Name: Sanjay

Roll No. : 1708

Course : BSc PSC (III year)

PRACTICAL-I
Plotting of second order solution family of differential equation
Solving Second order Ordinary Differential Equation:
2
y
Question 1: Solve second order differential equation d
+y=0.
dx2

Solution:

DSolve[y ''[x] +y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Out[1] {{y[x]→C[1]Cos[x] +C[2]Sin[x]}}
=
d 2y
Question 2: Solve second order differential equation + dy
- 6y=0.
dx2 dx

Solution:

In[3]:= DSolve[y ''[x] +y'[x] -6 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Out[3]= y[x]→ ⅇ -3 x C[1] +ⅇ 2 x
C[2]
2
y
Question 3: Solve second order differential equation 4 d
+12 dy
+ 9y=0.
dx 2 dx

Solution:

In[4]:= DSolve[4 y ''[x] +12 y '[x] +9 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Out[4]= y[x]→ ⅇ -3 x / 2 C[1] +ⅇ - 3 x /2 x C[2]
2
y
Question 4: Solve second order differential equation d
-6 dy
+ 13y=0.
dx2 dx

Solution:

In[5]:= DSolve[y ''[x] -6 y'[x] +13 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Out[5]= y[x]→ ⅇ 3 C[2]Cos[2
x x] +ⅇ C[1]Sin[2 x]
2
y
Question 5: Solve second order differential equation d
-2 dy
+ y=0.
dx2 dx

Solution:

In[6]:= DSolve[y ''[x] -2 y'[x] +y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Out[6]= y[x]→ ⅇ x C[1] +ⅇ x C[2]

Plotting Of Solutions Of Second Order Differential Equations:

2
y
Question 1: Solve second order differential equation d
+y=0 and plot its three solutions.
dx2
Solution:
2

In[31]:= Needs["PlotLegends`"]
Sol=DSolve[y ''[x] +y[x]⩵0, y[x],
x]
sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] ->1, C[2] ->2}]
sol2=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] ->1, C[2] ->5}
sol3=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -1, C[2] -> -4}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3},{x,-10, 10},
PlotStyle-> {{Red, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Purple, Thickness[0.02]}},
PlotLegend→{sol1, sol2, sol3}]
Out[32]= {{y[x]→C[1]Cos[x] +C[2]Sin[x]}}

Out[33]= Cos[x] +2

Sin[x] Out[34]= Cos[x]

+5 Sin[x] Out[35]= -

Cos[x] -4 Sin[x]
4

5 5 10
2 sin(x) +cos(x)
-2
-10
Out[36]=

5 sin(x) +cos(x)
-4

-4 sin(x) -cos(x)

2
y
Question 2: Solve second order differential equation d
+ dy
-6y=0 and plot its three solutions.
dx2 dx

Solution:
 3

In[37]:= Sol=DSolve[y ''[x] +y'[x] -6 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→0, C[2] ->2.5}]
sol2=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] ->1, C[2] ->5}
sol3=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -1, C[2]→5}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3},{x,-2, 2},
PlotStyle-> {{Pink, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Orange, Thickness[0.02]}},
PlotLegend→{sol1, sol2, sol3}]
Out[37]= y[x]→ ⅇ -3 x C[1] +ⅇ 2 x
C[2]
2 x
Out[38]= 2.5ⅇ

ⅇ
-3 x 2 x
Out[39]= +5ⅇ
-3 x 2 x
Out[40]= -ⅇ +5ⅇ
200

150

2.5ⅇ 2x 100
1 2

ⅇ-3x +5ⅇ
Out[41]= -50
2x
-2 -1
50
-100
5ⅇ 2x -ⅇ -3x

2
y
Question 3: Solve second order differential equation 4 d
+12 dy
+ 9y=0 and plot its four
solutions for-
dx2 dx

(i) C[1]=-1,C[2]=4
(ii) C[1]=3,C[2]=6
(iii) C[1]=-10,C[2]=7
(iv) C[1]=-1.5,C[2]=-5

Solution:
4

In[60]:= Sol=DSolve[4 y ''[x] +12 y'[x] +9 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→4}]
Sol2=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→3, C[2]→6}
Sol3=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -10, C[2]→7}
Sol4=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -1.5, C[2]→-5}
Plot[{Sol1, Sol2, Sol3, Sol4},{x,-2, 2},
PlotStyle-> {{Pink, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Orange, Thickness[0.02]},
{Purple, Thickness[0.03]}}, PlotLegend→{Sol1, Sol2, Sol3, Sol4}]
Out[60]= y[x]→ ⅇ -3 x/2 C[1] +ⅇ - 3 x /2 x C[2]
-3 x/2 -3 x/2
Out[61]= -ⅇ +4ⅇ
-3 x/2 -3
x Out[62]= 3ⅇ +6ⅇ
x/2 -3 x/2
x Out[63]= -10ⅇ
-3 x/2
+7ⅇ x Out[64]= -1.5ⅇ
-3 x/2 -3 x/2
-5ⅇ x 50

-2 -1 1 2

4ⅇ -3x/2 x-ⅇ -3 -50

6ⅇ -3x/2 x+3ⅇ

-100
Out[65]= 7ⅇ -3x/2 x-10

-5ⅇ -3x/2 x- 1

2
y
Question 4: Solve second order differential equation d
-6 dy
+ 13y=0 and plot its any three
solutions.
dx2 dx

