Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

5.10 Examples
5.10.1 Analysis of effective section under compression To illustrate the evaluation of reduced section properties of a section under axial compression. Section: 200 x 80 x 25 x 4.0 mm Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal radius of the corners is 1.5t.

Effective breadth of web (flat element) h = B2 / B1 = 60 / 180 = 0.33 K1 = 7 1.8h 1.43h 3 0.15 + h 1.8 x 0.33 =7 1.43 x 0.333 0.15 + 0.33

= 5.71 or 4 (minimum) = 5.71

pcr = 185000 K1 ( t / b )2 = 185000 x 5.71 x (4 / 180)2 = 521.7 N / mm2

f cr 240 = = 0.4 > 0.123 pcr x m 521.7 x1.15

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

4 f cr beff = 1 + 14 0.35 ( pcr x m ) b

0.2

= 1 + 14

4 0.4 0.35

0.2

= 0.983

or beff = 0.983 x 180 = 176.94 mm Effective width of flanges (flat element) K2 = K1 h2 ( t1 / t2 )2 = K1 h2 (t1 = t2 ) = 5.71 x 0.332 = 0.633 or 4 (minimum) = 4 pcr = 185000 x 4 x ( 4 / 60 )2 = 3289 N /mm2
fc 240 = = 0.063 > 0.123 pcr x m 3289 x1.15
beff =1 b

beff = 60 mm

Effective width of lips ( flat element) K = 0.425 (conservative for unstiffened elements) pcr = 185000 x 0.425 x ( 4 / 15 )2 = 5591 N /mm2
fc 240 = = 0.04 > 0.123 pcr x m 5591x1.15
beff =1 b

beff = 15 mm

Effective section in mid-line dimension As the corners are fully effective, they may be included into the effective width of the flat elements to establish the effective section.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

The calculation for the area of gross section is tabulated below:

Ai (mm2 ) Lips Flanges Web Total 2 x 23 x 4 = 184 2 x 76 x 4 = 608 196 x 4 = 784 1576

The area of the gross section, A = 1576 mm2 The calculation of the area of the reduced section is tabulated below:
Ai (mm2 ) Lips Corners Flanges Web Total 2 x 15 x 4 = 120 4 x 45.6 = 182.4 2 x 60 x 4 = 480 176.94 x 4 = 707.8 1490.2

The area of the effective section, Aeff = 1490.2 mm2 Therefore, the factor defining the effectiveness of the section under compression,
A eff 1490 = = 0.95 A 1576

Q=

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

The compressive strength of the member = Q A fy / m = 0.95 x 1576 x 240 / 1.15 = 313 kN

5.10.2 Analysis of effective section under bending

To illustrate the evaluation of the effective section modulus of a section in bending. We use section: 220 x 65 x 2.0 mm Z28 Generic lipped Channel (from "Building Design using Cold Formed Steel Sections", Worked Examples to BS 5950: Part 5, SCI PUBLICATION P125)

Only the compression flange is subject to local buckling. Using mid-line dimensions for simplicity. Internal radius of the corners is 1.5t.

Thickness of steel (ignoring galvanizing), t = 2 - 0.04 = 1.96 mm Internal radius of the corners = 1.5 x 2 = 3 mm Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending
D fy p0 = 1.13 0.0019 py t 280

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

and py = 280 / 1.15 = 243.5 N / mm2

220 280 280 p0 = 1.13 0.0019 x 1.96 280 1.15

= 223.2 N / mm2 Which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression flange, i.e., fc = 223.2 N / mm2 Effective width of compression flange h = B2 / B1 = 210.08 / 55.08 = 3.8

K1 = 5.4

1.4h 0.02h 3 0.6 + h 1.4 x 3.8 = 5.4 0.02 x 3.83 0.6 + 3.8 1.96 pcr = 185000 x 4 x 55.08 fc 223.2 = = 0.24 > 0.123 pcr 937
2

