Training Module on:

Project Environment
Management

Module Code: TM/ECWC//PM-4083

Prepared by: CPDi

October 2023
Addis Ababa
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ACRONYMS

PM Project Manager
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
CPEM Construction Project Environment Management
EMP Environmental Management Plan

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Table of Content
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Content ......................................................................................................................................... iii
Symbols Used ............................................................................................................................................. vi
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1
SESSION ONE ............................................................................................................................................ 2
1. INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECT ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ............ 2
1.1. Overview of environmental considerations in construction projects ............................................ 2
1.2. Importance of environmental management in construction projects ............................................ 2
1.3. Role of project managers in environmental management ............................................................. 3
1.4. Key process and knowledge areas ................................................................................................. 3
 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 4
SESSION TWO ........................................................................................................................................... 6
2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION .............................................. 6
2.1. Understanding environmental impact assessment (EIA) .............................................................. 6
2.2. Key steps in conducting an EIA for construction projects ............................................................ 6
2.3. Identification and assessment of potential environmental impacts ............................................... 7
2.4. Mitigation measures and environmental management plans ........................................................ 8
2.5. Stakeholder engagement and public consultation ......................................................................... 9
2.6. Case studies and examples of successful EIA and mitigation measures....................................... 9
 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 10
SESSION THREE ..................................................................................................................................... 12
3. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES .......................................................................... 12
3.1. Overview of sustainable construction practices .......................................................................... 12
3.2. Principles of sustainable construction and green building .......................................................... 12
3.3. Energy efficiency and renewable energy in construction projects .............................................. 13
3.4. Water conservation and management practices .......................................................................... 14

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3.5. Waste management and recycling strategies ............................................................................... 14

3.6. Use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies ...................................................... 15
3.7. Integration of sustainable practices into project planning and design ........................................ 15
 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 16
SESSION FOUR ........................................................................................................................................ 18
4. CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING ............................................... 18
4.1. Types of construction waste ........................................................................................................ 18
4.2. Waste management hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle............................................................. 19
4.3. Strategies for waste reduction and recycling............................................................................... 19
4.4. Implementation of waste management plans .............................................................................. 20
4.5. Case studies and best practices.................................................................................................... 21
 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 22
SESSION FIVE ......................................................................................................................................... 24
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE .......................................................... 24
5.1. Importance of monitoring environmental performance during construction .............................. 24
5.2. Types of environmental monitoring in construction projects ..................................................... 25
5.3. Compliance with environmental regulations and permits ........................................................... 25
5.4. Environmental auditing and inspections ..................................................................................... 26
5.5. Reporting and documentation of environmental monitoring results ........................................... 27
5.6. Corrective actions and continuous improvement ........................................................................ 27
5.7. Regulatory framework and environmental standards.................................................................. 28
5.8. Regulatory framework and environmental standards in Ethiopia ............................................... 29
 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 30
6. CASE STUDIES AND LESSONS LEARNED ................................................................................. 32
6.1. Real-life examples of successful environmental management in construction projects ............. 32
6.2. Challenges faced and lessons learned ......................................................................................... 33
6.3. Innovative approaches and emerging trends ............................................................................... 34

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 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 35
References ................................................................................................................................................. 36

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Symbols Used
Icon/Symbol* What it Refers to? Description

 Exercises/Activities group or individual exercises/activities which

might be done in the class or outdoor or at the
work place

 Summary Important learning points from each topic

 References Sources of information used in the training

material and further readings that can be helpful
for the learner during or after the training.

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Introduction
Despite the importance of construction projects in the development of country in general and the
people in particular, it has a tremendous impact on the environment. The activities carried out
the in the construction industry creates physical and chemical damage to the nature and human
being. It may be difficult to eliminate the construction industry impact on the environment.
However, there are many ways and methods used to reduce the impacts and to take remedial
measures. Therefore, every project manager is expected to know the impact of the projects and
take proactive and preventive measures. Besides, it is important to the PM to take corrective
actions if impacts happened to the environment.

Objectives
General objective
The overall objective of the CPEM training is, to enhance the capacity of project managers in
protecting the environment from construction impact proactively and take corrective measures
whenever necessary.

Specific objectives
Upon completion the training based on this manual, the participants will be able to:
✓ Understand the impact of the construction project on the surrounding environment;
✓ Conduct environmental impact assessment and make analysis;
✓ Understand sustainable construction and practice in the industry;
✓ Identify construction wastes and implement their management strategy;
✓ Apply compliance procedures for the safety of the environment and society

Outcome
At the completion of this training module, the trainees will be able to understand the impact of
the construction projects on the environment and implement strategies to prevent and reduce
the impact.

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SESSION ONE
1. INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

Contents:
1.1. Overview of environmental considerations in construction projects
1.2. Importance of environmental management in construction projects
1.3. Role of project managers in environmental management
1.4. Key process and knowledge areas
Session Summary
Exercises

1.1. Overview of environmental considerations in construction projects

• Construction projects have significant environmental implications due to activities such

as site clearing, excavation, material extraction, and energy consumption.
• Environmental considerations include the impact on air quality, water resources,
biodiversity, soil erosion, noise pollution, waste generation, and greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Understanding and addressing these considerations are crucial for minimizing negative
environmental impacts and promoting sustainability in construction projects.

1.2. Importance of environmental management in construction projects

• Environmental management in construction projects is essential for ensuring
compliance with environmental regulations and standards.
• It helps minimize adverse effects on the environment, surrounding communities, and
natural resources.
• Effective environmental management contributes to the project's reputation, stakeholder
satisfaction, and long-term sustainability.

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• It can also result in cost savings through improved resource efficiency, waste reduction,
and mitigation of potential legal and financial risks.

