change it – in whatever way we want. This novel
form of quantum control could also have applications in the developing fields of quantum information
processing and quantum cryptography."[14] Of the developmental implications, "This feat, the sharing
around of quantum information in light-form and in not just one but two atom-forms, offers great
encouragement to those who hope to develop quantum computers," said Jeremy Bloxham, dean of
science in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[15] Hau was awarded the George Ledlie Prize for this work,
Harvard's Provost Steven Hyman noting "her work is path-breaking. Her research blurs the boundaries
between basic and applied science, draws on the talent and people of two Schools and several
departments, and provides a literally glowing example of how taking daring intellectual risks leads to
profound rewards."[15]

Cold atoms and nanoscale systems

In 2009 Hau and team laser-cooled clouds of one million rubidium atoms
to just a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. They then launched this
millimeter-long atomic cloud towards a suspended carbon nanotube,
located some two centimeters away and charged to hundreds of volts. The
results were published in 2010, heralding new interactions between cold
atoms and nanoscale systems.[16] They observed that most atoms passed
by, but approximately 10 per million were inescapably attracted, causing A captured atom is ripped
them to dramatically accelerate both in movement and in temperature. "At apart as its electron is
sucked into the nanotube
this point, the speeding atoms separate into an electron and an ion rotating
in parallel around the nanowire, completing each orbit in just a few
trillionths of a second. The electron eventually gets sucked into the nanotube via quantum tunneling,
causing its companion ion to shoot away – repelled by the strong charge of the 300-volt nanotube – at a
speed of roughly 26 kilometers per second, or 59,000 miles per hour."[17] Atoms can rapidly disintegrate,
without having to collide with each other in this experiment. The team is quick to note that this effect is
not produced by gravity, as calculated in blackholes that exist in space, but by the high electrical charge
in the nanotube. The experiment combines nanotechnology with cold atoms to demonstrate a new type of
high-resolution, single-atom, chip-integrated detector that may ultimately be able to resolve fringes from
the interference of matter waves. The scientists also foresee a range of single-atom, fundamental studies
made possible by their setup.[18]

Awards
Dirac Medal and Lecture, the University of New South Wales, 2019.
Lise Meitner Distinguished Lecturer, 2018
Honorary Alum 2011 – Aarhus Universitet[19]
Carlsberg Foundation's Research Award[20] from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences
and Letters[21] on October 6, 2011. The prize of 1 million Danish kroner (around
US$150,000) was given in connection with the 200 year anniversary of brewer J.C.
Jacobsen, founder of the Carlsberg Breweries and the Carlsberg Foundation.
Awarded the H.C. Ørsted Lectureship 2010[22]
 Recipient of 'World Dane 2010' from the Global Network of Danes Worldwide. She received
the annual award "Årets Verdensdansker" (World Dane of the year) because she, according
to Danes Worldwide, "emphatically and persistently has put Denmark on the world map".[23]
Selected National Security Science and Engineering Faculty Fellow by the United States
Department of Defense, January 25, 2010.[24]
An honorary appointment to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters[25]
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow, December 7,
2009.[26]
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, April 20, 2009.[27]
Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2008[28]
Delivered the Capital Science Lecture at Carnegie Institution for Science in 2008[29]
Rigmor and Carl Holst-Knudsen Award for Scientific Research[30]
George Ledlie Prize in September 2008.[31]
Richtmyer Memorial Award, by the American Association of Physics Teachers 2004[32]
Delivered a Nano Lecture on Slow Light for the Annals of Improbable Research (AIR)
2003[33]
Delivered the Leon Pape Memorial Lecture, 2003[34]
"Genius Grant" – MacArthur Fellow 2001–2006[35]
NKT Award, by the Danish Physical Society 2001[36]
The Ole Rømer Medal, by the president of the Danish Natural Science Research Council,
2001[37]
An honorary degree, Æreshåndværker Kjøbenhavns Håndværkerforening, in the presence
of Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, Copenhagen, 2001[38]
Samuel Friedman Rescue Award, given by the Samuel Friedman Foundation, University of
California, Los Angeles, 2001[39]
Recipient of the Year 2000 Award from the Top Danmark Foundation,[40] Copenhagen
Appointed Gordon Mckay[41] Professor of Applied Physics at Harvard, as well as Principal
Investigator for the Atom Cooling Group at the Rowland Institute, 1991
A Carlsberg Scholarship which enabled her to spend a year undertaking research, by the
Carlsberg Foundation, Denmark, 1988[2]
Recipient of the Research Fellowship, 1986–1989, by the Faculty of Sciences, University of
Aarhus, Denmark.[42]

Publications
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Manipulating Light[43] Unit 7 of the Annenberg Foundation's
"Physics for the 21st Century"
Anne Goodsell, Trygve Ristroph, J. A. Golovchenko, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Field
ionization of cold atoms near the wall of a single carbon nanotube[16] (2010)
Rui Zhang, Sean R. Garner, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Creation of long-term coherent
optical memory via controlled nonlinear interactions in Bose–Einstein condensates[44]
(2009)
Naomi S. Ginsberg, Sean R. Garner, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Coherent control of optical
information with matter wave dynamics[45] (2007).
 Naomi S. Ginsberg, Joachim Brand, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of Hybrid Soliton
Vortex-Ring Structures in Bose–Einstein Condensates[46] (2005).
Chien Liu, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of
coherent optical information storage in an atomic medium using halted light pulses[47]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, S. E. Harris, Zachary Dutton, Cyrus H. Behroozi, Light speed
reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas[48]

