DATA PLOTS

Rotating Machinery Analysis

Training
Data Plots
• What are Data Plots?
– A graphical representation of a signal that allows us to identify
characteristics of that signal

• What happens with the signal when we convert them into

plots?
– Amplification / Attenuation
– Filtering
– Compensation / Alteration

• Be careful! Always know what you are doing with your data.

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 2

 Vibration Vectors
• Most vibration signals are
‘complex’ (contain several
frequencies)

• Filtering allows us to examine

each individual component

• Adding Phase Reference

information gives the filtered
signal two quantities: amplitude
& phase.

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 3

 Vibration Vectors

Vector plotted in Polar format.

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 4
 Machine Operating Conditions
• When do we collect machine data?
• Operating or Steady State Conditions
• Constant speed does not always mean Steady State
• Startup/Shutdown or Transient Conditions
• Load changes can also be considered as a Transient condition.
• Slow Roll.
• Running speed at which it is assumed there is no vibration
• Stopped
• Not on turning gear.
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 5
 Steady State Data Plots
• Timebase
• Orbit
• Spectrum (Full & Half)
• Trend Plots
• APHT. (Amplitude & PHase against Time)
• Other parameters against time
• Waterfall. Spectrums against time

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 6

 Timebase
1 cycle
• Information
• Amplitude
• Frequency
• Absolute Phase
(w/Phase Reference
Xdcr)
• Relative Phase
• Position (using DC
Coupling)
time (in msec)
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 7
 Timebase
1 cycle = 1 shaft rotation =
360 degrees
• Information Absolute
• Amplitude Phase

• Frequency
• Absolute Phase
Relative Phase
(w/Phase Reference
Xdcr)
• Relative Phase
• Position (using DC
Coupling)
time (Degrees)
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 8
 Orbits
X vs Y representation of two vibration signals
A
0
3 3
0
A 7 1
What is the direction of the Orbit?
-3
6 2
3
0
B
0 B
Where is the Phase Reference?
5 3
-3 -3
4
-3 0 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 9

 Orbits
• IMPORTANT:
• Orbits show direction of SHAFT PRECESSION
• Orbits DO NOT show direction of shaft rotation.
• If direction of SHAFT PRECESSION is SAME as
direction of SHAFT ROTATION we speak of a
FORWARD Orbit (Normal conditions)
• If direction of SHAFT PRECESSION is NOT SAME as
direction of SHAFT ROTATION we speak of a
REVERSED Orbit (NOT Normal conditions)
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 10
 Orbits
• Watch Orientation vs Probe installation angles.
• Unfiltered Orbits can look very messy
Example:

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 11

 Orbits/Timebase

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 12

 Spectrum
Clarification of Spectrum Plot

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 13

 Spectrum
• What information does a spectrum plot provide?
• Amplitude & Frequency of individual components
• How does this compare with a Timebase plot?
• No Phase, No Position and No shape
• However a Timebase plot may not be able to identify
individual components (amplitude & frequency)
• Combining Spectrum and Timebase information is
good approach.

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 14

 Spectrum
2 0 .0

1 5 .0

1 0 .0

Excellent 5 .0
Gear mesh frequency

comparison 0
120 240 360 480 600

tool
2 0 .0

1 5 .0

1 0 .0

Gear mesh frequency

5 .0

0
RMAC_Xdcrs
120 240 360 480 Slide
6 0 0 15

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 15

 Spectrum
• What is a Full Spectrum?
• A spectrum made of a pair of XY transducers or ‘A Spectrum
of an Orbit’.
• Also needs direction of rotation information.
• Individual signals go through individual FFT analysis and
then are combined to generate “the frequencies of
precession”. One spectrum for X to Y precession and one for
Y to X precession.
• Direction of rotation determines which spectrum is called
forward and which represents reversed precession.

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 16

 Spectrum

CONFUSED??

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 17

 Trend Plots
• We can plot virtually any parameter value against
time.
• Trend Plots are used to look for change.
• There are some special trend plots which we will
discuss:
• APHT
• Waterfall Plot
• Shaft Centerline Plot

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 18

 APHT
RCP-1A A-PUMP TREND 12 wk SPEED: 1187 rpm
BEGIN: 3 SEP 9:35 END: 21NOV 9:35
POINT: A PUMP 1AX TYPE: 2X PHASE LAG

0
Phase Lag

90
(degrees)

180 270
270
21 NOV
360 180
1SEP 25SEP 19OCT 12NOV 6DEC
POINT: A-PUMP 1AX TYPE: 2X AMPLITUDE
0
10.0 5 SEP
8.0
Amplitude
(mils pp)

6.0
90 12 NOV
4.0
2.0
0.0
1SEP 25SEP 19OCT 12NOV 6DEC

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 19

 Waterfall Plot
EPx = 17.75 kcpm (Outer Race Frequency)
EPx 2EPx 3EPx 4EPx 5EPx 6EPx 7EPx

AMP SCALE - 0.1 in/sec PER DIVISION

2 0 / 5 /8 5

New Bearing
1 7 / 4 /8 5
Bad Bearing
9 /4 /8 5
(day/month/year)
TIME DATE

2 /3 /8 5

2 3 / 1 /8 5
2 3 / 1 /8 5
0 50 100 150
FREQUENCY (kcpm)
0 830 1670 2500

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 20

 Shaft Centerline Plot

BRG 1, BRG 1,
TG#1 TG#2

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 21

 1X Bode Plot
180
Slow Roll 240
Phase Phase Lag 300
(degrees) 360
60
120
180
SLOW ROLL VECTOR 240
4
Amplitude: 1.0 mils pp
Phase: 225 Deg. Lag 3
(mils pp)