Solution:
 5

Sol=DSolve[y ''[x] -6 y '[x] +13 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→4}]
sol2=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→3, C[2]→6}
sol3=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -10, C[2]→7}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3},{x,-5, 5},
PlotStyle-> {{Pink, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Orange, Thickness[0.01]}},
PlotRange→All, PlotLegend→{sol1, sol2, sol3}]
Out[66]= y[x]→ ⅇ 3 C[2]Cos[2
x x] +ⅇ C[1]Sin[2 x]

Out[67]= 4ⅇ3 Cos[2

x x] -ⅇ Sin[2 x]

Out[68]= 6ⅇ3 Cos[2

x x] +3ⅇ Sin[2 x]

Out[69]= 7ⅇ3 Cos[2

x x] -10ⅇ

Sin[2
-4
x] -2 2 4

-5.0×10 6

-1.0×10 7

4ⅇ 3x cos(2x) -ⅇ 3x
-1.5×10 7

3ⅇ 3x sin(2x) +6ⅇ 3
-2.0×10 7

Out[70]=
7ⅇ 3x cos(2x) -10

2
y
Question 5: Solve second order differential equation d
-2 dy
+ y=0 and plot its any five
solutions.
dx2 dx

Solution:
6

In[85]:= Sol=DSolve[y ''[x] -2 y '[x] +y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

Sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→0.5, C[2]→3}]
Sol2=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-3, C[2]→-2}
Sol3=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -1, C[2]→7}
Sol4=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /.{C[1] -> -6, C[2]→1}
Sol5=y[x] /. Sol[[1]] /. C[1]→1 5, C[2]→2 3
Plot[{Sol1, Sol2, Sol3, Sol4, Sol5},{x,-5, 5},
PlotStyle-> {Thickness[0.01], Thick, Thickness[0.02], Thickness[0.03],
Thickness[0.04]}, PlotLegend→{Sol1, Sol2, Sol3, Sol4, Sol5}]
Out[85]= y[x]→ ⅇ x C[1] +ⅇ x C[2]
x x
Out[86]= 0.5ⅇ +3ⅇ xOut[87]=

-3ⅇ x
-2ⅇ x
x Out[88]= -ⅇ x

+7ⅇ x
x Out[89]= -6ⅇ x
+ⅇ x

Out[90]
=
ⅇx + 2ⅇ x
x 5 3

100

50

3ⅇ x x+0.5
-2 2 4

-2ⅇ x x-3 ⅇ
Out[91]= -50
-
7ⅇ x x-ⅇ x

ⅇx x-6ⅇ x
2ⅇ x x + ⅇx
35
 Plotting of Third Order Solution Family of Differential Equation :

3 2
y y
Question1: Solve third order differential equation d
-5 d
+8 dy
- 4y=0 and plot its any
three
dx3 dx2 dx

solution
s.
Solution
:

In[62]:= Needs["PlotLegends`"]
sol=DSolve[y '''[x] -5 y''[x] +8 y'[x] -4 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]
sol1=Evaluate y[x] /. sol[[1]] /. C[1]→1, C[2]→0.5, C[3]→2
3
sol2=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /. C[1]→-1 2, C[2]→0, C[3]→1
sol3=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→-4, C[3]→2}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3},{x,-5, 3}, PlotRange-> {-30, 30},
PlotStyle-> {{Red, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Purple,
Thickness[0.02]}}, PlotLegend-> {sol1, sol2, sol3}]
Out[63]= y[x]→ ⅇ x C[1] +ⅇ 2 C[2]
x +ⅇ x C[3]

ⅇx ⅇ
2 x
Out[64]= 2 2 x

+0.5ⅇ + 3
x
ⅇx 2 x
Out[65]=
- +ⅇ
Out[66]= -ⅇx -4ⅇ2 +2ⅇ
x x
30

20

-2 2
ⅇ
2 2xx 10
x+ⅇ +0.5ⅇ -10
3
-
ⅇx
ⅇ2x x-
Out[67]=
-20
2

-30
2ⅇ 2x x-ⅇ x -4ⅇ 2x

3 2
y y
Question2: Solve third order differential equation d
+3 d
-25 dy
+21y=0 and plot its any
four
dx3 dx2 dx

solution
s.
Solution
:
2

In[43]:= sol=DSolve[y '''[x] +3 y ''[x] -25 y'[x] +21 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→1, C[2]→0, C[3]→2}]
sol2=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /. C[1]→-1 2, C[2]→0, C[3]→1
sol3=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→-4, C[3]→2}
sol4=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-0.5, C[2]→-2, C[3]→1}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4},{x,-0.5, 0.5},
PlotStyle-> {{Red, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Purple, Thickness[0.02]},
{Orange, Thickness[0.01]}}, PlotLegend-> {sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4}]
Out[43]= y[x]→ ⅇ -7 x C[1] +ⅇ x
C[2] +ⅇ 3 x
C[3]

