SARDAR PATEL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL INDORE (M.
P)
BIOLOGY PROJECT
ON
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
SUBMITTED BY : DEEPIKA SITOLE
SUBMITTED TO : Mrs. DEEPTI SUDHA
CLASS : XII
ROLL NO :
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that BIOLOGY Project titled ‘GREEN HOUSE EFFECT’ has
been successfully completed by DEEPIKA SITOLE of Class XII of school
SARDAR PATEL INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL INDORE undertook this project
under the supervision of Mrs. DEEPTI SUDHA.
Session : 2024 – 2025 Class : IIX
Board : CBSE
Teacher in charge : Mrs. DEEPTI SUDHA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly thankful for the cooperation and help from SARDAR PATEL
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL INDORE and the BIOLOGY Teacher Mrs.
DEEPTI SUDHA for successful completion of this project. Without their
help and proper guidance my project might not have completed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PAGE.NO
1. Abstract 5
2. Introduction 6
3. Objective 10
4. Theory 11
• Causes of green house effect
• Effects of green house effect
• Consequence of greenhouse
effect
• Advantage and disadvantage
6. Observation 18
7. Conclusion 19
9. Bibliography 21
5
ABSTRACT
Have you ever noticed how on a cloudy night it’s warmer than on
any other nights when the skies are clear? Instead on a cloudy
night, it should actually be cooler; isn’t it? So what causes this
bizarre effect and how does it happen? Well, it happens because
of an effect which is known as ‘The Greenhouse Effect’. What, is
greenhouse effect? What causes this effect? How harmful can it
be? Let us know more about it below.
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INTRODUCTION
“Greenhouse effect is the process by which radiations from the sun are absorbed
by the greenhouse gases and not reflected back into space. This insulates the
surface of the earth and prevents it from freezing.
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun’s
radiations warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped
inside can’t escape out and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the growth
of the plants.
Same is the case in the earth’s atmosphere. During the day the sun heats up the
earth’s atmosphere. At night, when the earth cools down the heat is radiated back
into the atmosphere. During this process, the heat is absorbed by the greenhouse
gases in the earth’s atmosphere. This is what makes the surface of the earth
warmer, that makes the survival of living beings on earth possible.
However, due to the increased levels of greenhouse gases, the temperature of the
earth has increased considerably. This has led to several drastic effects.
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Enhanced greenhouse effect
The problem we now face is that human activities – particularly burning fossil
fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), agriculture and land clearing – are increasing the
concentrations of greenhouse gases. This is the enhanced greenhouse effect, which
is contributing to warming of the Earth.
Greenhouse effect
Step 1: Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected
back into space.
Step 2: The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating
the Earth.
Step 3: Heat radiates from Earth towards space.
Step 4: Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life.
Step 5: Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing
are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
Step 6: This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise
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How does the greenhouse effect work?
As you might expect from the name, the greenhouse effect works … like a
greenhouse! A greenhouse is a building with glass walls and a glass roof.
Greenhouses are used to grow plants, such as tomatoes and tropical flowers.
A greenhouse stays warm inside, even during the winter. In the daytime, sunlight
shines into the greenhouse and warms the plants and air inside. At nighttime, it's
colder outside, but the greenhouse stays pretty warm inside. That's because the
glass walls of the greenhouse trap the Sun's heat.
A greenhouse captures heat from the Sun during the day. Its
glass walls trap the Sun's heat, which keeps plants inside the
greenhouse warm — even on cold nights
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The greenhouse effect works much the same way on Earth. Gases in the
atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, trap heat similar to the glass roof of a
greenhouse. These heat-trapping gases are called greenhouse gases.
During the day, the Sun shines through the atmosphere. Earth's surface
warms up in the sunlight. At night, Earth's surface cools, releasing heat
back into the air. But some of the heat is trapped by the greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere. That's what keeps our Earth a warm and cozy 58
degrees Fahrenheit (14 degrees Celsius), on average.
Greenhouse Gases :
“Greenhouse gases are the gases that absorb the infrared radiations and
create a greenhouse effect. For eg., carbondioxide and chlorofluorocarbons.”
The major contributors to the greenhouses gases are factories,
automobiles, deforestation, etc. The increased number of factories and automobiles
increases the amount of these gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases never
let the radiations to escape from the earth and increase the surface temperature o f
the earth. This then leads to global warming.
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OBJECTIVE:
Explain to the class the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process
that helps keeps the Earth warm. Without it, the Earth would have extremely
hostile temperatures like those on the moon.
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THEORY:
Causes of Greenhouse Effect
The major causes of the greenhouse effect are:
Burning of Fossil Fuels :
Fossil fuels are an important part of our lives. They are widely used in
transportation and to produce electricity. Burning of fossil fuels releases carbon
dioxide. With the increase in population, the utilization of fossil fuels has
increased. This has led to an increase in the release of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Deforestation :
Plants and trees take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Due to the cutting of
trees, there is a considerable increase in the greenhouse gases which increases the
earth’s temperature.