Slow Roll 1
Amplitude
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
rpm
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, Slow roll speed range (no dynamic data). 22
 1X Bode Plot
180
Uncompensated
240
Phase Lag
(degrees)

300 Angle of Heavy Spot

Compensated
360
60 180°
120 Plot of High Spot
180
240

4
Balance
3 Resonance
(mils pp)

Uncompensated
1

Compensated
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, rpm 23
 Uncompensated
Polar Plot
0°

2310 2370
* * 2385
* 2280 * 2400
2205 * 2250 *
2145
*
270° * * 2415 90°
1845 Slow Roll
*
300 * Vector * 2430
3615 * * 2445
2985 * 2775 * 2460
* *
2685* 2610 2475
* *2505

4.0 mil pp Full Scale X to Y (CCW) Rotation

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 180° 24
 1X Compensated
Polar Plot
Direction of Mass 0° Amplitude and Direction
Unbalance of Response at Balance
Resonance

2310 2370
* *
*2280 2385*
2205 **2250 2405*
2070 * 90° 2415
*
300 2430 *
270° * 90°
90° 2445 *
3615* 2460 *
Amplitude and Direction of * 2775
Response Above Balance 2610* *2505
Resonance

4.0 mil pp Full Scale X to Y (C(CW) Rotation

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 180° 25
 Vertical and Horizontal
1X Bode Plot
Split “Critical” and Structural Resonances
180
240
(degrees)
Phase

300
Lag

360
60
120
180

10
Inboard
8
Horizontal
(mils pp)

6 Structural
4 Resonances
2
Inboard
0 Vertical
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
rpm
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, Split Critical 26
 Synchronous Amplification
Factor
Half-Power Bandwidth Method
Phase
Lag

ARES
Amplitude

ARES
0.707

0 Fcenter Flow Fhigh Machine Speed

Fcenter
AF1X =
Brüel & Kjær Vibro,
Fhigh - Flow 27
 Synchronous Amplification
Factor
0

Phase Lag
(degrees)
90

180

270

360
1 .0

0 .8
(mils pp)

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
rpm
1900 rpm
AF1X = = 5.4
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, (2000 - 1650) rpm 28
 Synchronous Amplification
Factor
Amplitude Ratio Method
Phase
Lag

ARES
Amplitude

A>>RES

0 ARES Machine Speed

AF1X =
Brüel & Kjær Vibro,
A>>RES 29
 Synchronous Amplification
0
Factor

(degrees)
90
Phase
Lag
180

270

360
1 .0

0 .8
0.7 mils pp
(mils pp)

0 .6

0 .4

0 .2

0
0.1 mils pp
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
rpm
0.7 mils pp
AF1X = 0.1 mils pp
=7
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 30
 Polar Plot Balancing Effect
Mu Before 0° Mu After
Balancing Balancing

2340
*
* 2295 2385*
2400 *
* 2235
*2065 2415 *
2400
300 2055 *
3285 **
270° 90°
2745 *
*2415 * 2445
2775 *
* 2445 * 2460
*2475 * 2475
2685*
2610* *2505

4.0 mil pp Full Scale X to Y (CCW) Rotation

180°
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 31
 Frequently Observed
Polar Plot
0°

High Speed

90° 270°

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 32

180°
 Two Mass
Rotor System
Vertical Vertical
Probe Probe

Mass

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 33

 Split Translational
Resonance
0° 0°

High Speed High Speed

90° 270° 90° 270°

180° 180°
INBOARD OUTBOARD
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 34
 Translational and
Pivotal Resonance
0° 0°

High Speed

High Speed
90° 270° 90° 270°

180° 180°
INBOARD OUTBOARD
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 35
 Typical Flexible Rotor Mode Shapes

P1 P2 P3 P4

Typical Rotor

P3
Cylindrical / Translational Mode
P2

Pivot / Conical Mode

P1
P4
Third Mode
Node Locations are Affected by System Stiffness
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 36
 Average Shaft Centerline
(Not Orbit or Polar Plot)
Top
3.0

2.0
* 9500
* 9400
* 9200
* 8700
* 8000
1.0 7600
1200
*
*
*500 * 4500
*5500
Amplitude 0.20 mils / div * 300 X to Y (CCW) Rotation
0.0
-1.0 0.0 1.0
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 37
 Cascade Plot

Amp Scale = 0.50 mil pp / div

1X
2X
4000
Machine Speed (rpm)

3000
3X
2000

1000

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 38

 INFORMATION AVAILABLE FROM TRANSIENT
RESPONSE PLOTS
• Slow Roll Speed
• Slow Roll Runout Vector
• Amplitude, Phase, and Frequency of Resonance
• Synchronous Amplification Factor (API Method)
• High / Heavy Spot Relationship
• Structural and Split Resonance
• Rotor Mode Shape / Deflection Shape
• Preload Identification
• Frequency Relationships
Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 39
 QUESTION?
QUESTION?

Brüel & Kjær Vibro, 40