ⅇ
-7 x 3 x
Out[44]= +2ⅇ

ⅇ-7 +ⅇ
Out[45]= -
1 3 x
x
2
-7 x x 3 x
Out[46]= -ⅇ -4ⅇ +2ⅇ

Out[47]= -0.5ⅇ -7 x -2ⅇ x

+ⅇ 3 x

20

10

-0.2 0.2 0.4

ⅇ-7x +2ⅇ 3x
-0.4

ⅇ3x - 1 ⅇ-7x
-10
Out[48]=
2

-20
-ⅇ-7x -4ⅇ x +

-0.5ⅇ -7x -2ⅇ

3 2
y y
Question3: Solve third order differential equation d
-4 d
-25 dy
+28y=0 and plot its any
four
dx3 dx2 dx

solution
s.
Solution
:
 3

In[49]:= sol=DSolve[y '''[x] -4 y ''[x] -25 y'[x] +28 y[x]⩵0, y[x], x]

sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→1, C[2]→0, C[3]→2}]
sol2=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-2, C[2]→10, C[3]→3}
sol3=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→-4, C[3]→20}
sol4=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-0.5, C[2]→-2, C[3]→1}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4},{x,-0.5, 0.5},
PlotStyle-> {{Red, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Purple, Thickness[0.02]},
{Orange, Thickness[0.01]}}, PlotLegend-> {sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4}]
Out[49]= y[x]→ ⅇ -4 x C[1] +ⅇ x
C[2] +ⅇ 7 x
C[3]

ⅇ
-4 x 7 x
Out[50]= +2ⅇ

Out[51]= -2ⅇ -4 x +10ⅇ x

4 x
+3ⅇ 7 x
Out[52]= -ⅇ - -

4ⅇ x
+20ⅇ 7 x
Out[53]= -

0.5ⅇ -4 x -2ⅇ x
+ⅇ 7 x

80

60

ⅇ-4x +2ⅇ 7x

20
-2ⅇ -4x +10ⅇ x 40

-0.2 0.2 0.4

-ⅇ-4x -4ⅇ x +
Out[54]=
-0.5ⅇ -4x -2ⅇ

3 2
y y
Question4: Solve third order differential equation d
-13 d
+19 dy
+33y=cos(2x) and plot its
any four
dx3 dx2 dx

solution
s.
Solution
:
4

In[55]:= eqn=y'''[x] -13*y ''[x] +19*y '[x] +33 y[x] -Cos[2 x]

sol=DSolve[eqn⩵0, y[x], x]
sol1=Evaluate[y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→1, C[2]→0, C[3]→2}]
sol2=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→10, C[2]→3, C[3]→6}
sol3=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-1, C[2]→-7, C[3]→0.7}
sol4=y[x] /. sol[[1]] /.{C[1]→-10.5, C[2]→2, C[3]→1}
Plot[{sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4},{x, 4, 6},
PlotStyle-> {{Red, Thickness[0.01]},{Green, Thick},{Purple, Thickness[0.02]},
{Orange, Thickness[0.01]}}, PlotLegend-> {sol1, sol2, sol3, sol4}]
(3)[x]
′ ′′
Out[55]= -Cos[2 x] +33 y[x] +19 y [x] -13 y [x] +y

y[x]→ ⅇ -x 17 Cos[2 x] +6 Sin[2 x]

Out[56]= C[1] +ⅇ 3 x
C[2] +ⅇ 11 x
C[3] +
1625

Out[57]= ⅇ-x +2ⅇ 11 x + 17 Cos[2 x] +6 Sin[2 x]

1625

Out[58]= 10ⅇ -x +3ⅇ 3 x +6ⅇ 11 x + 17 Cos[2 x] +6 Sin[2 x]

1625

Out[59]= -ⅇ -x -7ⅇ 3 x +0.7ⅇ 11 x + 17 Cos[2 x] +6 Sin[2 x]

1625

Out[60]= -10.5ⅇ -x +2ⅇ 3 x +ⅇ 11 x + 17 Cos[2 x] +6 Sin[2 x]

1625

4×10 27

3×10 27

ⅇ-x +2ⅇ 11x +

Out[61]= 2×
10ⅇ -x +3ⅇ 3x

-ⅇ-x -7ⅇ 3x +
1× 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
-10.5ⅇ -x +2ⅇ

System Of Differential Equations:

Q1. Solve the system of differential equation dx
=2y, dy
= -1
x; x(0)=2, y(0)=1.
dt dt 4

Solution:
 5

In[68]:= Sol=DSolve x'[t]⩵2*y[t], y'[t]⩵-1 4*x[t], x[0]⩵2, y[0]⩵1 ,{x[t], y[t]}, t

h1=Plot[{x[t] /. Sol, y[t] /. Sol},{t, 0, 4 Sqrt[2]π}, AxesLabel->
{"t", "x,y"}, PlotStyle-> {Green, Blue}, PlotLegends-> {"x[t]",
"y[t]"}]
h2=ParametricPlot[{x[t], y[t]} /. Sol,{t, 0, 2 Sqrt[2]π}, AxesLabel-> {"X", "Y"}]
Show[GraphicsArray[{h1, h2}]]

Out[68]= x[t]→2 Cos 2 t - 2 t

t + Sin , y[t]→ 2 Sin 2
2
2 t 1
Cos
2 2

x,y

1
5 10 15 x[t]
Out[69]
= -1 t y[t]

-2

-3

1.0

0.5
Out[70]= -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
X
-0.5

-1.0

GraphicsArray : GraphicsArray is obsolete. Switching to GraphicsGrid.

