Lecture

Matrices

1
Matrices
Operations of matrices
Types of matrices
Properties of matrices
Determinants
Inverse of a 33 matrix

2
Matrices
1 3 1 
2 3 7
A  B  2 1 4
1 1 5 4 7 6
Both A and B are examples of matrix. A matrix
is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed by a
pair of bracket.

3
  a11 a12 a1n 
In the matrix a
 a22 a2n 
A 21

 
 
am1 am2 amn 

numbers aij are called elements. First subscript

indicates the row; second subscript indicates
the column. The matrix consists of mn elements
It is called “the m  n matrix A = [aij]” or simply
“the matrix A ” if number of rows and columns
are understood.
4
Types of Matrices

Row and column matrices

5
Zero matrices

6
Square matrix
Scalar matrix

8
 Identity matrix

In particular, a11 = a22 = … = ann = 1, the

matrix is called identity matrix.
Properties: AI = IA = A
1 0 0 
1 0  0 1 0
Examples of identity matrices: 0 1  and  
  0 0 1 
9
upper triangular and lower triangular matrix

10
Determinants
Determinant of order 2
 a11 a12 
Consider a 2  2 matrix: A
a22 
a21

Determinant of A, denoted | A |, is a number

and can be evaluated by
a11 a12
| A |  a11a22  a12 a21
a21 a22

11
 Determinant of order 2
easy to remember (for order 2 only)..
a11 a12
| A |  a11a22  a12 a21
a21 a22
- +

1 2
Example: Evaluate the determinant: 3 4
1 2
 1  4  2  3  2
3 4

12
Determinants of order 3
1 2 3
Consider an example: A   4 5 6
7 8 9 

Its determinant can be obtained by:

1 2 3
4 5 1 2 1 2
A  4 5 6 3 6 9
7 8 7 8 4 5
7 8 9
 3 3  6  6  9  3  0

You are encouraged to find the determinant

by using other rows or columns 13
14
15
singular and Non singular matrix

16
17
 Equal matrices

Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to

be equal (A = B) iff each element of A is equal
to the corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij
for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
iff pronouns “if and only if”
if A = B, it implies aij = bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n;
if aij = bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n, it implies A = B.
18
For e.g.

Equal matrices
 1 0 a b 
Example: A
  and B 
 4 2   c d 
Given that A = B, find a, b, c and d.

if A = B, then a = 1, b = 0, c = -4 and d = 2.

19
Operations of matrices
Sums of matrices
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are m  n matrices,
then A + B is defined as a matrix C = A + B,
where C= [cij], cij = aij + bij for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
1 2 3   2 3 0
Example: if A  and B 
0 1 4   1 2 5 
Evaluate A + B and A – B.
 1 2 2  3 3  0   3 5 3
A B     
 0  ( 1) 1  2 4  5   1 3 9 
 1 2 2  3 3  0  1 1 3 
A B     
 0  ( 1) 1  2 4  5   1 1 1 20
 Sums of matrices
Two matrices of the same order are said to
be conformable for addition or subtraction.
Two matrices of different orders cannot be
added or subtracted, e.g.,
2 3 7
1 3 1 
1 1 5  2 1 4
   
 4 7 6 

are NOT conformable for addition or

subtraction. 21
 Scalar multiplication
Let l be any scalar and A = [aij] is an m  n
matrix. Then lA = [laij] for 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
i.e., each element in A is multiplied by l.
1 2 3 
Example: A . Evaluate 3A.
 0 1 4 
 3  1 3  2 3  3 3 6 9 
3A     
 3  0 3  1 3  4   0 3 12 

In particular, l  1, i.e., A = [aij]. It’s called

the negative of A. Note: A  A = 0 is a zero matrix

22
23
24
 Properties
Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
A + B = B + A (commutative law)
A + (B +C) = (A + B) +C (associative law)
l(A + B) = lA + lB, where l is a scalar
(distributive law)

25
 Matrix multiplication

If A = [aij] is a m  p matrix and B = [bij] is a

p  n matrix, then AB is defined as a m  n
matrix
p
C = AB, where C= [cij] with
cij   aik bkj  ai1b1 j  ai 2b2 j  ...  aipbpj for 1  i  m, 1  j  n.
k 1
 1 2
1 2 3   2 3
Example: A  , B    and C = AB.
 0 1 4 
Evaluate c21.  5 0
1 2
1 2 3  
0 1 4   2 3 c21  0  (1)  1 2  4  5  22
  5 0


26
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

27
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

28
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

29
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

30
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

31
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

32
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

33
 Matrix multiplication

 1 2
1 2 3 
Example: A  , B   2 3 , Evaluate C = AB.
 0 1 4 
 5 0

 1 2
1 2 3    18 8
C  AB     2 3   
 0 1 4   5 0  22 3
 
34
 Matrix multiplication
In particular, A is a 1  m matrix and
B is a m  1 matrix, i.e.,  b11 
b 
A  a11 a12 ... a1m  B   21 
 
 
bm1 
m
then C = AB is a scalar. C   a1k bk1  a11b11  a12b21  ...  a1mbm1
k 1

35
 Matrix multiplication
BUT BA is a m  m matrix!
 b11   b11a11 b11a12 b11a1m 
b  b a b21a12 b21a1m 
BA   21 
a a ... a1m   
  11 12
 21 11


   
 m1 
b bm1a11 bm1a12 bm1a1m 

So AB  BA in general !

36
37
38
39