1.3. Role of project managers in environmental management

• Project managers play a critical role in integrating environmental considerations into all
project phases and activities.
• They are responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental laws, regulations, and
permits.
• Project managers collaborate with environmental specialists, stakeholders, and regulatory
bodies to develop and implement environmental management plans.
• They establish and enforce environmental policies, procedures, and performance standards
within the project team.
• Project managers also monitor and report on environmental performance, identify risks, and
implement mitigation measures.

1.4. Key process and knowledge areas

The key process and knowledge areas in construction project environment management
typically include:
1. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): This involves assessing the potential
environmental impacts of the project before its initiation. The EIA process identifies,
predicts, and evaluates the project's effects on the environment, allowing for informed
decision-making and the implementation of mitigation measures.
2. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): An EMP outlines the specific measures and
actions to be taken to manage and mitigate the identified environmental impacts. It includes
strategies for pollution prevention, waste management, resource conservation, and
stakeholder engagement.

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3. Compliance with Environmental Regulations: Construction projects must comply with

applicable environmental laws, regulations, and permits. This includes obtaining necessary
permits, adhering to emission limits, managing hazardous materials safely, and mitigating
impacts on protected areas or endangered species.
4. Sustainable Construction Practices: This knowledge area focuses on incorporating
sustainable principles and practices into the project's design, construction methods, and
material selection. It includes considerations such as energy efficiency, water conservation,
renewable energy use, and the use of recycled or eco-friendly materials.
5. Environmental Monitoring and Auditing: Regular monitoring and auditing of environmental
performance are essential to ensure compliance and identify areas for improvement. This
involves collecting data, conducting site inspections, analyzing results, and taking corrective
actions when necessary.

 SUMMARY
Construction projects have significant environmental implications, including air quality, water
resources, biodiversity, noise pollution, waste generation, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Environmental management is crucial for compliance with regulations, minimizing adverse
effects, and promoting sustainability. Project managers play a critical role in integrating
environmental considerations, ensuring compliance, and monitoring performance. Key areas in
construction project environmental management include Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA), Environmental Management Plan (EMP), compliance with regulations, sustainable
construction practices, and environmental monitoring and auditing.

 Exercise 1.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants with the interaction of project and environment
and their roles in construction environment protection.
Materials: Handout chapter 1and reference 1 and 2

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Time: 30 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ Discuss PM intervention areas in the construction project environment
management by referring the process and knowledge areas.
✓ Briefly describe the basic knowledge areas in which project environment
management focuses and their importance.

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SESSION TWO
2. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND
MITIGATION

Contents:
2.1. Understanding environmental impact assessment (EIA)
2.2. Key steps in conducting an EIA for construction projects
2.3. Identification and assessment of potential environmental impacts
2.4. Key process and knowledge areas
2.5. Mitigation measures and environmental management plans
2.6. Stakeholder engagement and public consultation
2.7. Case studies and examples of successful EIA and mitigation measures
Session Summary
Exercises

2.1. Understanding environmental impact assessment (EIA)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process used to identify, predict,
evaluate, and mitigate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project or development.
It is a critical tool for decision-making that enables project planners and stakeholders to make
informed choices while considering the environmental consequences of their actions. The
purpose of an EIA is to ensure that potential environmental impacts are adequately assessed and
appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated into the project design and implementation.

2.2. Key steps in conducting an EIA for construction projects

The specific steps involved in conducting an EIA may vary depending on the country and
project, but generally, the process includes the following key steps:
1. Scoping: Defining the boundaries and scope of the assessment, including the
identification of potentially affected environmental components.

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2. Baseline data collection: Gathering information about the existing environmental

conditions in the project area, such as air quality, water resources, biodiversity, and
socio-economic aspects.
3. Impact prediction: Assessing the potential environmental impacts that may occur as a
result of the project, considering both direct and indirect effects.
4. Impact assessment: Evaluating the significance of the predicted impacts by comparing
them with established environmental standards, guidelines, or criteria.
5. Mitigation measures: Identifying and proposing measures to avoid, minimize, or
mitigate the identified adverse impacts. This may include changes to project design,
technology, or operational practices.
6. Environmental management plan: Developing a plan to manage and monitor the
environmental impacts during the construction, operation, and decommissioning phases
of the project.
7. Public consultation: Engaging with stakeholders and the public to gather their inputs,
address concerns, and incorporate their perspectives into the decision-making process.
8. Review and decision-making: Reviewing the EIA report and considering the findings
and recommendations before making a decision on the project.

2.3. Identification and assessment of potential environmental impacts

During the EIA process, potential environmental impacts are identified and assessed through a
systematic approach. This involves considering various aspects of the project and its
interactions with the environment. Common categories of potential impacts include:
1. Air quality: Emissions of pollutants, dust, and greenhouse gases from construction
activities and operation of the project.
2. Water resources: Impacts on surface water and groundwater quality, water availability,
and effects on aquatic ecosystems.

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3. Biodiversity and ecosystems: Loss or fragmentation of habitats, impacts on endangered

species, and disruption of ecological processes.
4. Soil and land resources: Soil erosion, land degradation, changes in land use, and impacts
on agricultural productivity.
5. Socio-economic aspects: Impacts on local communities, including displacement,
livelihoods, health, and cultural heritage.
6. Noise and vibration: Construction and operational noise, as well as vibrations that can
affect human health and wildlife.
7. Visual and landscape impacts: Alteration of the visual appearance of the area and
impacts on cultural and scenic values.