= 3.08 or 4 (minimum) = 4

= 937 N / mm 2

4 beff 1 + 14 f c = 0.35 pcr b

0.2

= 1 + 14
beff = 0.99 x 55 = 54.5

0.24 0.35

4 0.2

= 0.998

Effective section in mid-line dimension: The equivalent length of the corners is 2.0 x 2.0 = 4 mm The effective width of the compression flange = 54.5 + 2 x 4 = 62.5 The calculation of the effective section modulus is tabulated as below:

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Elements Top lip Compression flange Web Tension flange Bottom lip Total

Ai ( mm2) 27.44 122.5 427.3 123.5 27.4 728.2

yi (mm) 102 109 0 -109 -102

Ai (mm3) 2799 13352.5 0 -13459.3 -2799 -106.8

yi Ig + (mm4) 448 + 285498

Ai

yi2

39.2 + 1455422.5 39.2 + 1455422.5 39.5 + 1467064 448 + 285498 5186628.4

The vertical shift of the neutral axis is

y=

106.8 = 0.15 mm 728.2

The second moment of area of the effective section is Ixr = (5186628.4 + 728.2 x 0.152) x 10-4 = 518.7 cm4 at p0 = 223.2 N / mm2 or = 518.7 x

223.2 x 1.15 = 475.5cm 4 at py = 280 / 1.15 N / mm2 280

The effective section modulus is,

Z xr = 475.5 (109 + 0.15) 10 = 43.56 cm3

5.10.3 Two span design

Design a two span continuous beam of span 4.5 m subject to a UDL of 4kN/m as shown in Fig.1.

Factored load on each span = 6.5 x 4.5 = 29.3 kN

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Bending Moment

Maximum hogging moment = 0.125 x 29.3 x 4.5 = 16.5 kNm Maximum sagging moment = 0.096 x 29.3 x 4.5 = 12.7 kNm

Shear Force Two spans loaded: RA = 0.375 x 29.3 = 11 kN RB = 1.25 x 29.3 = 36.6 kN One span loaded: RA = 0.438 x 29.3 = 12.8 kN Maximum reaction at end support, Fw,max = 12.8 kN Maximum shear force, Fv,max = 29.3 - 11 = 18.3 kN

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Try 180 x 50 x 25 x 4 mm Double section (placed back to back) Material Properties: E = 205 kN/mm py = 240 / 1.15 = 208.7 N/mm2 Section Properties: t = 4.0 mm D = 180 mm ryy = 17.8 mm Ixx = 2 x 518 x 104 mm4 Zxx = 115.1 x 103 mm3 Only the compression flange is subject to local buckling Limiting stress for stiffened web in bending
D fy p0 = 1.13 0.0019 py t 280

and py = 240 / 1.15 = 208.7 N / mm2

180 240 p0 = 1.13 0.0019 x x208.7 4 280

= 219.3 N / mm2 Which is equal to the maximum stress in the compression flange, i.e., fc = 219.3 N / mm2 Effective width of compression flange h = B2 / B1 = 160 / 30 = 5.3

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

K1 = 5.4

1.4h 0.02h 3 0.6 + h 1.4 x 3.8 = 5.4 0.02 x 5.33 0.6 + 3.8

= 1.1 or 4 (minimum) = 4

4 pcr = 185000 x 4 x = 13155 N / mm 2 30 fc 219.3 = = 0.017 > 0.123 pcr 13155 beff =1 b

beff = 30 mm i.e. the full section is effective in bending. Ixr = 2 x 518 x 104 mm4 Zxr = 115.1 x 103 mm3

Moment Resistance The compression flange is fully restrained over the sagging moment region but it is unrestrained over the hogging moment region, that is, over the internal support.

However unrestrained length is very short and lateral torsional buckling is not critical.

