Basic Integration Rules
1. Power Rule
If you are integrating a power of x:
∫ x^n dx = (x^(n+1))/(n+1) + C (for n ≠ -1)
2. Constant Rule
If you integrate a constant:
∫ a dx = ax + C
3. Constant Multiple Rule
If a constant multiplies a function, you can pull the constant out:
∫ a * f(x) dx = a ∫ f(x) dx
4. Sum and Difference Rule
You can integrate terms separately if they are added or subtracted:
∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫ f(x) dx ± ∫ g(x) dx
5. Exponential Rule
For the natural exponential e^x:
∫ e^x dx = e^x + C
6. Logarithmic Rule
For the reciprocal of x:
∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C (for x ≠ 0)
7. Trigonometric Functions
These are standard integrals for basic trigonometric functions:
1. ∫ sin(x) dx = -cos(x) + C
2. ∫ cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
3. ∫ sec²(x) dx = tan(x) + C
4. ∫ csc²(x) dx = -cot(x) + C
5. ∫ sec(x)tan(x) dx = sec(x) + C
6. ∫ csc(x)cot(x) dx = -csc(x) + C
8. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Integrals involving square roots and quadratics often result in inverse trig functions:
1. ∫ (1/√(1 - x²)) dx = arcsin(x) + C
2. ∫ (-1/√(1 - x²)) dx = arccos(x) + C
3. ∫ (1/(1 + x²)) dx = arctan(x) + C
4. ∫ (-1/(1 + x²)) dx = arccot(x) + C
9. Substitution Rule
When a function is composed with another, use substitution:
∫ f(g(x)) g'(x) dx = ∫ f(u) du (let u = g(x))
10. Integration by Parts
For products of functions, use this formula:
∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v du