2.4. Mitigation measures and environmental management plans

Mitigation measures aim to reduce or eliminate the adverse environmental impacts identified
during the EIA process. Some common mitigation strategies include:
1. Design modifications: Incorporating environmental considerations into the project
design to minimize impacts, such as using green building techniques or alternative
materials.
2. Pollution prevention and control: Implementing measures to minimize air, water, and
soil pollution, such as installing emission control systems or implementing erosion
control measures.
3. Habitat restoration: Rehabilitating or restoring impacted habitats or creating new ones
to compensate for biodiversity losses.
4. Environmental monitoring: Establishing monitoring programs to track the effectiveness
of mitigation measures and ensure compliance with environmental standards.
Environmental management plans outline the strategies and procedures for managing and
monitoring the environmental impacts throughout the project's lifecycle. These plans typically
include specific actions, responsibilities, timelines, and performance indicators for
environmental management.

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2.5. Stakeholder engagement and public consultation

Stakeholder engagement and public consultation are crucial components of the EIA process. It
involves actively involving individuals, communities, non-governmental organizations, and
other relevant stakeholders who may be affected by or have an interest in the project. The
objectives of stakeholder engagement include:
1. Sharing information: Providing project details, including potential environmental
impacts, mitigation measures, and proposed management plans.
2. Gathering input: Seeking feedback, concerns, and suggestions from stakeholders to
incorporate their perspectives into the decision-making process.
3. Addressing concerns: Responding to stakeholder concerns and providing clarification
on project-related issues.
4. Building consensus: Promoting dialogue and collaboration to build consensus and trust
among stakeholders.

2.6. Case studies and examples of successful EIA and mitigation measures
There are numerous case studies and examples of successful EIA and mitigation measures.
Some notable examples include:
1. Three Gorges Dam, China: The EIA for the Three Gorges Dam project in China included
comprehensive studies of potential impacts on water resources, biodiversity, and local
communities. Mitigation measures, such as fish ladders and reforestation programs,
were implemented to address the identified impacts.
2. London Olympics 2012: The EIA for the London Olympics considered various
environmental aspects, including contaminated land, noise, air quality, and biodiversity.
Mitigation measures were implemented, such ascreating green spaces, using low-
emission construction equipment, and implementing waste management strategies.

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3. The Masdar City project, UAE: The development of Masdar City, a sustainable urban
development in Abu Dhabi, involved a rigorous EIA process. The project incorporated
renewable energy technologies, water conservation measures, and sustainable
transportation systems to minimize environmental impacts.
4. The Belo Monte Dam, Brazil: The EIA for the Belo Monte Dam project in Brazil
assessed potential impacts on biodiversity, indigenous communities, and water
resources. Mitigation measures included the creation of protected areas, compensation
for affected communities, and sediment management strategies.
These case studies highlight successful examples of EIA and the implementation of mitigation
measures to address environmental impacts. Each project demonstrates the importance of
thorough assessment, stakeholder engagement, and proactive measures to achieve sustainable
development.

 SUMMARY
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process used to identify, predict,
evaluate, and mitigate the potential environmental effects of a proposed construction project.
Key steps in conducting an EIA include scoping, baseline data collection, impact prediction,
impact assessment, mitigation measures, environmental management plan, public consultation,
and review and decision-making. Potential environmental impacts are identified and assessed
in categories such as air quality, water resources, biodiversity, soil and land resources, socio-
economic aspects, noise and vibration, and visual and landscape impacts. Mitigation measures
aim to reduce or eliminate adverse impacts, and environmental management plans outline
strategies for managing and monitoring impacts. Stakeholder engagement and public
consultation are important in the EIA process to share information, gather input, address
concerns, and build consensus. Case studies of successful EIA and mitigation measures include
the Three Gorges Dam in China, the London Olympics 2012, the Masdar City project in UAE,
and the Belo Monte Dam in Brazil. These examples demonstrate the importance of

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comprehensive assessment, stakeholder engagement, and proactive measures for sustainable

development.

 Exercise 2.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants with the process of EIA study and environmental
plan management.
Materials: Handout chapter 2 and reference 4 and 5
Time: 60 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ Why EIA study is important for construction projects?
✓ Discuss on the measures to be taken when the construction project imposes impact
on the environment.
✓ What will be the short term and long term consequence on the environment if
mitigation action is not applied to construction project impact?

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SESSION THREE
3. SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

Contents:
3.1. Overview of sustainable construction practices
3.2. Principles of sustainable construction and green building
3.3. Energy efficiency and renewable energy in construction projects
3.4. Water conservation and management practices
3.5. Waste management and recycling strategies
3.6. Use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies
3.7. Integration of sustainable practices into project planning and design
Session Summary
Exercises

3.1. Overview of sustainable construction practices

Sustainable construction practices aim to minimize the environmental impact of construction
projects while promoting social and economic sustainability. These practices consider the entire
lifecycle of a building, from design and construction to operation and eventual demolition.
Sustainable construction focuses on resource efficiency, reduction of waste and emissions,
conservation of energy and water, and the use of environmentally friendly materials and
technologies.

3.2. Principles of sustainable construction and green building

The principles of sustainable construction and green building include:
1. Energy efficiency: Designing and constructing buildings that minimize energy
consumption through efficient insulation, lighting, heating, ventilation, and cooling
systems.

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2. Water efficiency: Implementing measures to conserve water through the use of efficient
fixtures, rainwater harvesting, and graywater recycling.
3. Materials selection: Choosing environmentally friendly materials that have low
embodied energy, are locally sourced, and have a reduced impact on human health and
the environment.
4. Waste reduction and recycling: Implementing strategies to minimize construction and
demolition waste and promoting the recycling and reuse of materials.
5. Indoor environmental quality: Designing buildings that provide a healthy and
comfortable indoor environment through proper ventilation, natural lighting, and the use
of non-toxic materials.
6. Site selection and land use: Considering the environmental impact of site selection,
promoting brownfield redevelopment, and minimizing land consumption.
7. Biodiversity and ecology: Incorporating landscaping and design features that support
biodiversity, such as green roofs, native plantings, and wildlife habitats.

