ft of fd of "Th eheeteelyda : i _ Ellectinlyti. eel a MM Foxaday 24 las. ofs- echicolspets ———————- ~~. By 7 we by Fuel veces — by Cerreasion HE hectiochemiatiny $= Electrochemisliy deals woth, _fhe _.dtudy ot, electrical froperties | _saltiftions - af 2 1 estes Par the tritor.~xelotion of emicol phenomenon _* vand_elechcicoh a enoegies __eleaTietenk mays kb ante —-- through. _mgffe, sin _ tho. fps ef _ electrical wren th fthe- — help — of __dwibable dene __vand__wharxge. _ Cuites 6. (dona arch elections.) | Condulers ancl. nen - conductors 2 dane ane — ddd, aioe) Nen= cen i pa Conductor, se fe \ Tol Men = £6 dln 2 ng, Aull ees shies, | wee Le net allan -electeic - ttrxrxonfs Fo. Force Lhem AUR. alles aoe | ee ek constr Pofory oT Te samp Pure. a » ines ghasd a pa \ verbber, Che « — > Canduaton —. “si beatin o uthitoh allo —— Si beee wudent to feu — Phraugh 2 | them woxe. sealed ond elias —-—— oe I a! i | Example. io Metale OG tLe OLLd veal? of etd _,ubase onc dale ond — th teat “onduckona — eee the. een cluelins. whieh. ~eandt ti rent _ by movemenk of: ec 2s without!Dl duBctonee whose —oguueoud iholection dou. Lint —rondack elockite ——_ eaurextr 2 use! 1 coll _non= vlectuolytes sa . Example =a 0l vantts ; cetvong. veeit ank— aol rg sto Heh, Ket “Hy SOy ote —— [oti eo eee eae = | = ‘ a | | a A ial )| Flow | ELectiens fron 1@ve__end__k0_@ve_erd | t eA sploee —toidhot Bakes | fhe clec.omp-osidfon of. | the. aichafome ;_ etectialyetie ~ seen (fons _fawaxds—§ _the sfesialy nels neta Actas iE Tien sods selectnticddey Rakes plese by the ehemion Aur electioded «. moffr dake placed . No _ Peorsfess of ces ap rhatben, Jas place. — de the fox of fena.—__—-tO] Rest ctance._ Medellin and Le onde | be ohms dow tn’ high te ae J nctiatanee fer: ttt fhe = Weatca.. —-of the ____appXiedt. _potenting ~ differen, -LOV) cts etenent UD). _— n Gt. ds wlensted By ie — - {Re 8.2 anit of Ride hm” CA) ae a unit mat 21 8hro"! ed, roho 4 hiemens Sees _ ty, =a (capetge —wenaiatanee) = ela —f oun es ag Citioh AB. phe edbnol_ to ea JL ee —_ Sa - 72 . — i Aven. ca L046, + —— — ae ethiee (A J RK L Ro ft R= PL ~_ where Ps A io ecttonstidy ce | { ah | seo beck “ “ivy Lond uativily (cabectpic eonduustanee,) fe (ng ane) ou edpesifie. —_snealatance. az 7 ~ 1em7* ex, _.s_em” oe i . - - = if _ — 1 ——~__| _ > ie as atta a asi ii. sail| 1 Parr er ae | Ke Condurkii | Ls Distene webieen —olectrodes — A= 7 = Aten. ae — ection ahs eherkracks, ee lt ct (net of —x (Gr) Gator! em! —_ ~ —t__safin of Retina, _ Bekioe ar elatende _ eee _ asitian. “0OKRDD of Phe. 7 — elecLindes _ (A) knot ua vee lhe == “we H Maton = canduafa fine Un m an — — Died - em (§)and She Vatume (CV * wildsWn) eputvatendt rduscance. | Vonageily 0.306 vt ap PRs 0.0249 som! . Colaubte “Ke 0.0249 9 on! . M2 0-20M 7 K_xio00 . , 124 = : O28 x woe Xi OCxS Kot = 104 som ppl! dry - 7 uty 1608 0, what is the eel eonatuit fa) if ond suativify da 0.16 x 10 comayl Sie _efetris _weatitanee. 