MODULE IV

IOT PHYSICAL SERVERS IMPLEMENTATIONS DOMAIN

SPECIFIC IOTS

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 Introduction to Cloud Storage Models

❑ Cloud computing and IoT are closely interconnected, with IoT's rapid growth creating vast
amounts of data that require storage, processing, and access.

❑ Cloud computing offers a solution for big data storage and analytics, making it possible to
harness IoT data for innovative applications like smart monitoring and actuation.

❑ The integration of IoT with the cloud allows for efficient data processing and insight-driven
actions.

❑ However, challenges arise in ensuring quality of service (QoS), quality of experience

(QoE), and data security.

❑ Seamless network architectures are needed to fully integrate IoT and cloud computing,
enabling businesses and users to access applications on demand from anywhere.

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Fig.1 Deployment in cloud computing comprises four deployment models: private cloud, public cloud, community cloud
and hybrid cloud.
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❑ A cloud storage API is an application program interface that connects a locally-based
application to a cloud-based storage system, so that a user can send data to it and access
and work with data stored in it.

❑ To the application, the cloud storage system is just another target device, like tape or disk-
based storage.

❑ An application program interface (API) is code that allows two software programs to
communicate with each other.

❑ The API defines the correct way for a developer to write a program that requests services
from an operating system (OS) or other application.

❑ APIs are implemented by function calls composed of verbs and nouns.

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Three basic types of APIs take three basic forms: local, web-like and program-like.

1. Local APIs are the original form, from which the name came. They offer OS or
middleware services to application programs. Microsoft's .NET APIs, the TAPI
(Telephony API) for voice applications, and database access APIs are examples of the
local API form.

2. Web APIs are designed to represent widely used resources like HTML pages and are
accessed using a simple HTTP protocol. Any web URL activates a web API. Web APIs are
often called REST (representational state transfer) or RESTful because the publisher of REST
interfaces doesn't save any data internally between requests. As such, requests from many
users can be intermingled as they would be on the internet.

3. Program APIs are based on remote procedure call (RPC) technology that makes a remote
program component appear to be local to the rest of the software. Service oriented
architecture (SOA) APIs, such as Microsoft's WS-series of APIs, are program APIs.
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 Web Servers in IoT

❑A web server is a platform that connects physical devices to the internet, allowing them to
communicate and share data.

❑Web servers store, process, and deliver web pages to users over the internet. They handle
requests, retrieve data, and serve content like HTML, images, and videos, enabling websites
and applications to function and interact with users in real-time.

❑IoT devices communicate with web servers to upload or request data using various
protocols and methods, often optimized for low power, limited bandwidth, and reliability.

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IoT devices communicate with web servers to upload or request data through:
1.HTTP/HTTPS Protocols: IoT devices use HTTP or secure HTTPS to send and receive data from web
servers, typically through RESTful APIs, where they make requests (GET, POST) to interact with the server.
2.MQTT Protocol: This lightweight messaging protocol is common in IoT. Devices publish data to a broker
(server) or subscribe to topics to receive data, making it efficient for low-bandwidth, real-time applications.
3.CoAP Protocol: A compact, UDP-based protocol used for constrained devices, CoAP allows IoT devices to
send data to servers with minimal resource usage, often in applications requiring quick responses.
4.WebSocket: For real-time, bidirectional communication, WebSockets maintain an open connection between
IoT devices and web servers, enabling immediate data exchange, like live sensor data.

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 Communication API

❑ Communications APIs, or Application Programming Interfaces, are a

convenient way for developers to integrate communication features into
their applications faster than building integrations from scratch.
❑ Is a set of protocols that allows software applications to communicate with
each other and access pre-built communication functions.
❑ Communication APIs can be used to integrate communication features like: Troop Messenger
1. Text
2. Voice-based chat
3. Video-based chat
4. Email
5. SMS
6. Calendar
7. Messaging
❑ Businesses can use communication APIs to: Improve customer service,
Streamline internal communication, Save time and money, Roll out new
features more quickly, and Integrate with existing applications.

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 Designing a RESTful Web API

Fig. REST based communication APIs

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❑ Representational State Transfer(REST) is a set of architectural principles by which we can design web services and web
APIs that focus on a system‘s resources and have resource states are addressed and transferred. The REST architectural
constraints are as follows: The below figure shows the communication between client server with REST APIs .

❑ Client-Server: The principle behind client-server constraint is the separation of concerns. Separation allows client and
server to be independently developed and updated.

❑ Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the info. Necessary to understand the request, and cannot
take advantage of any stored context on the server.

❑ Cache-able: Cache constraint requires that the data within a response to a request be implicitly or explicitly labeled as
cache-able or non-cacheable. If a response is cache able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response data
for later, equivalent requests.

❑ Layered System: constraints the behavior of components such that each component cannot see beyond the immediate
layer with which they are interacting.

❑ User Interface: constraint requires that the method of communication between a client and a server must be uniform.

❑ Code on Demand: Servers can provide executable code or scripts for clients to execute in their context. This constraint
is the only one that is optional.

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The Request-Response model used by REST:

RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs. RESTful web API has a base
URI (e.g: http://example.com/api/tasks/). The clients and requests to these URIs using the methods defined by
the HTTP protocol (e.g: GET, PUT, POST or DELETE). A RESTful web service can support various internet
media types.