3.3. Energy efficiency and renewable energy in construction projects

Energy efficiency in construction projects involves designing and constructing buildings that
minimize energy consumption and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Some strategies for
achieving energy efficiency include:
1. Building orientation and design: Optimizing the building's orientation and layout to
maximize natural daylight and reduce the need for artificial lighting and heating.
2. Insulation and building envelope: Using high-quality insulation materials and sealing
the building envelope to minimize heat loss or gain.
3. Efficient HVAC systems: Installing energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems that use advanced technologies and controls.
4. Lighting systems: Using energy-efficient lighting fixtures, such as LEDs, and
incorporating sensors and controls to optimize lighting usage.

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In addition to energy efficiency, incorporating renewable energy sources, such as solar panels
or wind turbines, can further reduce the environmental impact of construction projects and
contribute to sustainable energy generation.

3.4. Water conservation and management practices

Water conservation and management practices in construction projects aim to minimize water
consumption and ensure responsible water use. Some strategies include:
1. Efficient fixtures and appliances: Installing low-flow faucets, toilets, and showerheads
to reduce water usage.
2. Rainwater harvesting: Collecting and storing rainwater for non-potable uses, such as
irrigation or toilet flushing.
3. Graywater recycling: Treating and reusing wastewater from sinks, showers, and laundry
for irrigation or other appropriate non-potable purposes.
4. Landscaping design: Using native and drought-tolerant plants, efficient irrigation
systems, and smart controls to minimize water requirements for landscaping.

3.5. Waste management and recycling strategies

Waste management and recycling strategies in construction projects aim to reduce the amount
of waste generated and promote the recycling and reuse of materials. Some practices include:
1. Construction waste management plan: Developing a plan to minimize waste generation,
segregate waste on-site, and ensure proper disposal or recycling.
2. Salvaging and reuse: Identifying opportunities to salvage and reuse materials from
demolition or construction waste, such as doors, windows, or structural elements.
3. Recycling programs: Implementing recycling programs for common construction
materials like concrete, metal, wood, and plastics.
4. Prefabrication and modular construction: Using off-site manufacturing techniques to
minimize waste generation and optimize material usage.

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3.6. Use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies

The use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies in construction projects helps
reduce the environmental impact and promote sustainability. Some examples include:
1. Sustainable building materials: Selecting materials with low embodied energy, such as
recycled or renewable materials, and avoiding materials containing harmful substances
like volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
2. Green roofs and walls: Incorporating living vegetation on roofs or walls to improve
insulation, reduce storm water runoff, and provide habitat for wildlife.
3. High-performance windows and insulation: Installing windows and insulation with high
thermal resistance to minimize heat transfer and improve energy efficiency.
4. Advanced technologies: Utilizing smart building systems, energy management systems,
and automation to optimize energy usage and improve operational efficiency.

3.7. Integration of sustainable practices into project planning and design

Integrating sustainable practices into project planning and design is essential for maximizing
the benefits of sustainable construction. This integration involves:
1. Early engagement: Incorporating sustainability considerations from the project's
inception and involving architects, engineers, and other stakeholders to ensure
sustainable design principles are integrated into the project.
2. Life cycle assessment: Assessing the environmental impacts of the project from
construction to operation and decommissioning stages to identify opportunities for
improvement.
3. Collaborative design: Encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration among project team
members to optimize design solutions that consider sustainability objectives.
4. Performance metrics and certification: Establishing performance metrics and pursuing
green building certifications, such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental

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Design) or BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment

Method), to ensure compliance with sustainable design standards and benchmarks.
5. Continuous improvement: Implementing post-occupancy evaluations and monitoring
systems to track the performance of sustainable features and identify opportunities for
further optimization.
By integrating sustainable practices into project planning and design, construction projects can
achieve holistic and long-lasting sustainability outcomes.

 SUMMARY
Sustainable construction practices aim to minimize the environmental impact of construction
projects while promoting social and economic sustainability. Key principles include energy
efficiency, water conservation, materials selection, waste management, indoor environmental
quality, site selection, and biodiversity. Strategies for energy efficiency involve optimizing
building orientation, using insulation and efficient HVAC systems, and incorporating energy-
efficient lighting. Water conservation practices include efficient fixtures, rainwater harvesting,
graywater recycling, and sustainable landscaping. Waste management strategies focus on
minimizing waste generation, salvaging and reusing materials, and implementing recycling
programs. The use of environmentally friendly materials and technologies, such as sustainable
building materials and advanced systems, further reduces the environmental impact. Integrating
sustainable practices into project planning and design involves early engagement, life cycle
assessment, collaborative design, performance metrics, and continuous improvement. By
implementing these practices, construction projects can achieve long-lasting sustainability
outcomes.

 Exercise 3.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants with the importance of sustainable construction
practice.

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Materials: Handout chapter 3 and reference 6 and 7

Time: 60 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ Discuss the difference between the sustainable construction practice and
conventional construction practice.
✓ Why do we really care about sustainability as far as construction materials are
available currently?
✓ Discuss on practical examples that will use integration of sustainable
construction practice.