6.0. veslum = of | O06 mole. AlKOH att _ of clin cher, ite cm & Mon ro —tondusuvity + natn SO_em_ 55S X tpt n a jaitty 5 eon ol Ns i mat EE - ee d= pe Bem f= 0 tm R= oS x 19% fe 2 K =? 5 Am =? _a | ES ~ofoue X1pEd _Xipe | ofos, X190005 = 224-6 em mal ode —— r k Chap”. . Th eco rand : Ker aol? ds 0, 29 sr —-! OL onala. Lemp ecotune 3 — ‘conductance __.Snexend sa Sreweasing. Mdissortotion ond, KB pf om _gon— _ le) oncentxation idt inkinite (oe) diluBion Soe ae ining,a x m —> Mo Jobe _stonduatoree. of inkicita epson — seordiucances 0 infinis dike Ho (An =} Mela A> constant = onto on Se —Concertrofion a HE a between Am _& Ve _ :lectin thamieal. eof Grolwanie seo / _ Alottete __xeth_. eres ere ge (Menorca) — a : i lo& _AzC _ a ee Za. = Zrt? 4 2e9 | Gy $4. poe Cu ~—L_Lexihattien) —____(Recluetion.) Koss ofp 2 : G) Gain of e2 _, ) Snexemertt un Ut) Peexomiont tn ~oxidlahion_Atete oxidation. tate ~fidnede, ve teuminol) — (Cathade BP v— termi} ee _ “ a _ ee —— Zine cad. in _Zngo,__aptubion Lond Ct cad ect in aso, — solution ) U - aa eee fabes, plore. gat _zine « fenes (s) Zit = ey +202? Zing 2s nets 04 anode, & hzine God) “Sa ns schonge . I Netet— — toate Jisddge.s A 7 a oh a Lose “tte veonmert tthe oxidation = and - | eduction wath cell ok gatvanie— coh __ Tt Reduertion.. _ tobe splce. at sohbe Cu apy Lathede ReP —> Cy. = Ree nod Cue oets aa etre sel thoes Cet ean — ZA) SS Canis)._ Rleabotyte, —esheuld next —_ 1 ‘done “randuelance. ~@; —stons__.pxceaortt Gia | -oechatye — aa ed a a - th “Use i_malatiin—efectaicah—-nsstraly — = =, aabtion re On memeuty —bitlye ee ai =e — fanbase spotenkal —sdiffonrS_. {Desa agin beeno & sercandena moment —— _dens__toke. place ; FE Representation wo : | : 6 “ Anode. Br ee : I Loft: vaide _& eothade seefrasont- oh . sig i u | Shieh, 0. ~O-2n4h, fe an aH : tags [eu1»_of oD ronsjered, =2- Bie. mn pobitit t3 = — the. - tendency ce ovil OL, ae p Xe aaah wert —stie — abed— ‘electiade. reaMe). == NT 0g) “ene? (oh) oe Eg ee oe tpt ed wit ptt Ep )iie fk is the. Fond onc oo: _ eleckions’ | ; es 108A vata “By Exp— “ee ef; e&. | i | | 7M sh-Exi— Pt. Ge x ttard oud lestrode —potirtial (E°)2—To Fe deme _ mead and —melal dan oxtdation.- _potintint and voduction, -psiferfial hag | dame volver’ saith Spbesike: _ilgn Exi= Zn) ——> Zn" (ng) t 2 © en Eps = +n volfa. . Zn (ag) te ——> Zn ___| EXp_= =x volts LZ (gy Pe Cog) + 4 e© op = + % volts [ Because, -elecfiade potential 24 va.—te = Ep Gathade) — Exp (onede) -Erap (ena yo “€! 