Further reading
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Quantum Optics: Slowing single photons[49]
Brian Murphy and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Electro-optical nanotraps for neutral atoms,[50]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Optical information processing in Bose–Einstein condensates,[51]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Quantum physics – Tangled memories,[52]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Nonlinear optics: Shocking superfluids,[53]
Christopher Slowe, Laurent Vernac, Lene Vestergaard Hau, A High Flux Source of Cold
Rubidium[54]
Christopher Slowe, Naomi S. Ginsberg, Trygve Ristroph, Anne Goodsell, and Lene
Vestergaard Hau, Ultraslow Light & Bose–Einstein Condensates:Two-way Control with
Coherent Light & Atom Fields [55]
Marin Soljacic, Elefterios Lidorikis, J. D. Joannopoulos, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Ultra Low-
Power All-Optical Switching[56]
Trygve Ristroph, Anne Goodsell, J. A. Golovchenko, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, Detection
and quantized conductance of neutral atoms near a charged carbon nanotube[57]
Zachary Dutton, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Storing and processing optical information with
ultra-slow light in Bose–Einstein condensates[58]
Zachary Dutton, Naomi S. Ginsberg, Christopher Slowe, and Lene Vestergaard Hau, The
Art of Taming Light: Ultra-slow and Stopped Light[59]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Frozen Light [60]
Zachary Dutton, Michael Budde, Christopher Slowe, Lene Vestergaard Hau, Observation of
quantum shock waves created with ultra-compressed slow light pulses in a Bose–Einstein
Condensate[61]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Taming Light with Cold Atoms[62] Invited feature article. Published
by Institute for Physics, UK.
B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Z. Dutton, C. H. Behroozi, L. Vestergaard Hau, Observation of
interaction dynamics in finite-temperature Bose condensed atom clouds[63]
C. Liu, B.D. Busch, Z. Dutton, and L. V. Hau, Anisotropic Expansion of Finite Temperature
Bose Gases – Emergence of Interaction Effects between Condensed and Non-Condensed
Atoms,[64] Proceedings of the conference on New Directions in Atomic Physics, Cambridge,
England, July 1998, eds. C. T. Whelan, R.M. Dreizler, J.H. Macek, and H.R.J Walters,
(Plenum, 1999).
Lene Hau, BEC and Light Speeds of 38 miles/hr: Proceedings of the Workshop on Bose–
Einstein Condensation and Degenerate Fermi Gases, from Workshop on Bose–Einstein
Condensation and Degenerate Fermi Gases[65] Hau's talk: Podcast and image files.[66]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Zachary Dutton, Michael M. Burns, J. A.
Golovchenko, Near Resonant Spatial Images of Confined Bose–Einstein Condensates in
the 4-Dee Magnetic Bottle[67]
 Lene Vestergaard Hau, B. D. Busch, Chien Liu, Michael M. Burns, J. A. Golovchenko, Cold
Atoms and Creation of New States of Matter: Bose–Einstein Condensates, Kapitza States,
and '2D Magnetic Hydrogen Atoms, (Photonic, Electronic and Atomic Collisions : Invited
papers of the 20th International Conference of Electronic and Atomic Collisions (ICEAC)
Vienna, Austria, July 23–29, 1997) F. Aumayr and H.P. Winter, editors[68]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, J. A. Golovchenko, and Michael M. Burns, Supersymmetry and the
Binding of a Magnetic Atom to a Filamentary Current[69]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, J. A. Golovchenko, and Michael M. Burns, A new atomic beam
source: The "candlestick" [70]
Lene Vestergaard Hau, Michael M. Burns, and J. A. Golovchenko, Bound states of guided
matter waves: An atom and a charged wire [71]
"Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold"[72]
"Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold" Tom Schactman Pub Date: Dec. 1st, 1999
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin[73]

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External links
"Light and matter united" (http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/02/light-and-matter-un
ited/). Harvard University Gazette (2): 20026. February 7, 2007.
Bibcode:2007PhT..2007b0026. (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhT..2007b0026.).
doi:10.1063/pt.5.020845 (https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.5.020845).
"Hau Lab at Harvard" (http://www.seas.harvard.edu/haulab/). Harvard School of Engineering
and Applied Sciences. Harvard University. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
"Trapping Light and Saving It for Later" (https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyI
d=7314502) (audio). Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. 2007-02-09. Retrieved
2008-08-03. "Scientists manage to stop light, hold it trapped in a cloud of chilled atoms
known as a Bose Einstein condensate, and then release it in a second cloud a short
distance away. We'll talk about the work and its potential applications in information
processing."
Holloway, Marguerite (September 2007). "What Visions in the Dark of Light" (http://www.scia
m.com/article.cfm?id=What-Visions-in-the-Dark). Scientific American. Vol. 297, no. 3.
Scientific American. pp. 50–53. Bibcode:2007SciAm.297c..50H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.ed
u/abs/2007SciAm.297c..50H). doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0907-50 (https://doi.org/10.103
8%2Fscientificamerican0907-50). Retrieved 2008-08-03.Article subtitle: "Lene Vestergaard
Hau made headlines by slowing light to below highway speed. Now the ringmaster of light
can stop it, extinguish it and revive it - and thereby give quantum information a new look."
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Lene Vestergaard Hau" (https://mathshistory.st-
andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hau.html), MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University
of St Andrews

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