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SESSION FOUR
4. CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
RECYCLING

Contents:
4.1. Types of construction waste
4.2. Waste management hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
4.3. Strategies for waste reduction and recycling
4.4. Implementation of waste management plans
4.5. Case studies and best practices
Session Summary
Exercises

4.1. Types of construction waste

Construction waste refers to the material generated during the construction, renovation,
demolition, or excavation of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. Common types of
construction waste include:
1. Concrete and masonry: Broken concrete, bricks, tiles, and other masonry materials.
2. Wood: Scrap lumber, pallets, and discarded timber.
3. Metals: Scrap metal, steel, aluminum, and copper.
4. Plastics: Packaging materials, plastic pipes, and fittings.
5. Drywall: Gypsum boards and plaster.
6. Asphalt: Pavement and roofing materials.
7. Glass: Broken windows, glass sheets, and containers.
8. Insulation materials: Fiberglass, foam, and cellulose insulation.
9. Hazardous materials: Paints, solvents, adhesives, asbestos, and lead-containing
materials.

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4.2. Waste management hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

The waste management hierarchy is a guiding principle for managing construction waste. It
prioritizes waste management strategies in the following order:
1. Reduce: The most effective strategy is to minimize waste generation through careful
planning, material selection, and construction practices. This can include optimizing
designs to reduce material waste, using prefabricated components, and implementing
efficient construction techniques.
2. Reuse: When possible, materials and components should be salvaged, refurbished, or
repurposed for use in other projects. This can include reusing doors, windows, fixtures,
or structural elements from demolition or renovation projects.
3. Recycle: Materials that cannot be reused should be sorted, separated, and sent for
recycling. Recycling involves processing waste materials into new products or raw
materials for manufacturing. Commonly recycled construction materials include
concrete, asphalt, metals, wood, and plastics.
4. Disposal: If waste cannot be reduced, reused, or recycled, proper disposal methods
should be employed. This typically involves sending the waste to a landfill or
incineration facility. However, efforts should be made to minimize the amount of waste
sent to landfills by prioritizing the previous waste management strategies.

4.3. Strategies for waste reduction and recycling

To effectively manage construction waste and promote recycling, several strategies can be
implemented:
1. Waste management plan: Develop a comprehensive waste management plan for each
construction project. This plan should outline waste reduction goals, recycling targets,
and specific strategies for waste segregation, collection, and disposal.

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2. On-site segregation: Implement a system for on-site waste segregation, providing

separate containers for different types of waste. This allows for easier recycling and
prevents contamination of recyclable materials.
3. Material optimization: Optimize material use by accurately estimating quantities
needed, minimizing excess material orders, and utilizing efficient cutting and assembly
techniques.
4. Supplier partnerships: Collaborate with suppliers and contractors who prioritize waste
reduction and recycling. Work with suppliers that offer take-back programs for
packaging materials or offer recycled content products.
5. Construction waste recycling facilities: Identify local recycling facilities that accept
construction waste and establish partnerships for proper disposal and recycling. Educate
employees and subcontractors on the locations and procedures for waste recycling.
6. Training and awareness: Provide training and awareness programs for construction
workers and staff to promote waste reduction, segregation, and recycling practices.
Emphasize the importance of waste management and the environmental benefits of
recycling.

4.4. Implementation of waste management plans

Effective implementation of waste management plans involves the following steps:
1. Plan development: Develop a waste management plan during the early stages of a
construction project. Identify waste reduction goals, recycling targets, and specific
strategies for waste management.
2. Stakeholder engagement: Involve all relevant stakeholders, including project managers,
contractors, subcontractors, and waste management professionals, in the development
and implementation of the waste management plan.

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3. Communication and coordination: Clearly communicate the waste management plan to

all project team members and subcontractors. Ensure that everyone understands their
roles and responsibilities regarding waste reduction, segregation, and recycling.
4. On-site implementation: Provide designated waste collection areas with clearly labeled
bins for different types of waste. Regularly monitor and maintain these areas to ensure
proper waste segregation and prevent contamination.
5. Monitoring and reporting: Establish a system for monitoring waste generation, recycling
rates, and adherence to the waste management plan. Regularly track and report progress
to identify areas for improvement.
6. Continuous improvement: Continuously evaluate and improve waste management
practices throughout the construction project. Incorporate feedback from stakeholders,
learn from successes and challenges, and make adjustments to optimize waste reduction
and recycling efforts.

4.5. Case studies and best practices

Several case studies and best practices demonstrate successful construction waste management
and recycling:
1. The Green Building Initiative's (GBI) Green Globes certification program encourages
construction projects to implement waste management plans and achieve high recycling
rates.
2. The construction company Skanska implemented a waste management program on a
large-scale project in Seattle, achieving a recycling rate of over 90%. They focused on
waste reduction, source separation, and partnering with local recycling facilities.
3. The Sydney Opera House in Australia implemented a waste management plan during
its renovation o improve waste reduction and recycling. They set recycling targets,
provided on-site waste sorting stations, and collaborated with waste management
companies to recycle materials such as concrete, steel, and timber.

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4. The construction of the London 2012 Olympic Park incorporated sustainable waste
management practices. They achieved a recycling rate of over 90% by implementing
waste segregation, on-site recycling facilities, and engaging with contractors to
prioritize waste reduction and recycling.
5. The City of San Francisco implemented a construction and demolition debris recovery
ordinance, requiring a minimum 65% recycling rate for construction and demolition
projects. This ordinance helped divert a significant amount of construction waste from
landfills and promoted recycling and reuse.
These case studies highlight the importance of comprehensive waste management plans,
stakeholder engagement, on-site segregation, partnerships with recycling facilities, and
continuous monitoring and improvement to achieve high recycling rates and reduce the
environmental impact of construction waste.

 SUMMARY
Construction waste includes materials like concrete, wood, metals, plastics, drywall, asphalt,
glass, insulation materials, and hazardous substances. The waste management hierarchy
prioritizes waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and proper disposal. Strategies for waste reduction
and recycling include developing waste management plans, on-site segregation, material
optimization, supplier partnerships, utilizing recycling facilities, and providing training and
awareness. Implementing waste management plans involves plan development, stakeholder
engagement, communication, on-site implementation, monitoring, and continuous
improvement. Successful case studies and best practices demonstrate the effectiveness of waste
management programs, high recycling rates, on-site sorting, collaboration with recycling
facilities, and the use of ordinances to promote recycling and reuse.