Farming :
Nitrous oxide used in fertilizers is one of the contributors to the greenhouse effect
in the atmosphere.
Industrial Waste and Landfills :
The industries and factories produce harmful gases which are released in the
atmosphere.
Landfills also release carbon dioxide and methane that adds to the greenhouse
gases.
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Effects of Greenhouse Effect
The main effects of increased greenhouse gases are:
Global Warming :
It is the phenomenon of a gradual increase in the average temperature of the
Earth’s atmosphere. The main cause for this environmental issue is the increased
volumes of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane released by the
burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the vehicles, industries and other human
activities.
Depletion of Ozone Layer :
Ozone Layer protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. It is
found in the upper regions of the stratosphere. The depletion of the ozone
layer results in the entry of the harmful UV rays to the earth’s surface that might
lead to skin cancer and can also change the climate drastically.
The major cause of this phenomenon is the accumulation of natural greenhouse
gases including chlorofluorocarbons, carbon dioxide, methane, etc.
Smog and Air Pollution :
Smog is formed by the combination of smoke and fog. It can be caused both by
natural means and man-made activities.
In general, smog is generally formed by the accumulation of more greenhouse
gases including nitrogen and sulfur oxides. The major contributors to the formation
of smog are the automobile and industrial emissions, agricultural fires, natural
forest fires and the reaction of these chemicals among themselves.
Acidification of Water Bodies :
Increase in the total amount of greenhouse gases in the air has turned most of the
world’s water bodies acidic. The greenhouse gases mix with the rainwater and fall
as acid rain. This leads to the acidification of water bodies.
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CONSEQUENCES OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The increase in the average temperature on Earth is changing living conditions on
the planet. Let's find out about the main consequences of this phenomenon:
Thawing of glacial masses :
Glaciers retreat also has its own consequences: reduced albedo — the percentage
of solar radiation that the earth's surface reflects or returns to the atmosphere —,
a global rise in sea level and the release of large methane columns are only some
of them, however, they are all dramatic for the planet.
Flooding of islands and coastal cities :
According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2014), during
the period 1901-2010 the global average sea level rose 19 centimetres. It is
estimated that by 2100 the sea level will be between 15 and 90 centimetres higher
than it is now and will threaten 92 million people.
Hurricanes will be more devastating :
The intensification of the greenhouse effect does not cause these extreme climatic
events, but it does increase there intensity. Hurricanes formation are connected
with sea temperature — they only form over waters that have a temperature of at
least 26.51 ºC —.
Migration of species :
Many animal species will be forced to migrate in order to survive the changes in
the main climatic patterns altered by the progressive increase in
temperatures. Human beings will also have to move: according to the
WorldBank, by 2050 the number of people forced to flee their homes due to
extreme droughts or violent floods could reach 140 million.
Desertification of fertile areas :
Global warming is having a profound impact on the processes of soil
degradation and is contributing to the desertification of areas on the planet, a
phenomenon that destroys all the biological potential of affected regions, turning
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them into barren and unproductive land. As recognised by the UN on the occasion
of the World Day to Combat Desertification in 2018, 30% of land has been
degraded and lost its real value.
Impact on agriculture and livestock :
Global warming has already altered the length of the growing season in large parts
of the planet. Similarly, changes in temperatures and seasons are influencing the
proliferation of insects, invasive weeds and diseases that can affect crops. The
same is happening with livestock: climatic changes are directly affecting
important species in multiple ways: reproduction, metabolism, diseases, etc.
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HOW TO SOLVE THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT ?
Reducing emissions of the so-called greenhouse gases, such as CO2 or CH4 is not
the only solution to curb the greenhouse effect. International organisations also
agree on the following recommendations:
• Use renewable energy.
• Use public transport and other non-polluting means, such as electric vehicles
or bicycles.
• Promote ecological awareness among citizens and different administrations.
• Commit to recycling and the circular economy.
• Reduce the consumption of meat and the food waste.
• .
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ADVANTAGES :
• Maintain Temperature Levels. They help in maintaining a certain
temperature level on the earth's surface. ...
• Block Harmful Radiations. They help in blocking harmful solar radiation
from reaching the planet's surface.
• Maintains Water Level.
• Nursery for all vegetable crops can be grown.
• Higher value and higher quality crops can be grown.
DISADVANTAGE:
• Global Warming
• Rising water levels
• Increased level of CO2
• Out of Balance in Nature
• Climatic changes
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OBSERVATION:
It is shown that the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water vapour reflect back
to the surface, all IR radiation originating at the surface within their respective
spectral bands. The surface temperature seems indeed to have no direct influence
on the earth's external radiation balance
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.britannica.com/science/greenhouse-effect
https://warmheartworldwide.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/
https://byjus.com/biology/greenhouse-effect-gases/
https://www.vedantu.com/biology/greenhouse-effect
https://www.toppr.com/guides
https://scied.ucar.edu/
https://youmatter.world/
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