The moment resistance of the restrained beam is: Mcx = Zxr py

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

= 115.1 x 103 x (240 / 1.15) 10-6 = 24 kNm > 16.5 kNm O.K

Shear Resistance Shear yield strength, pv = 0.6 py = 0.6 x 240 /1.15 = 125.2 N/mm2
1000 x 4 1000t 2 Shear buckling strength, qcr = = = 493.8 N/mm D 180
2 2

Maximum shear force, Fv,max = 18.3 kN Shear area = 180 x 4 = 720 mm2 Average shear stress fv = O.K Web crushing at end supports Check the limits of the formulae.

18.3 x103 = 25.4 N / mm 2 < qcr 720

D 180 = = 45 200 O.K t 4 r 6 = = 1.5 6 O.K t 4

At the end supports, the bearing length, N is 50 mm (taking conservatively as the flange width of a single section)

For c=0, N/ t = 50 / 4 = 12.5 and restrained section. C is the distance from the end of the beam to the load or reaction. Use

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

Pw = 2 x t 2 Cr Cr = 1 + D

fy m

{8.8 + 1.11 N t }

t 750 45 = 1+ = 1.06 750 240 8.8 + 1.11 12.5 103 1.15

Pw = 2 x 42 x1.06 x

Web Crushing at internal support t the internal support, the bearing length, N, is 100mm (taken as the flange width of a double section) For c > 1.5D, N / t = 100 / 4 = 25 and restrained section.
fy m =

Pw = t 2 C5 C6 k= fy 228 x m

{13.2 + 1.63 N t }

240 = 0.9 1.15 x 228

C5 = (1.49 - 0.53 k) = 1.49 - 0.53 x 0.92 = 1.0 > 0.6 C6 = (0.88 - 0.12 m) m = t / 1.9 = 4 / 1.9 = 2.1 C6 = 0.88 - 0.12 x 2.1 = 0.63

Pw = 2 x 42 x1x 0.63 x

240 13.2 + 1.63 25 103 1.15

= 89.8 kN > RB (= 36 kN) Deflection Check A coefficient of

3 is used to take in account of unequal loading on a double 384

span. Total unfactored imposed load is used for deflection calculation.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

max =

3 W L3 384 E Iav 2
=

Iav =
W = 29.3 / 1.5 = 19.5 kN

I xx + I xy

1036 + 1036 = 1036 x104 mm 4 2

max =

3 19.5 x103 x 45003 = 6.53mm 384 205 x103 x1036 x104

Deflection limit = L / 360 for imposed load = 4500 / 360 = 12.5 mm > 6.53 mm O.K

In the double span construction: Use double section 180 x 50 x 25 x 4.0 mm lipped channel placed back to back.

5.10.4 Column design

Design a column of length 2.7 m for an axial load of 550 kN. Axial load P = 550 kN Length of the column, L = 2.7 m Effective length, le = 0.85L = 0.85 x 2.7 = 2.3 m Try 200 x 80 x 25 x 4.0 mm Lipped Channel section Material Properties: E = 205 kN/mm2 fy = 240 N/ mm2 py = 240 / 1.15 = 208.7 N/mm2 Section Properties: A = 2 x 1576 = 3152 mm2 Ixx = 2 x 903 x 104 mm4 Iyy = 2 [124 x 104 + 1576 x 24.82] = 442 x 104 mm4

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design of Steel Structures

Prof. S.R.Satish Kumar and Prof. A.R.Santha Kumar

rmin =

442 x104 2 x1576

= 37.4 mm

Load factor Q = 0.95 (from worked example 1) The short strut resistance, Pcs = 0.95 ? 2 ? 1576 ? 240/ 1.15 = 625 kN P = 550 kN < 625 kN Axial buckling resistance Check for maximum allowable slenderness O. K

le 2.3 x103 = = 61.5 < 180 ry 37.4

O.K

In a double section, torsional flexural buckling is not critical and thus = 1 Modified slenderness ratio,

le ry

2.05 x105 E y = = = 98.5 py 208.7 = 1x 61.5 = 0.62 98.5

Pc = 0.91 Pcs
Pc = 0.91 x 625 = 569 kN > P O. K

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