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 Exercise 4.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants how wastes can be reduced and managed in
construction projects.
Materials: Handout chapter 1 and reference1 & 7
Time: 60 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ Discuss on the methods how construction wastes can be managed in the
construction project environment.
✓ What are the impacts of the wastes generated in the construction projects?
✓ What will be the challenge to the environment if construction waste management
system lacks proper handling?

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SESSION FIVE
5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE

Contents:
5.1. Importance of monitoring environmental performance during construction
5.2. Types of environmental monitoring in construction projects
5.3. Compliance with environmental regulations and permits
5.4. Environmental auditing and inspections
5.5. Reporting and documentation of environmental monitoring results
5.6. Corrective actions and continuous improvement
5.7. Regulatory framework and environmental standards
5.8. Regulatory framework and environmental standards in Ethiopia
Session Summary
Exercises

5.1. Importance of monitoring environmental performance during

construction
Monitoring environmental performance during construction is crucial for several reasons:
1. Compliance: It ensures compliance with environmental regulations, permits, and
project-specific environmental requirements.
2. Risk management: It helps identify and mitigate potential environmental risks and
impacts associated with construction activities.
3. Protection of natural resources: Monitoring allows for the protection of sensitive
ecosystems, water bodies, air quality, and biodiversity.
4. Stakeholder engagement: It promotes transparency and accountability to project
stakeholders, including local communities, regulatory agencies, and environmental
organizations.

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5. Early detection of issues: Monitoring enables the early detection of environmental

issues, allowing for timely corrective actions to minimize or prevent adverse impacts.

5.2. Types of environmental monitoring in construction projects

Environmental monitoring in construction projects can include various types of assessments
and measurements. Some common types of environmental monitoring include:
1. Air quality monitoring: Assessing the emissions of dust, particulate matter, and harmful
gases from construction activities, such as demolition, excavation, or material handling.
2. Water quality monitoring: Monitoring the quality of surface water bodies, groundwater,
and storm water runoff to detect any contamination or changes in water chemistry.
3. Noise monitoring: Measuring noise levels generated by construction activities to ensure
compliance with noise regulations and minimize disturbance to nearby communities.
4. Soil and sediment monitoring: Assessing the quality and contamination levels of soils
and sediments, particularly in areas where excavation, grading, or soil disturbance
occurs.
5. Vegetation and habitat monitoring: Monitoring the impact of construction activities on
vegetation, wildlife habitats, and protected species.
6. Waste management monitoring: Tracking and documenting the proper handling,
disposal, and recycling of construction waste materials.

5.3. Compliance with environmental regulations and permits

Compliance with environmental regulations and permits is essential to ensure that construction
projects meet the required environmental standards. Key aspects of compliance include:
1. Permits and approvals: Obtain all necessary permits and approvals from regulatory
agencies before commencing construction activities. This may include environmental
impact assessments, construction permits, and permits for specific activities like water
or air emissions.

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2. Regulatory requirements: Familiarize yourself with the applicable environmental

regulations at local, regional, and national levels. Ensure that construction activities
comply with these regulations, including noise limits, emissions standards, and waste
management requirements.
3. Environmental management plans: Develop and implement specific plans to address
environmental management and compliance throughout the construction project. This
may include erosion and sediment control plans, pollution prevention plans, and habitat
protection plans.
4. Monitoring and reporting: Conduct regular environmental monitoring as required by
permits and regulations. Keep records of monitoring results and submit reports to
regulatory agencies as specified.

5.4. Environmental auditing and inspections

Environmental auditing and inspections are important tools for assessing compliance and
identifying areas for improvement. These processes involve:
1. Environmental audits: Conducting systematic assessments of construction activities,
practices, and procedures to evaluate compliance with environmental regulations and
standards. Audits can be performed by internal or external auditors.
2. Inspections: Regular on-site inspections to verify that construction activities are being
carried out in accordance with environmental permits, regulations, and project-specific
requirements. Inspections can be conducted by project managers, environmental
consultants, or regulatory agencies.
3. Non-compliance identification: Audits and inspections help identify instances of non-
compliance, such as inadequate waste management, improper handling of hazardous
materials, or unauthorized environmental impacts.

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5.5. Reporting and documentation of environmental monitoring results

Reporting and documentation of environmental monitoring results are essential for
transparency, accountability, and regulatory compliance. Key considerations include:
1. Data collection and analysis: Collect accurate and reliable data through appropriate
monitoring methods. Analyze the collected data to identify trends, patterns, and any
deviations from environmental standards or permit requirements.
2. Reporting requirements: Understand the reporting requirements specified by
environmental permits, regulations, and project-specific agreements. Prepare reports
that provide a clear and concise summary of monitoring results, including any non-
compliance issues and corrective actions.
3. Record keeping: Maintain comprehensive records of environmental monitoring
activities, including monitoring protocols, data sheets, laboratory analysis reports, and
inspection reports. These records serve as evidence of compliance and can be useful for
future reference and audits.

5.6. Corrective actions and continuous improvement

Corrective actions and continuous improvement are crucial components of effective
environmental monitoring and compliance. Key steps include:
1. Corrective actions: Take prompt and appropriate actions to address any identified non-
compliance or environmental issues. This may involve implementing mitigation
measures, modifying construction practices, or improving environmental management
systems.
2. Monitoring effectiveness: Monitor the effectiveness of corrective actions to ensure they
successfully address the identified issues. This may involve conducting follow-up
monitoring and reassessing compliance.

