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ITERATIVE STATEMENTS
DR. Samar A. Said
First term
2023-2024
POINTS TO BE COVERED:
• Looping
• For
• While
• Do while
• Nested loop
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LOOP STATEMENTS
• A loop is a program construction that repeats a
statement or sequence of statements a number
of times
• Loop design questions:
• What should the loop body be?
• How many times should the body be iterated?
LOOP STATEMENTS
• C++ programming language provides following types of iterative
(loop) statements.
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THE WHILE REPETITION STRUCTURE
• Repetition structure
• Programmer specifies an action to be repeated while some condition
remains true
• While loop repeated until condition becomes false.
• Example
Int product = 2;
While ( product <= 1000 )
product = 2 * product;
Common errors:
infinite loop
unitialized variables
THE WHILE REPETITION STRUCTURE
• Flowchart of while loop
true
condition statement
false
int x = 2;
while (x >= 0){
if ( x == 2){
cout << “Value of x is : “ << x << endl;
}
x = x – 1;
}
Example on (While)
While
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
// Local variable declaration:
int a = 10;
// while loop execution
while( a < 20 ) {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a++;
}
return 0;
}
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(COUNTER-CONTROLLED REPETITION)
• Counter-controlled repetition
• Loop repeated until counter reaches a certain value.
• Definite repetition
• Number of repetitions is known
• Example
A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the range 0 to
100) for this quiz are available to you. Determine the class average on
the quiz.
(COUNTER-CONTROLLED REPETITION)
• Pseudocode for example:
Set total and grade counter to zero
While grade counter <= 10
input the next grade
add the grade into the total
grade counter++
Average = total divided / 10
Print the class average
• Following is the c++ code for this example
1 // Fig. 2.7: fig02_07.cpp
2 // Class average program with counter-controlled repetition
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using namespace std;
6
7
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 int total, // sum of grades
12 gradeCounter, // number of grades entered
13 grade, // one grade The counter gets incremented each time
14 average; // average of grades the loop executes. Eventually, the counter
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causes the loop to end.
16 // initialization phase
17 total = 0; // clear total
18 gradeCounter = 1; // prepare to loop
19
20 // processing phase
21 while ( gradeCounter <= 10 ) { // loop 10 times
22 cout << "Enter grade: "; // prompt for input
23 cin >> grade; // input grade Enter grade: 98
Enter grade: 76
24 total = total + grade; // add grade to total
Enter grade: 71
25 gradeCounter = gradeCounter + 1; // increment counter
Enter grade: 87
26 } Enter grade: 83
27 Enter grade: 90
28 // termination phase Enter grade: 57
29 average = total / 10; Enter
// integer division grade: 79
30 cout << "Class average is " << average << endl; Enter grade: 82
31 Enter grade: 94
Class average is 81
32 return 0; // indicate program ended successfully
33 }
ASK BEFORE ITERATING
• A while loop is used here to implement the ask
before iterating method to end a loop
Sum = 0;
cout << "are there numbers in the list (Y/N)?";
Char ans;
cin >> ans;
while (( ans = 'Y') || (ans = 'y'))
{
//statements to read and process the number
cout << "are there more numbers(y/N)? ";
Cin >> ans;
}
THE FOR REPETITION STRUCTURE
• The general format when using for loops is
For(initialization; loopcontinuationtest; Step )
statement
• Example:
For( int counter = 1; counter <= 10; counter++ )
Cout << counter << endl;
• Prints the integers from one to ten
FLOWCHART FOR FOR
Initialize variable
Condition true statement Step
Test the variable
(Increment variable)
false
EXTRA SEMICOLON
• Placing a semicolon after the parentheses of a for loop creates an empty
statement as the body of the loop
• Example: for(int count = 1; count <= 10; count++);
cout << "hello\n";
prints one "hello", but not as part of the loop!
• The empty statement is the body of the loop
• Cout << "hello\n"; is not part of the loop body!