Out[71]=
t X
5 10 15

Q2. Solve the system of differential equation dx

=y, dy
= 1-x 2)y - x; x(0)=1, y(0)=1.
dt dt

Solution:

2 ,
In[76]:= Sol1=NDSolve x'[t]⩵y[t], y'[t]⩵ 1- x[t] *y[t] -x[t], x[0]⩵1, y[0]⩵1
{x[t], y[t]},{t, 0, 30}
k1=Plot[{x[t] /. Sol1, y[t] /. Sol1},{t, 0, 25},
AxesLabel-> {"t", "x,y"}, PlotStyle-> {Blue, Red}]
k2=ParametricPlot[{x[t], y[t]} /. Sol1,{t, 0,
25}, AxesLabel-> {"X", "Y"},
PlotStyle→Dotted]
Show[GraphicsArray[{k1, k2}]]
6

Domain: {{0.,
x[t]→
Out[76]= [t],
30.}}
InterpolatingFunction
Output: scalar

Domain: {{0., [t]

y[t]→
30.}}
InterpolatingFunction
Output: scalar

x,y

1
5 10 15 20 25
Out[77]=
t
-1

-2

Out[78]
-2 -1 1 2
=
X

-1

-2

GraphicsArray : GraphicsArray is obsolete. Switching to GraphicsGrid.

 7

x,y
2

2
1
1
Out[79]
= t X
510152025 -2-1 12
-1
-1
-2

-2

Q3. Solve the system of differential equation dx

=y, dy
+5x+2y=1; x(0)=0, y(0)=-1.
dt dt

Solution:

In[80]:= Sol2=DSolve[
{x'[t]⩵y[t], y'[t]⩵-5*x[t] -2*y[t] +1, x[0]⩵0, y[0]⩵-1},{x[t], y[t]}, t]
s1=Plot[{x[t] /. Sol2, y[t] /. Sol2},{t, 0, 3π}, AxesLabel-> {"t",
"x,y"}, PlotStyle-> {Pink, Cyan}, PlotLegends-> {"x[t]",
"y[t]"}]
s2=ParametricPlot[{x[t], y[t]} /. Sol2,{t, 0, 3π},
AxesLabel-> {"X", "Y"}, PlotStyle→Dashed, PlotRange-> {-1, 0.5}]
Show[GraphicsArray[{s1, s2}]]

ⅇ
1 -t
Out[80]= x[t]→ -Cos[2 t] +ⅇ t Cos[2 t]2 -3 Sin[2 t] +ⅇ t Sin[2
, t]2 5
t
y[t]→-ⅇ - Cos[2 t] -Sin[2 t]

x,y

0.4

0.2

x[t]
Out[81]
= 2 4 6 8 y[t]
t
-0.2
8

0.4

0.2

-1.0 -0.5 0.5

X
-0.2

Out[82]= -0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

GraphicsArray : GraphicsArray is obsolete. Switching to GraphicsGrid.

0.4

0.2
X
-1
.0 -0.5 0.5
Out[83]=
-0.2
t
-0.4

2468 -0.6

-0.8
-1.0
 First Order Partial Differential Equation:

∂u ∂u
Q1. Solve the first order PDE x2 +y2 = (x+y)u .
∂x ∂y

In[5]:= DSolve[x ^ 2*D[u[x, y], x] +y ^ 2*D[u[x, y], y]⩵(x+y) *u[x, y], u[x, y],{x, y}]
Out[5]= u[x, y]→x y C[1] -
x y
∂u ∂u
Q2. Solve the first order PDE x +y = u .
∂x ∂y

In[6]:= DSolve[x*D[u[x, y], x] +y*D[u[x, y], y]⩵u[x, y], u[x, y],{x, y}]
Out[6]= u[x, y]→x C[1] y
x
∂u ∂u
Q3. Solve the first order PDE x +y = nu .
∂x ∂y

In[7]:= DSolve[x*D[u[x, y], x] +y*D[u[x, y], y]⩵n*u[x, y], u[x, y],{x, y}]
Out[7]=
y
u[x, y]→x n C[1]
x

Q4. Solve the PDE ux-uy=1, u(x, 0) =x 2

and plot the solution over the domain [-1,1]x[-1,1].

In[8]:= sol=DSolve[{D[u[x, y], x] -D[u[x, y], y]⩵1, u[x, 0]⩵x ^ 2}, u[x, y],{x,
y}] Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol,{x,-1, 1},{y,-1, 1}]
Out[8]= u[x, y]→x 2 -y+2 x y+y

Out[9]=

Q5. Solve the PDE xux +yu y =xⅇ -u

, u x,x 2
=0 and plot the solution over the domain
[0,2]x[0,2].
2

In[18]:= sol1=DSolve[
{x*D[u[x, y], x] +y*D[u[x, y], y]⩵x*ⅇ^(-u[x, y]), u[x, x ^ 2]⩵0}, u[x, y],
{x, y}] Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol1,{x, 0, 2},{y, 0, 2}]
Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.
Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.
Out[18]= u[x, y]→Log 1+x- y
x

Out[19]=

2
Q6. Solve the PDE yux+xuy=0, u(0,y) =ⅇ -y
and plot the solution over the domain [-1,1]x[-
1,1].
 3

sol2=DSolve y*D[u[x, y], x] +x*D[u[x, y], y]⩵0, u[0,

In[16]:=
,
2 u[x, y],{x, y}
y]⩵ⅇ^ -y
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol2,{x,-1, 1},{y,-1, 1}]

u[x, y]→ ⅇ
x2 -y2
Out[16]=

Out[17]=

Q7. Solve the PDE xux +yu y =2 xy, u x,x 2

=2 and plot the solution over the domain [1,2]x[-
2,2].