2p (cathode) en —elebeoden +. (SHE) | : jvabeauent hype a . Pini “coated sth_atendonds —y wegen electrode, (s HE) ts aasigned’ tun tode _ tinal SHE i used mi vn a meade __ the _ electedle of chen _ fot = colls ____— th: ba (51 / Metatdon ey 7m Anode. t : = a _——— = Zn (8) /Zn"* (ag) | Zn) ——+ Zn ag) + De® op: | Cotthade: faq.) — Zn ws) © ** tag) +2 eS ——? Zn) Exp = Gina electrode. ! _ ee—(b) a node. - PR) thy. > 5 ln I i + Ol, +208ib, Mefat » oll & anion electrode 2— “ednede t Aget—+ Te a ng | __ he. —aunang omart= of veal elements tr__erder, of intr eading oe of, Akardord, _nedsution spotenitiol DA | Sremending iden, of sshondand tlashade pubs (EC)s pa Ké Bud Ca SMa < ALK Zn< Fe Ce| i Sh he eplleateg «te the. ovclene cin hick, ———_ othe “ giver metals ___ displace — — each tthe, ~ op _& xp Ep (A) Esp (C) = &. Lap ~& op a j= 6 =p_lA)— I =—— meee velue > tethede ca hess. value > anede op & op => E’op (A) = E“op (C)wt eh Ped (oaductinn) | eg *% —= Et 2 Exp (eathede) — Eyp (anede) = Pee = -0.40 V ~ (0.76 v)_ =: =_0.36v Qe Beye Oth EX = O14 Oe py = ONY Ce athede) i 7 oe “oP CVevie gti) = 0:74 V anode) = r Given, _—vp | Cet = Cop Conode.) + Erp (cathode) = = 0.74 + ¢-0.14) :ein (habe = coat ty — | = - Exp (onode.) = OT — L 4 E'op (cathale.) OM - “ees = Eo Wa Cop (2 = OTE = 0 Sh = ee | — 0-16 Vo G__Zn > Zn + 20P ep =o.76V- _ Fe —+ Ee*® +2ee Cop = okey | CoReubate Eneene : Eat = Ep (anede) = = Ep Cts . = 0476 - 0.4 — = 0,30 y —he | ede Fhe seal ueccm. 7 Utat® [Ce My Mat® +2 e© Cut? + De? ——» Gy | ae Met te ERE} (ne of ee @. Sn f Seo Lex" Lier 2 Anede i [ Sn) ——s. Sn** ee z | Cathode: [ Cuts + $e® cxf x2 Cell xn 38q +2 Cr*® ——> 85n™ toc i n= NOs 2 ~@ Zn Lent d/t, H, / Pt

H—o lee fa “il Ht a (e5—————— — jhe ap | | Cost Cofhede twee ae aren ee Cll wont Fe + ont ——» Fe ™ 4 Hy sos OP / be. / wef wn, [ee a (Anode. 29 Bas == “Be, + Dem0-24 0.00 =O.14 = 0.44 ~0. 76 — 2-36 2:1 =O.| | Nexnch eqecttion—* - “| — gtk the -felp — of — ; ; Sap int 3 — ghetto th Nor potential. of - ++ olectiode ex EM eof “the ee(P. To Ceaatant ee = stir —slebiade. petit — a, = etl : RE ga ~ eonchank = 2-314 5 Jmol K =" _ 4 Ts Tempersfive (in K) 20.98 K n= no. of elections —(hined. 04, leoaed. Sin. Balanced torn _ -ballig the_ “values of 2 f Fin 24" @' Eo Ett = =a a teat xade oteg CPreoduatd _ NX 16S00_ | (Beta. 2 Egy 2 SHOT AME, nm xqesooc Se ne erat aan 2 te gy = Ens SOSH dng adel] TPanducts J ey [Reactant] eres Dn. the cekl.—= M, (2) AM Peeps ff ay) | M, Ww) T t > | ht anode. 3 — _ | M19 ss Mag y + on eS a i Tn ane 2.0% leg LH] foe a oF. _ Me (a9) + nel ——> My Engen = Ey gn = 0.064 = [v. J =e oT) i Note 3 | “Cones ef saslid os taken vas —— CPE tM oj} = 4 i | EMF = ee ee — ee ee tH —‘aes | 38 Tig Teag — Oe NT es ——_||_ _ a ~ | ——— i ems Cay — 80h Ty Ce Eee Bett a NoExample i O[ za Letey [Pas > |onede [Zn (0) ——~> Zn og) +2 Tx Cathede-: [ Fei, 3eS —+ fe (Jo [Reastuct] " Evete = 0:081 stag ( 2et J [fe] Cre 1™ (2,7 6 re of visti da Soken oa ty wifes fi, og, /e* Lf tu tas) {tu (8) =rllonede % Hy fq) ant +422 cithade 2 Cutt pt 2 eS Cot non 9) ~ Cutt Ld i [neo SOF + Cu CS)F eete aan - bos Lag via an = Oy - 03059 CHT Coad a (CPP x Cot] uy Ginlefen (exw) = y- fae g i “8 = = civ) Log (a x10°9) 4 fog a.