Example on (for)
For
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
// for loop execution
for( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 ) {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
}
return 0;
}
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THE FOR AND WHILE REPETITION
• For loops can usually be rewritten as while loops:
Initialization;
While ( loopcontinuationtest){
Statement
Step(Increment or Decrement);
}
• Initialization and increment as comma-separated lists
For (int i = 0, j = 0; j + i <= 10; j++, i++)
Cout << j + i << endl;
• Program to sum the even numbers from 2 to 100
1 // Fig. 2.20: fig02_20.cpp
2 // Summation with for
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using namespace std;
:cout;
6
7
8 int main()
9 {
10 int sum = 0;
11
12 for ( int number = 2; number <= 100; number += 2 )
13 sum += number;
14
15 cout << "Sum is " << sum << endl;
16
17 return 0;
18 }
SUM IS 2550
THE DO/WHILE REPETITION STRUCTURE
• the do/while repetition structure is similar to the while structure,
• condition for repetition tested after the body of the loop is executed
• format:
do {
statement
} while ( condition );
• example:
int counter=0;
do {
cout << counter << " ";
counter++;
} while (counter <= 10);
• this prints the integers from 0 to 10
• all actions are performed at least once.
FLOW CHART OF DO/WHILE
statement
true
condition
false
Example on (do-while)
Do-while
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
// Local variable declaration:
int a = 10;
// do loop execution
do {
cout << "value of a: " << a << endl;
a = a + 1;
} while( a < 20 );
return 0;
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WHEN TO CHOOSE A WHILE, FOR, OR
DO-WHILE LOOP
• A while-loop is typically used
• When a for-loop is not appropriate
• A "While" Loop is used to repeat a specific block of code an unknown
number of times, until a condition is met
• A do-while-loop is typically used
• When a for-loop is not appropriate
• When the loop body must be executed at least once
THE BREAK AND CONTINUE
STATEMENTS
• Break
• Causes immediate exit from a while, for, do/while or switch
structure
• Common uses of the break statement:
• Escape early from a loop
• Skip the remainder of a switch structure
The break Statement
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THE CONTINUE STATEMENT
• Continue
• In computer programming, the continue
statement is used to skip the current
iteration of the loop and the control of the
program goes to the next iteration.
• Skips the remaining statements in the body
of a while, for or do/while structure
and proceeds with the next iteration of the
loop
• In the for structure, the increment
expression is executed, then the loop-
continuation test is evaluated
• In while and do/while, the loop-
continuation test is evaluated immediately
after the continue statement is executed
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.
NESTED LOOPS
NESTED LOOPS
• A loop can be nested inside of another loop.
• C++ allows at least 256 levels of nesting
• When working with nested loops, the outer loop changes only
after the inner loop is completely finished
THE SYNTAX FOR A NESTED FOR
LOOP STATEMENT IN C++
For ( init; condition; increment )
{
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}
Statement(s); // you can put more statements.
}
THE SYNTAX FOR A NESTED WHILE
LOOP STATEMENT IN C++
while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s); // you can put more statements.
}
THE SYNTAX FOR A NESTED DO...WHILE
LOOP STATEMENT IN C++
do {
statement(s); // you can put more statements.
do {
statement(s);
}
while( condition );
}
while( condition );
FOR LOOP NESTING
EXAMPLE 1:NESTED LOOPS (LOOP IN LOOP)
cin >> a >> b;
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) b
{
for (int j=0; j < b; j++) *************
{
cout << “*”;
a *************
*************
}
cout << endl; *************
}
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EXAMPLE 3 :NESTED LOOPS (LOOP IN LOOP)
int a,b;
if (j > i) break;
cin >> a >> b;
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++)
{ for (int j=0; j<b && j <
<=i;
i; j++)
b
{ *
cout << “*”;
} a **
cout << endl; ***
} ****
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EXAMPLE 2:NESTED LOOPS (LOOP IN LOOP)
int a,b;
cin >> a >> b; b
for (int i = 0; i < a; i++) *
{ a **
for (int j=0; j<b; j++) ***
{ ****
if (j > i)
break;
cout << “*”;
}
cout << endl;
} 34