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 WebSocket Based Communication APIs

WebSocket APIs allow bi-directional, full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket
APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model.

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 When do we Need a Web Socket API?

To maximize the potential of WebSockets, one must be fully aware of their utility and avoid bad scenarios to take full
advantage of them. The followings are the use cases of the web socket:

1. Developing a real-time trading web application:

❑ WebSockets are essential in real-time applications, enabling continuous data transmission between a backend server and a
client through an open connection.
❑ This allows for quick data updates, enhancing application performance.
❑ WebSockets are commonly used in applications where real-time data is critical, such as in bitcoin trading platforms.
❑ Their continuous data push capability makes them ideal for applications requiring live data viewing and interaction.

2. Developing Messaging Apps:

❑ For operations such as one-time exchanges and publishing/broadcasting messages, chat application developers use
WebSocket.
❑ Communication becomes simple and quick when WebSocket connections are used for sending and receiving messages.

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 Domain Specific IoTs

The Internet of Things (IoT) applications span a wide range of applications including homes, cities,
environment, energy systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health. This chapter provides an
overview of various types of IoT applications for each of these domains.

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 Home Automation
IoT Applications for Smart home includes: Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, Intrusion
detection, Smoke detectors

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Smart Lighting:
❑ Smart Lightning for homes helps in saving energy
❑ Smart lighting includes LED lights and IP enabled lights.
❑ Wireless enabled and Internet connected lights can be controlled remotely from IoT applications such as
a mobile or web application.
❑ Smart lights with sensors for occupancy, temperature, etc.., can be configured to adapt the lighting based
on the ambient conditions sensed in order to provide a good ambience.

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Smart Appliances:
❑ Modern homes have a number of appliances such as TVs, refrigerators, music systems etc.
❑ Smart thermostats allow controlling the temperature remotely and can learn the user preferences.
❑ Smart refrigerators can keep track of the items stored and send updates to the users when an item is low on
stock.
❑ Smart TVs allows users to search and stream videos and movies from the Internet on a local storage drive,
search TV channel schedules and fetch news, weather updates and other content from the Internet.

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Intrusion Detection:

❑ Home Intrusion detection system uses a security cameras and sensors such as PIR sensors and door sensors
to detect intrusions and raise alerts.
❑ Alerts can be in the form of an SMS or an email sent to the user.
❑ Advanced systems can even send detailed alerts such as an image grab or a short video clip sent as an email
attachment.
❑ A cloud-controlled intrusion detection system uses location aware services, where the geo location of each
node of a home automation system is independently detected and stored in the cloud.

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 Smart Cities
IoT Applications for Smart cities includes:
❑ Smart Parking
❑ Smart Lighting
❑ Smart Roads

Smart Parking

❑Smart parking make the search for parking space easier and convenient for drivers.
❑Smart parking are powered by IoT systems that detect the number of empty parking slots
and send the information over the internet.
❑These applications can be accessed by the drivers from smart phones, tablets and in car
navigation systems.
❑In smart parking, sensors are used for each parking slot, to detect whether the slot is
empty or occupied. This information is aggregated by a local controller and then sent
over the internet to the database.

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 Smart Roads
❑ Smart roads equipped with sensors can provide information on driving conditions, travel time estimates and
alerts in case of poor driving conditions, traffic congestions and accidents.

❑ Such information can help in making the roads safer and help in making the roads safer and help in reducing
traffic jams. Information sensed from the roads can be communicated via the Internet to cloud based
applications and social media and disseminated to the drivers who subscribe to such applications.

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 Environment

Forest fire Detection:

❑ Forest fires can cause damage to natural resources, properly and human life. There can be
different cause of forest fires including lightening, human negligence, volcanic eruptions
and sparks from rock fails.

❑ Early detection of forest fires can help in minimizing the damage. IoT based forest fire
detection systems use a number of monitoring nodes deployed at different locations in
forest. Each monitoring node collects measurements on ambient conditions including
temperature, humidity, light levels etc.

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Air Pollution Monitoring:
❑ IoT based air pollution monitoring systems can monitor emission of harmful gases ( CO2,
CO, NO, NO2 etc) by factories and automobiles using gaseous and meteorological sensors.

❑ A real time air quality monitoring system can comprise of several distributed monitoring
stations that communicate via wireless with a back end server using machine to machine
communication.

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 Agriculture

IoT Applications for Agriculture includes:

❑ Smart irrigation
❑ Green House Control

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 Smart irrigation
❑ Smart irrigation systems can improve crop yields while saving water.
❑ Smart irrigation systems use IoT devices with soil moisture sensors to determine the amount of moisture in
the soil and release the flow of water through the irrigation pipes only when the moisture levels go below a
predefined threshold.
❑ Smart irrigation systems also collect moisture level measurements on a server or in the cloud where the
collected data can be analyzed to plan watering schedules.

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Green House Control:
❑ Green houses are structures with glass or plastic roofs that provide conductive environment for growth of
plants.
❑ The climatological conditions inside a green house can be monitored and controlled to provide the best
conditions for growth of plants.
❑ The temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light and carbon dioxide levels are monitored using sensors and
the climatological conditions are controlled automatically using actuation devices.
❑ IoT systems play an important role in green house control and help in improving productivity.
❑ The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where analysis is
performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with different control
strategies.

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 Energy Management

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 Industry

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