In[20]:= sol3=DSolve[{x*D[u[x, y], x] +y*D[u[x, y], y]⩵2*x*y, u[x, x^ 2]⩵2}, u[x, y],{x,
y}] Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol3,{x, 1, 2},{y,-2, 2}]
2 x3 +x 4 y-y 3
Out[20]= [
u ]→
x3

Out[21]=

Q8. Solve the PDE ux+xuy=0, u(0,y) =Siny and plot the solution over the domain [-5,5]x[-5,5].
4

In[24]:= sol4=DSolve[{D[u[x, y], x] +x*D[u[x, y], y]⩵0, u[0, y]⩵Sin[y]}, u[x, y],
{x, y}] Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol4,{x,-5, 5},{y,-5, 5}]
Plot[u[x, y] /. sol4/. x→1,{y,-5, 5}]
Plot[u[x, y] /. sol4/. y→1,{x,-5, 5}]
Out[24]= u[x, y]→Sin 1 -x +2 y
2

Out[25]=

1.0

0.5

Out[26]=
-4 -2 2

-0.5

1.0

0.5

Out[27]=
-4 -2 2

-0.5
 5

Q9. Solve the PDE u +xu= y- 1

x2 2, u(0,y) =ⅇ y
and plot the solution over the domain [-
2,2]x[-2,2].
x y 2

In[28]:= sol5=DSolve
D[u[x, y], x] +x*D[u[x, y], y]⩵ y- 1 2 x^ 2 ^2, ,
u[x, y],{x, y}
u[0, y]⩵ⅇ^y

u[x, y]→ 1ⅇ - x 4ⅇ y +ⅇ x x5 - x x3 y+4ⅇ x x y 2

Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol5,{x,-2, 2},{y,-2, 2}]
2 2
2

2
4ⅇ
2 2 2
Out[28]=
4

Out[29]=

Q10. Solve the PDE uux -uu y =u^ 2+ (x+y) 2, u(x, 0) =1 and plot the solution over
the domain [-2,2]x[-2,2].
6

In[30]:= sol6=DSolve[{u[x, y] *D[u[x, y], x] -u[x, y] *D[u[x, y], y]⩵u ^ 2+ (x+y)^ 2, u[x,
0]⩵1}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol6,{x,-2, 2},{y,-2, 2}]
Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.
Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.
Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.
General: Further output of Solve::ifun will be suppressed during this calculation.

Out[30]= u[x, y]→- ⅇ-2 y1+x 2 -ⅇ 2 y x2 +2 x y-2ⅇ 2 y ,x y+y 2 -ⅇ 2 y y2

-x 2 -2 x y-y 2 +ⅇ 2 x-2(x+y)1+ (x+y) 2
u[x, y]→

Out[31]=

Q11. Solve the PDE ux +xu y =u+1, u x,x 2

=x 2
and plot the solution over the domain [-
2,2]x[1,5].
 7

In[32]:= sol7=
DSolve[{D[u[x, y], x] +x*D[u[x, y], y]⩵u[x, y] +1, u[x, x^ 2]⩵x ^ 2}, u[x, y],
{x, y}] Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol7,{x,-2, 2},{y, 1, 5}]
-x2+2 y -x2+2 y -x2+2 y
Out[32]= u[x, y]→-1+ⅇ x+ -ⅇ x+ x2 +2ⅇ x+
y

Out[33]=
 Finding the Characteristic Equation for First Order PDE and Solving Them:

∂u ∂u
Example1: Find the characteristic curves of the equation x + y =u and plot them.
∂x ∂y
Solution: The characteristic equations dy du
are dx = = .
x y u
Using (i)=(ii) and integrating, we
have, ϕ= y =C , is the first integral.
1
x

Using (i)=(iii) and integrating, we have,

ψ= u =C , is the second integral.
2
x

In[1]:= Plot[{x, 2 x, 3 x},{x,-4, 4}, PlotLegends-> {"y=x", "y=2x", "y=3x"},

Axes→True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "y"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic Curves"]
Characteristic Curves
y

10

5
y=x
Out[1]
-4 -2 2 4 y=2x
=
x
-5 y=3x

-10
2

In[2]:= Plot[{x, 2 x, 3 x},{x,-4, 4}, PlotLegends-> {"u=x", "u=2x", "u=3x"},

Axes→True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "u"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic Curves"]
Characteristic Curves
u