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3. Lessons learned: Learn from non-compliance incidents and identify opportunities for
improvement. Share lessons learned with project teams, contractors, and stakeholders to
prevent similar issues in future projects.
4. Continuous improvement: Continuously review and update environmental management
plans, monitoring protocols, and construction practices based on lessons learned and
emerging best practices. Strive to minimize environmental impacts and enhance
sustainability throughout the construction project lifecycle.

5.7. Regulatory framework and environmental standards

Environmental monitoring and compliance in construction projects are guided by a regulatory
framework that varies across countries and regions. Some key components of the regulatory
framework include:
1. Environmental legislation: Laws and regulations that govern environmental protection,
including specific regulations for construction activities. These may cover areas such as
air and water quality, waste management, noise pollution, and habitat protection.
2. Environmental permits: Construction projects often require permits or approvals from
regulatory agencies to ensure compliance with environmental standards. These permits
specify the conditions and requirements that must be met during construction.
3. Environmental impact assessments (EIAs): Large-scale construction projects may be
required to undergo an EIA, which assesses the potential environmental impacts of the
project and identifies measures to mitigate or minimize those impacts.
4. Environmental standards and guidelines: Regulatory agencies and industry
organizations develop environmental standards and guidelines to provide specific
criteria for environmental monitoring, pollution prevention, waste management, and
other aspects of construction.
5. Regulatory agencies: Government agencies at various levels are responsible for
enforcing environmental regulations, issuing permits, conducting inspections, and

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monitoring compliance with environmental standards. These agencies may include

environmental protection agencies, departments of natural resources, or specialized
regulatory bodies.
6. International standards: International organizations, such as the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), develop standards related to environmental
management systems (e.g., ISO 14001) that can be voluntarily adopted by construction
projects to enhance environmental performance.
It is important for construction project stakeholders to stay informed about the regulatory
framework and environmental standards applicable to their specific project location. This
enables them to ensure compliance, minimize environmental impacts, and contribute to
sustainable construction practices.

5.8. Regulatory framework and environmental standards in Ethiopia

The regulatory framework and environmental standards for construction projects in Ethiopia
are primarily governed by the following key laws and regulations:
1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: This policy provides the overall framework for
environmental management in the country. It emphasizes sustainable development,
pollution prevention, and the protection of natural resources.
2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Proclamation: The EIA Proclamation requires
construction projects with potential significant environmental impacts to undergo an
environmental impact assessment. It establishes the legal basis for assessing and
mitigating environmental impacts during the planning and implementation phases of
construction projects.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Establishment Proclamation: The EPA is
responsible for enforcing environmental laws, regulations, and standards in Ethiopia. It
issues environmental permits, monitors compliance, and conducts inspections to ensure
that construction projects adhere to environmental requirements.

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4. Construction Industry Development Council Establishment Regulation: This regulation

establishes the Construction Industry Development Council, which oversees the
development and regulation of the construction industry in Ethiopia. It promotes
sustainable construction practices and sets standards for construction quality, safety, and
environmental management.
5. Occupational Health and Safety Proclamation: This proclamation aims to ensure the
safety and well-being of workers in all sectors, including construction. It establishes
standards for occupational health and safety, including measures to protect workers from
hazards associated with construction activities.
6. Ethiopian Building Code: The Ethiopian Building Code provides technical guidelines
and standards for the design, construction, and maintenance of buildings. It covers
various aspects, including structural integrity, fire safety, electrical and mechanical
installations, and environmental considerations.
7. Pollution Control Proclamation: This proclamation addresses various types of pollution,
including air, water, and soil pollution. It sets standards and regulations for the control
and prevention of pollution, including emissions standards for construction equipment
and waste management requirements.
8. Waste Management Proclamation: This proclamation establishes the legal framework
for waste management in Ethiopia. It regulates the handling, storage, transport,
treatment, and disposal of various types of waste generated by construction projects.
It is important for construction project stakeholders to consult and comply with these laws,
regulations, and standards. It is also advisable to engage with the Environmental Protection
Authority and other relevant regulatory bodies to ensure a thorough understanding of the
specific requirements and processes applicable to their construction project in Ethiopia.

 SUMMARY
In summary, monitoring environmental performance during construction is important for
compliance with regulations, risk management, protection of natural resources, stakeholder

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engagement, and early issue detection. Types of environmental monitoring in construction

projects include air quality, water quality, noise, soil and sediment, vegetation and habitat, and
waste management monitoring. Compliance with environmental regulations and permits
involves obtaining necessary approvals, understanding regulatory requirements, developing
environmental management plans, and conducting monitoring and reporting. Environmental
auditing and inspections help assess compliance and identify areas for improvement, while
reporting and documentation of monitoring results ensure transparency and accountability.
Corrective actions and continuous improvement are essential, and the regulatory framework
and environmental standards vary by country. In Ethiopia, the regulatory framework includes
laws and regulations such as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Proclamation,
Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) Establishment Proclamation, Construction Industry
Development Council Establishment Regulation, Occupational Health and Safety
Proclamation, Ethiopian Building Code, Pollution Control Proclamation, and Waste
Management Proclamation. It is advisable to consult the latest official sources and engage with
local authorities to ensure compliance with the current regulations and standards in Ethiopia.

 Exercise 5.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants with environmental compliance in the construction
industry and their scope.
Materials: Handout chapter 1 and reference 1,2 & 3
Time: 90 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ Discuss why monitoring the construction environment against standards is
important?
✓ Briefly discuss the regulatory frameworks that Ethiopia uses for the construction
sector and their practical applicability.
✓ Compare the Ethiopian regulatory framework against western countries.

