Various Industry Motor Applications
⚫ Fan, Blower
⚫ Pump, Compressor
⚫ Conveyor
⚫ Mixer
⚫ Cranes
Types of Fault in Motors
External Fault Internal Fault
Mechanical Load Bearing Failure
Unbalance Supply Winding phase and
Voltage earth fault
Single Phasing
Phase Reversal
Motor Protection Summary
THERMAL OVERLOAD
SHORT CIRCUIT
EARTH FAULT
UNBALANCE
BLOCKED ROTOR/STALLING PROTECTION
Thermal Stress CausesMotor Failure
⚫ Mostofthemotorfailure contributorsandfailed motorcomponentsarerelatedto motoroverheating.
⚫ Thermalstresspotentiallycancausethefailure ofall themajormotorparts:Stator, Rotor,Bearings,
ShaftandFrame.
Thermal Overload
•Consider a motor is as homogenous body
•Developing heat at constant rate.
•Dissipating heat at constant rate.
Heat disspation is proportional to temperature
rise –t/τ
T = KIR2 (1-e )
Overload Protection - Thermal Model
• Main Factors and Elements Comprising
the Thermal Model are:
• Overload Pickup Level
• Overload Curve
• Cooling Time Constants
• Hot/Cold Stall Time Ratio
THERMAL OVERLOAD
SETTING CRITERIA : Thermal Element
Motor running
Time in sec
Starting
tim e :1 0 s
Sh o r t - ci r cu it
element
Current
293 A 1370 A 1720 A (Am peres)
SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION
What is:-Motor short-circuit protection -
provided to cater for major stator winding faults
and terminal flashovers.
Settings - Definite time over current relay
element, set to about 130% of motor starting
current and time delay set at 100ms.
Differential Protection
• Differential protection may be considered the first
line of protection for internal phase-to-phase or
phase-to-ground faults.
Summation method with six CTs:
• If six CTs are used in a summing
configuration, during motor starting, the
values from the two CTs on each phase
may not be equal as the CTs are not
perfectly identical and asymmetrical
currents may cause the CTs on each phase
to have different outputs.
• The running differential delay can then be
fine tuned to an application such that it
responds very fast and is sensitive to low
differential current levels.
Ground Fault Protection
• What is:-A ground fault is a fault that
creates a path for current to f low from one
of the phases directly to the neutral through
the earth bypassing the load
• Ground faults in a motor occur:
• When its phase conductor’s insulation
is damaged for example due to voltage
stress, moisture or internal fault occurs
between the conductorand ground
• To limit :-the level of the ground fault
current connect an resistance known as
stablising resistance
PhaseUnbalance
⚫ Whatis:-In a balanced system the three line-neutral voltages are equal in magnitude
and are 120 degrees out of phase with each other. Otherwise, the system is unbalanced.
Positive Sequence Negative Sequence
Main causes of current unbalance
• Blown fuses
• Loose connections
• Stator turn-to-turn faults
• System voltage distortion and
unbalance
• Faults
Effects
• Motor winding overheating
• Excessive vibrations
• Cause motor insulation/winding/bearing
damage
Motor Protection Stalling
Whatis:-It happens when motor circuits are energized, but
motor rotor is not rotating. It is also called locked
rotor.
⚫ Effects:
This will result in excessive currents flow given the same
load. This will cause thermal damage to the motor
winding and insulation.
Motor Protection Stalling
Required for
Stalling during starting Stalling during running
Cases
Starting time < Stall withstand time
Stall withstand time< Starting time
CURRENT RELAYS
IDMT RELAYS :
These relays have inverse characteristic and the
operating time decreases as the magnitude of
current increases.
GENERAL RELAY EQUATION :
t = TMS X K/((I/In)^n – 1)
t = RELAY OPERATING TIME I = FAULT
CURRENT
n = CONSTANT K = CONSTANT
In = RELAY PLUG SETTING ( PICK UP ) TMS = TIME
MULTIPLIER SETTING
Pilot Relays
Why needed:-Overcome diffculties of overcurrent
Relay ie
•Coordination
•Excessive fault clearance times
Principle:-
•Measurement of current at each end feeders
•Transmission of information
•No time and current gradation required
•Supervision facility.
•Merz price Circulating scheme