10

u=x
Out[2]
-4 -2 2 4 u=2x
=
x
-5 u=3x

-10

In[3]:= Plot3D[{x, 2 x, 3 x},{x,-4, 4},{u,-4, 4}, PlotLegends-> {"y=x", "y=2x",

"y=3x"}, Axes→True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "u", "y"},
PlotLabel→"Characteristic Curves"]

y=x
Out[3]= y=2x
y=3x
 3

In[4]:= ParametricPlot3D[{{t, t, u},{t, 2 t, u},{t, 3 t, u}},{t,-5, 5},{u,-4, 4}]

Out[4]=
4

In[5]:= ParametricPlot3D[{{t, y, t},{t, y, 2 t},{t, y, 3 t}},{t,-5, 5},{y,-4, 4}]

Out[5]=

∂u ∂u
Example2: Find the characteristic curves of the equation - =1 and plot them.
∂x ∂y
Solution: The characteristic equations are dx
= dy
= du
.
1 -1 1
Using (i)=(ii) and integrating, we
have, ϕ=x+ y=C 1, is the first
integral.

Using (i)=(iii) and integrating, we have,

ψ=u-x=C 2 , is the second integral.
 5

In[6]:= Plot[{1-x, 2-x, 3-x},{x, 0, 3}, PlotLegends-> {"x+y=1", "x+y=2", "x+y=3"},

Axes→True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "y"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic Curves",
PlotRange-> {0, 3}]
Characteristic Curves
y
3.0

2.5

x+y=
2.0
Out[6] 1
=
x+y=
1.5 2
x+y=
1.0 3

0.5

x
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

In[7]:= Plot[{1+x, 2+x, 3+x},{x,-4, 4}, PlotLegends-> {"u-x=1", "u-x=2", "u-x=3"},

Axes→True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "u"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic Curves"]
Characteristic Curves
u

u-
6
Out[7] x=1
=
4 u-
x=2
2
u-

-4 -2
x=3
2 4

-2 x
6

In[10]:= Plot3D[{1-x, 2-x, 3-x},{x,-4, 4},{u,-4, 4},

PlotLegends-> {"x+y=1", "x+y=2", "x+y=3"}, Axes→True,
AxesLabel-> {"x", "u", "y"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic
Curves"]

Out[10]=
x+y=1
x+y=2
x+y=3

In[11]:= Plot3D[{1+x, 2+x, 3+x},{x,-4, 4},{y,-4, 4},

PlotLegends-> {"u-x=1", "u-x=2", "u-x=3"}, Axes→True,
AxesLabel-> {"x", "y", "u"}, PlotLabel→"Characteristic
Curves"]

u-
Out[11]= x=1
u-x=2
u-x=3
 7

In[12]:= ParametricPlot3D[{{t, 1-t, u},{t, 2-t, u},{t, 3-t, u}},{t,-5, 5},{u,-4, 4}]

Out[12]=

In[13]:= ParametricPlot3D[{{t, y, 1+t},{t, y, 2+t},{t, y, 3+t}},{t,-5, 5},{y,-4, 4}]

Out[13]=
8

∂u ∂u
Example3: Find the characteristic curves of the equation x2 + y2 =(x+y)u and plot them.
∂x ∂y
Solution: The characteristic equations are dx
dy
=(x+y)u
= du
.
x2 y2

Using (i)=(ii) and integrating, we

have, ϕ= y-x =C 1, is the first
x
integral.

Using (i)=(iii) and integrating, we have,

ψ= u =C2, is the second integral.
x
x x x
Plot
In[14]:= , , ,{x,-3, 3}, " y-x y-x y-x
PlotLegends-> =1", " =2", " , =3"
1-x 1-2 x 1-3 x xy xy
xy Axes→ True, AxesLabel-> {"x", "y"}, PlotLabel→ "Characteristic
Curves"

Characteristic Curves
y

0.5

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 y-x
x xy=1
-0.5 y-x
xy=2
Out[14]
=

-1.0 y-x
xy=3

-1.5
 9

In[15]:= Plot3D {x-y, 2(x-y), 3(x-y)},{x,-3, 3},{y,-3, 3},

PlotLegends- " u u u ,
=1", " =2", " Axes→True,
>
=3"
x-y x-y x-y
AxesLabel-> {"x", "y", "u"}, PlotLabel→ "Characteristic Curves"

u
x-y=1
u
Out[15]=
=2
x-y
u
=3
x-y
 SOLUTION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION BY VARIATION OF
PARAMETER METHOD:

Solve the equation by variation of parameter-

(a) y''(x) -5y'(x) +6y(x) =2e x

In[1]:= eqn1=D[D[y[x], x], x] -5*D[y[x], x] +6*y[x]⩵0

Out[1]= 6 y[x] -5 ′ y [x] +y [x]⩵0

In[2]:= yc=DSolve[eqn1, y[x], x]

Out[2]= y[x]→ ⅇ 2 C[1]
x +ⅇ C[2]

In[3]:= y1=Exp[2*x]
ⅇ
2 x
Out[3]=

In[4]:= y2=Exp[3*x]
ⅇ
3 x
Out[4]=

In[5]:= w=Wronskian[{y1, y2}, x]