= te Ste = Log 2x30 —3 [even Soro BJ y i On 29° L 2XOX LO [ 2X20 XE ( Q2K2K%2Y9D XY et | é i | 2x2% 2k 9%0. n =9° | 62x07! = ate Log 62. [ Nee feo 60. ~f + 96 r + O65 at slate = ~1+€x d0e30/0 = -1+ 1.8060 =O. 2060 Ans. | Ante t= | Q-t —> 1-26 0.2 —> 1.€2 0-3 2 0-2 — fo" B-F 77 [-10 GuT TF IS 77-8? —> 1.20Example = Oy Aig Que = 0.38 x 10" = 0-3 + 0.08 xj0° = 9 120% 197 = 2.40 x 1o™ Ans. b) Auitilng [e.6 =0.6 io = 0-2 409 +00 x gS = 2X Les xpo8 x10 = 8.ge X10 qua z al A : bn Ql To calewate EME sf h cxtt, (Fg) Life, the Newst 24" ands the EME he the sfatfausing colta ot 249K cal Me tr /mMg** (p.001 mM) // cu** (0.0001 M)/ Cus, onedi {Ma is) Sy oe? tC eS —— > Cw) Molt want Mgtsy tty" > Ma Cu tahja Page oe = *36V a ; Ey gt 2-3 Ett = O24 Vv ce Fy = von ( : —_ = 2.36 + 0, 24 = 2-To 4 Now : E ete = Egy 2 0059 tag CO Produ I n CReackout J E2:F — 0.06) ag (My "7 cow) = Cg] feul*] = 2.F ~ 0.0298 foo 0-001 XI | x_0.0001 | = O.t¢ —- 0.0090 Lop 10 = 2.4t- 0.0158 Fagp = 2-62 Vrs +2 : + ‘ th) Fegss 7 Fe**(o.n01 MY HM) Hei hom) /ptis sh ll Anode it Fe () ———> Fe** +2229 : Cathode LHP+2eS ~—— Cell went Pe + 2® Fe 4 4ode) + Exp {cothade ) ——__— = o.44 + 0 = 0.44 Vv a = 0,088 bog CPI _____— CRI 2 0.44— 0.084 slog (fea Pp [fey fa =O. 44 = 00054 “leg Ope t 1000 O44 ~ 0.00416 gS O.@44 ~ 0.0246 (-3) fog “10 0.44 = 0.029 € 635 44 O-4U4 + O10388F O63 V theySn {Sn (9.0.c0H) /fn* (0.000M) fi, ta Zee ss || Anede 2 Sn ts) ——> ent t+2e2 eathada: OH" + 2eS ——> 1 +2 , [ca + Cell remen 2 Sn + DH eet Tree cS Ese pth = Oty Ce trcteg—=—© Og = Cop fanodo,) Exp (cathade ) = O.lY +0 = O.1nV Now Ensage = Cog 0204 TPA a La a oe = O-l4— 03089 [en] Pi . QD tog Hae OWN See 0.90 zl x[o-or0]™ ~ = O.IN- 0.0146 Log 00 SO_X ee ogee8 OfOXPKOCOZY K peo Oty — 9.0215 log 12S tL == O14 — 0.0 1S _lag EOlY — 00215 Ka Log = 9,l¥ ~ 0.0299 xax 0-69 = 0014 ~ 0.0635 Ey = O.079 Alin. ot) IPL ¢ tars (1) / Bx (0.010M) Jf HW" (02030M)/t (bon) fet = ll Anode 9 @e7 ——> Br t2e©° Cithade, ? _OH* 4 2¢2 > yy Cot nant Uae? + one Br, tH | [a=] Ean : = —boq Sra 9 Ect = Cop fanade ) + Exp (ontfade ) = ~[607 +-0 = boy | = Ey - 0084 CPI Esse sli beg (PI 7 try |=) CBr Ply = — 109 ~ 03069 2 —[.09:-=— 0.0095 “sto 1 X1000 XIogox 008% DOG O61 xowIe x ovoasy. Dfoay -hOU- 00296 (leg 19% — log a) =1.09— Q.0296 (8 fog to O26) ~le09- 0-029 {2% = 0-95) = 109 — 0.0295 x 7.0 —/-29¢V Ans wofi |p E eete ‘tell Fe is) [ Fe"? (0.6m) Me&n™* (9.3) / sre) =P dreds + Fe (s) ———-» Fe** 422° | Cathode. ¢ Sn** 4902 ———> Sn coy Ke want Pe (sy) + S&n** —> fet® + Sn nro Er. = O44 __ I Ea = 70-14 uy = Foe [onede) ot Exp [0 sthade) Buty + Cody) = 0.20 VNow . Ese = 0200F9 fan CPI EC coet a rR 0420 — 000000 bog fie Tksed C&T [so**] 0.30 — 0.0296 tag OCB X10" OCKX 10 — 020 — 0.0295 Lng = = 0.20. 0.0296 K 0.2010 = 9.20 — 0.004 2 = O62 Vi du. °