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SESSION SIX
6. CASE STUDIES AND LESSONS LEARNED

Contents:
6.1. Real-life examples of successful environmental management in construction
projects
6.2. Challenges faced and lessons learned
6.3. Innovative approaches and emerging trends
Session Summary
Exercises

6.1. Real-life examples of successful environmental management in

construction projects
1. The London 2012 Olympic Games: The London 2012 Olympic Games focused on
sustainable construction and environmental management. The project implemented
measures such as recycling and reusing construction materials, reducing carbon
emissions, and protecting local habitats. The Olympic Park achieved a zero-waste-to-
landfill target, and sustainable practices were integrated into the design and construction
of venues and infrastructure.
2. Taipei 101 Tower, Taiwan: During the construction of Taipei 101, one of the world's
tallest buildings, environmental management measures were implemented to minimize
the project's impact on the surrounding environment. This included comprehensive
waste management, noise and dust control, and the use of environmentally-friendly
construction materials. The project received LEED Platinum certification for its
sustainable design and construction practices.
3. Crossrail Project, UK: The Crossrail project in London, which involved the construction
of a new railway line, placed a strong emphasis on environmental management. The
project implemented measures to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste

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generation, and protect biodiversity. It also incorporated sustainable design features,

such as rainwater harvesting and energy-efficient systems. The project received several
sustainability awards for its environmental performance.

6.2. Challenges faced and lessons learned

1. Stakeholder engagement: Engaging and managing stakeholders, including local
communities, regulatory agencies, and environmental organizations, can be challenging.
Effective communication and collaboration are crucial for addressing concerns,
incorporating feedback, and building trust throughout the construction project.
2. Compliance with regulations: Navigating complex and evolving environmental
regulations can be a challenge. Construction projects need to stay updated on the
relevant regulations, obtain necessary permits, and ensure compliance throughout the
project lifecycle.
3. Balancing cost and sustainability: Integrating sustainable practices into construction
projects can sometimes involve higher upfront costs. Balancing cost considerations with
long-term environmental benefits requires careful planning, cost analysis, and
identifying cost-effective sustainable solutions.
4. Mitigating environmental impacts: Construction activities can have significant
environmental impacts, such as air and noise pollution, habitat destruction, and soil
erosion. Implementing effective mitigation measures, such as dust control, noise
barriers, erosion control, and habitat restoration, is essential to minimize these impacts.
5. Monitoring and reporting: Accurate and reliable monitoring of environmental
performance can be challenging, particularly in large-scale construction projects.
Ensuring proper data collection, analysis, and reporting systems are in place is crucial
for effective environmental management.

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6.3. Innovative approaches and emerging trends

1. Green building certifications: The use of green building certifications, such as LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and BREEAM (Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), is becoming increasingly common
in construction projects. These certifications provide frameworks for assessing and
recognizing environmentally sustainable building design and construction practices.
2. Building Information Modeling (BIM): BIM technology allows for the integration of
environmental considerations into the design and construction process. It enables project
teams to visualize and analyze the environmental impacts of design choices, optimize
energy efficiency, and improve resource management.
3. Renewable energy integration: Construction projects are increasingly incorporating
renewable energy technologies, such as solar panels and wind turbines, to reduce
reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions. This includes integrating
renewable energy systems into building designs and implementing renewable energy
infrastructure on construction sites.
4. Circular economy and waste management: Embracing the principles of the circular
economy involves minimizing waste generation, promoting reuse and recycling, and
maximizing resource efficiency. Construction projects are exploring innovative
approaches to waste management, such as on-site recycling facilities, material recovery
and reuse programs, and the use of recycled and low-impact materials.
5. Nature-based solutions: Nature-based solutions involve integrating natural elements and
ecosystem services into construction projects to enhance sustainability. Examples
include incorporating green spaces, rooftop gardens, or water management systems that
mimic natural processes, such as rain gardens and wetlands.
6. Carbon neutrality and net-zero goals: Many construction projects are setting ambitious
goals to achieve carbon neutrality or net-zero emissions. This involves adopting energy-
efficient designs, implementing renewable energy systems, and offsetting any remaining
emissions through carbon offset projects.

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By embracing these innovative approaches and emerging trends, construction projects can
improve their environmental performance, reduce their ecological footprint, and contribute to a
more sustainable built environment.

 SUMMARY
Successful environmental management in construction projects involves implementing
sustainable practices, engaging stakeholders, complying with regulations, and embracing
innovative approaches. Real-life examples include the London 2012 Olympic Games, Taipei
101 Tower, and the Crossrail Project in the UK. Challenges include stakeholder engagement,
regulatory compliance, balancing cost and sustainability, mitigating environmental impacts, and
monitoring and reporting. Innovative approaches and emerging trends include green building
certifications, Building Information Modeling (BIM), renewable energy integration, circular
economy and waste management, nature-based solutions, and carbon neutrality goals. By
addressing these challenges and embracing innovative approaches, construction projects can
minimize their environmental impact and contribute to a more sustainable built environment.

 Exercise 6.1:
Purpose: To familiarize participants with real cases that has happened and succeed in
construction project environment management.
Materials: Handout chapter 6 and reference 6 and 7
Time: 90 minutes
Discussion Questions:
✓ What are the expected challenges the construction industry faces during
construction environment management?
✓ Discuss on the innovative approaches that can be practiced in our country for
construction project environment management.

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REFERENCES
 Project management body of knowledge (PMBOK Guide) by project management
institute, 5th edition
 Construction Project Management: A Practical Guide to Field Construction
Management" by S. Keoki Sears et al.

 Environmental Management in Construction: A Quantitative Approach" by Christophe

Demazière.
 Environmental Impact Assessment: Theory and Practice" by Peter Wathern
 Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review" by Christopher Wood
 Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery" by Charles J. Kibert
 Green Building: Principles and Practices in Residential Construction" by Abe Kruger
and Carl Seville

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