ⅇ
5 x
Out[5]=

In[6]:= r=2*Exp[x]
x
Out[6]= 2ⅇ

In[7]:= v1=Integrate - y2*r w, x

-x
Out[7]= 2ⅇ

In[8]:= v2=Integrate y1*rw, x

-2 x
Out[8]= -ⅇ

In[9]:= yp=y1*v1+y2*v2
Out[9]= ⅇx

In[10]:= Sol=yc+yp
ⅇx + y[x]→ ⅇ
2 x 3 x
Out[10]
= C[1] +ⅇ C[2]

(b) y''(x) +4y(x) =sec 2x

In[45]:= ClearAll[x, y, y1, y2, v1, v2]

In[46]:= eqn2=D[D[y[x], x], x] +4*y[x]⩵0

′′
Out[46]= 4 y[x] +y [x]⩵0
2

In[47]:= yc=DSolve[eqn2, y[x], x]

Out[47]= {{y[x]→C[1]Cos[2 x] +C[2]Sin[2 x]}}

In[48]:= y1=Cos[2 x]
Out[48]= Cos[2 x]

In[49]:= y2=Sin[2 x]
Out[49]= Sin[2 x]

In[50]:= w=Wronskian[{y1, y2}, x]

Out[50]= 2

2
In[51]:= r=Sec x
2
Out[51]= Sec x

In[52]:= v1=Integrate - y2*r w, x

Out[52]= - - 1 1
Sec 2 x Cos[2 x] +
Sin[2 x] 4 8

In[53]:= v2=Integrate y1*r w, x

1 2
Sec 1 Cos[2 x] + 1
Out[53]= x Sin[2 x]
2 4 2

In[54]:= yp= y1*v1 + y2*v2

Out[54]= -Sec Cos[2 - 1 1 + 1 1 1
x] 2 x Cos[2 x] + Sec2 Sin[2 x] Cos[2 x] + x Sin[2 x]
Sin[2 x]

In[55]:= 4 8 2 4 2
Sol=yc+yp
Out[55]= y[x]→C[1]Cos[2 x] +C[2]Sin[2 x]
1 -
1 1 1 1
Sec2 Cos[2 x Cos[2 x] + Sec2 Sin[2 x] Cos[2 x] + x Sin[2 x]
x] - +
Sin[2 x]

(c) y''(x) +y(x) 4 8 2 4 2

=tan(x)

In[56]:= ClearAll[x, y, y1, y2, v1, v2]

In[57]:= eqn3=D[D[y[x], x], x] +y[x]⩵0

Out[57]= y[x] +y′ [x]⩵0

In[68]:= yc=DSolve[eqn3, y[x], x]

Out[68]= {{y[x]→C[1]Cos[x] +C[2]Sin[x]}}

In[69]:= y1=Cos[x]
Out[69]= Cos[x]

In[70]:= y2=Sin[x]
Out[70]= Sin[x]
 3

In[71]:= w=Wronskian[{y1, y2}, x]

Out[71]= 1

In[72]:= r=Tan[x]
Out[72]= Tan[x]

In[73]:= v1=Integrate - y2*r w, x

Out[73]= Log Cosx -Sin x -Log Cos x +Sin x +Sin[x]
2 2 2 2

In[74]:= v2=Integrate y1*r w, x

Out[74]= -Cos[x]

In[75]:= yp= y1*v1 + y2*v2

Out[75]= -Cos[x]Sin[x] +Cos[x] Log Cos x -Sinx -Log Cos
x +Sin
x +Sin[x]
2 2 2 2

In[76]:= Sol=yc+yp
Out[76]= y[x]→C[1]Cos[x] +C[2]Sin[x] -Cos[x]Sin[x] +
x x x x
Cos[x] Log Cos -Sin -Log Cos +Sin +Sin[x]
2 2 2 2

(d) y''(x) -2y'(x) =e x

sin x

In[94]:= ClearAll[x, y, y1, y2, v1, v2]

In[95]:= eqn4=D[D[y[x], x], x] -2 D[y[x], x]⩵0

Out[95]= -2 y
′ [x] +y [x]⩵0

In[96]:= yc=DSolve[eqn4, y[x], x]

ⅇ C[1] +C[2]
Out[96]= y[x]→
1 2
x
2

ⅇ2
1 x
In[105]:= y1=

ⅇ2
2
Out[105]=
x

2
In[106]:=
y2=1
Out[106]= 1

In[107]:= w=Wronskian[{y1, y2}, x]

2 x
Out[107]= -ⅇ

x
In[109]:= r=ⅇ Sin[x]
ⅇ Sin[x]
x
Out[109]=

In[110]:= v1=Integrate - y2*r w, x

- ⅇ-
1 x
Out[110]= Cos[x] +Sin[x]
2
4

In[111]:= v2=Integrate y1*r w, x

1
-
ⅇ
Out[111]=
x
-Cos[x] +Sin[x]

In[112]:= yp= y1*v1 + y2*v2

1 1
ⅇ ⅇ
Out[112]= - -Cos[x] Cos[x] +Sin[x]
x x
+Sin[x] -
4 4

In[113]:= Sol=yc+yp

ⅇ C[1]
Out[113]= y[x]→ 1 1 1
ⅇ ⅇ
2
-Cos[x] Cos[x] +Sin[x]
x x
x +C[2] - +Sin[x] -
2 4 4
 Plot the Integral Surface of a given First Order PDE with the Initial Data:

Problem 1: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux - uy=1,
with the Cauchy data u(x, 0) =x 2.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:

In[1]:= pde=D[u[x, y], x] -D[u[x, y], y]⩵1

0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[1]= -u ( [x, y] +u y]⩵1

In[2]:= sol=DSolve[{pde, u[x, 0]⩵x ^ 2}, u[x, y],{x, y}]

Out[2]= u[x, y]→x 2 -y+2 x y+y

In[3]:= Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5}, PlotLabel→"Integral Surface"]

Out[3]=

Problem 2: Obtain the solution of the linear

equation yux - 2xyuy=2xu,
with the Cauchy data u(0,y) =y 3.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-7,7} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
2

pde=y*D[u[x, y], x] -2*x*y*D[u[x, y],

In[4]:=

y]⩵2*x*u[x, y]
sol2=DSolve[{pde, u[0, y]⩵y ^ 3}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol2,{x,-7, 7},{y,-5, 5},
PlotLabel→"Integral Surface through initial curve"]
0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[4]= -2 x y u ( [x, y] +y u y]⩵2 x u[x, y]
2 4
Out[5]= u[x, y]→ x
y

Out[6]=

Problem 3: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux + uy =u 2,
with the data x+y=0,u=1.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-10,10} and {y,-10,10}.
Solution:
 3

In[7]:= Eqn=D[u[x, y], x] +D[u[x, y], y]⩵u[x, y] *u[x, y]

DSolve[{Eqn, u[x,-x]⩵1}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /.%,{x,-10, 10},{y,-10, 10},
PlotLabel→"Integral Surface through initial curve"]
0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[7]= u( [x, y] +u y]⩵u[x, y] 2

2
Out[8]= u[x,
y]→- -2+x+y

Out[9]
=

Problem 4: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux + uy =1,
with the Cauchy data u(x, 2x) =x 3.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
4

In[10]:= Eqn1=D[u[x, y], x] +D[u[x, y], y]⩵1

sol=DSolve[{Eqn1, u[x, 2 x]⩵x ^ 3}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5},
PlotLabel→"Integral Surface through initial curve"]
0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[10]= u( [x, y] +u y]⩵1

Out[11]= u[x, y]→2 x-x 3-y+3 x 2 y-3 x y

2 +y

Out[12]=

Problem 5: Obtain the solution of the linear

equation u(x+y)ux + u(x-y)u y
=x 2 +y 2,
with the Cauchy data u(x, 2x) =0.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
 5

In[13]:= Eqn2=u[x, y] * (x+y) *D[u[x, y], x] +u[x, y] * (x-y) *D[u[x, y], y]⩵x 2

+y sol=DSolve[{Eqn2, u[x, 2 x]⩵0}, u[x, y],{x, y}]

Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5},
PlotLabel→"Integral Surface through initial curve"]
Out[13]= (x-y)u[x, y]u (0,1) [x, y] + (x+y)u[x, y]u (1,0) [x, y]⩵x 2
+y 2

Solve: Inverse functions are being used by Solve, so some solutions may not be found; use Reduce for
complete solution information.

2
Out[14]= u[x, 2 x2 +3 x y-2 , u[x, y]→ 2 2 x2 +3 x y-2 y 2 ,
y]→- y 2
7
7

u[x, 2 2 2 x2 +3 x y-2 y 2
2 x2 +3 x y-2 , u[x, y]→ 7
y]→- 2
y
7

Out[15]
=

Problem 6: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux + u*u y =1,
with the Cauchy data u(0,y) =4* y.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
6

In[16]:= pde1=D[u[x, y], x] +u[x, y] *D[u[x, y], y]⩵1

sol3=DSolve[{pde1, u[0, y]⩵4*y}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol3,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5}]
Out[16]= u[x, y]u (0,1) [x, y] +u (1,0) [x, y]⩵1
x+2 x 2
+4 y
Out[17]= [
u ]→
1+4 x

Out[18]=

Problem 7: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux + y*u y =0,
with the Cauchy data u(0,y) =4* y.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
 7

In[19]:= pde2=D[u[x, y], x] +y*D[u[x, y], y]⩵0

sol4=DSolve[{pde2, u[0, y]⩵4*y}, u[x, y],{x, y}]
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol4,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5}]
0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[19]= y u( [x, y] +u y]⩵0

Out[20]= u[x, y]→4ⅇ -x y

Out[21]=

Problem 8: Obtain the solution of the linear equation

ux + 2*u y =0,
2
with the Cauchy data u(0,y) =ⅇ -y
.
Plot the integral surface within the range {x,-4,4} and {y,-5,5}.
Solution:
8

In[22]:= pde3=D[u[x, y], x] +2*D[u[x, y], y]⩵0

sol5=DSolve pde3, u[0, y]⩵Exp -y 2 , u[x, y],{x, y}
Plot3D[u[x, y] /. sol5,{x,-4, 4},{y,-5, 5}]
0,1) (1,0) [x,
Out[22]= 2 u( [x, y] +u y]⩵0

u[x, y]→ ⅇ
2
Out[23]= -(-2 x+y)

Out[24]=