Free Access : Available Online PHCOG J

Oroxylum indicum: A Review

Lawania Rahul Dev, Mishra Anurag, Gupta Rajiv*
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Babu Banarasi Das National Institute
of Technology & Management Dr. Akhilesh Das Nagar, Lucknow 227 105 (U.P.) India
* Author for Correspondence: Prof & Head, Department of Pharmacognosy,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology & Management,
Dr. Akhilesh Das Nagar, Faizabad Road, Lucknow 227105 UP (India) E. Mail: [email protected]
Mobile No. +91 9839278227

Abstract
Oroxylum indicum (Bignoniaceae), also known as Sonapatha or Shyonaka is commonly used herbal medicine
in Ayurvedic system. Roots, leaves and stems of Oroxylum indicum have been used as a single drug or as a
component of certain compound drug preparations in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine for treatment
of various disorders as well as used as a tonic and Rasayana drug. It contains flavonoids like chrysine, baicalein
and Oroxylin-A. Various studies indicated that sonapatha possesses anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective
and immunomodulaory properties mainly. Various other effects like antibacterial, analgesic and gastro-
protective properties of sonapatha have also been reported. It is a tree that is found generally in damp region.
In the present review an attempt has been made to compile and critically analyse various published reports on
Oroxylum indicum.

Keywords: Oroxylum indicum, Ayurveda, anticancer

Editor: Srisailam Keshetti, Phcog.Net
Copyright: © 2010 Phcog.net

*Author for Correspondence: [email protected]

INTRODUCTION BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Oroxylum indicum also known as ‘Sonapatha’ is an It is a tree which can attain a height of 12 meter (40
important herb in Ayurvedic medicine and indigenous feet). The large leaf stalks wither and fall off the tree and
medical system for over thousands of years[1]. Oroxylum collect near the base of the trunk, appearing to look like
indicum has been used as a single drug or as a component a pile of broken limb bones. The tree is a night-bloomer
of certain poly-herbal drug preparations in Indian system and flowers are adapted to natural pollination by bats.
of medicine ie. Ayurveda. It is active ingredient of well They form enormous seed pods that hang down from
known Ayurvedic formulations like Chyavanprash, bare branches. Those long fruits curve downward and
Dashmularistha etc[2]. The root bark and stem bark resemble the wings of a large bird or dangling sickles or
possess antiallergic properties and are used in treating swords in the night. The seeds are round with papery
allergic disease, urticaria, jaundice, asthma, sore throat, wings. Bark is off brown in color. Leaves are 2 to 4 inch
laryngitis, hoarseness, gastralgia, diarrhoea, dysentery, long, broad, leaflets are 5 inch long and 3 to 4 inch broad
infantile, erythema and measles[3–4]. The normal dose having sharp edges. The flowers stalk is one feet long. The
is reported 8 to 16 g of bark in the form of decoction, flowers are purple in color. Fruits are 1 to 3 foot long, 2 to
extract or powder[4–5]. The seeds are active in chronic 4 inch broad. Seeds are flat and are 3 inch in length and
cough and gastralgia: 5 to 10 g daily in the form of a 2 inch in width. The flowers are born in rainy season and
decoction or powder and also used as purgative. An fruit appears in December to March[2–3, 5].
alcoholic maceration of fresh bark is applied externally for
lacquer allergic dermatitis. The fruits of Oroxylum indicum GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
are acrid, sweet, stomachic, anthelmintic, and good in
diseases of the heart and the throat, piles, bronchitis, Oroxylum indicum is native to the Indian subcontinent, in
used as an expectorant, improves the appetite, useful in the Himalayan foothills with a part extending to Bhutan
leucoderma[2, 6–10]. and southern China, in Indo-China and the Malaysia

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 Oroxylum indicum: A Review

ecozone. It is diversely available in the forest of National

Park in Assam, India, reported from Sri Lanka (Ceylon)[5].

TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION[4]
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Magnoliophyta
Class : Magnoliopsida
Order : Lamiales
Family : Bignoniaceae
Genus : Oroxylum
Species : indicum

SYNONYMS[9–10]
Sansk : Prthsuimba, Katvanga
Hindi : Sonapatha, Syonak, Tentoo
Eng : Indian trumplet flower
Beng : Sonagachh
Guj : Tentoo FIGURE 2: LEAVES OF OROXYLUM INDICUM
Punj : Tatpaling, Talvarphali
Mar : Tentoo
Tamil : Peruvaagai

According to Ayurveda it contains[11–13]

Gunna (Properties) – laghu (light), tikshan (sharp) and ruksha (dry).
Rasa (Taste) – madhur (sweet), tikta (bitter)
Virya (Potency) – ushan (hot)

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

The chemical constituents of Oroxylum indicum are always

of an interest for the researcher. A number of secondary
metabolites like flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins,
terpenoids etc. have been reported from various parts of
the plant.

 The leaves have been reported containing flavones

and their glycosides baicalein and scutellarein. FIGURE 3: FRUIT OF OROXYLUM INDICUM

Leaves also contain an anthraquinone, aloe-

emodin[9, 17].
 Bark of the root is reported with chrysin, baicalein
and oroxylin-A. Bark also gave dihydrobaicalein.
Heartwood yielded beta-sitosterol and an iso-
flavone, prunetin. The bark also contains traces of an
alkaloid, tannic acid, sitosterol and galactose[14–15].
 Its root and stem contains three flavones named
oroxylin A (5, 7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone),
baicalein (5, 6, 7- trihydroxyflavone) and chrysin (5,
7- dihydroxyflavone). It also contains pterocarpan
and rhodioside with p-hydroxyphenylethanols and
cyclohexanols[16–18].
 Four flavonoids, chrysin, baicalein, baicalein-7-O-
FIGURE 1: FLOWERS OF OROXYLUM INDICUM glucoside, baicalein-7-O-diglucoside (Oroxylin B)

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 Oroxylum indicum: A Review

and one unknown flavonoid have also been isolated  In Indian system of medicine the root, bark, stem
from the seeds of Oroxylum indicum[19]. Seeds also and leaf are prescribed for snake bite[2].
contain shiny oil, the yield of which was 20%[2].  Leaves are used externally to treat an enlarged
spleen and also to alleviate headaches and ulcers
and also reported for its analgesic and antimicrobial
activity[20].
 In various tribes of India, bark and seeds of the
plant are used in fever, pneumonia and repiratory
troubles[21–22]. It is also used to cure various stomach
disorders.[23].
 In Nepal a root decoction is used in diarrhoea
and dysentery. Seeds are used as a digestive. A
seed paste is applied to treat boils and wounds.
The root is used as astringent, anti-inflammatory,
aphrodisiac, expectorant, anthelmintic and tonic.
The bark is diuretic and stomachic and useful in
diarrhoea and dysentery. Root bark and seeds are
carminative, stomachic, tonic, diaphoretic and
astringent. Root bark is also used to treat bile
problems, cough, diarrhoea, and dysentery[24]. It
is also used in a formulation used for nootropic
acitvity[25].

PHARMACOLOGICAL REPORTS

Although a lot of pharmacological and nonpharmacological

investigations have been carried out on the plant and its
phytoconstituents. A summary of the findings of these
studies is presented below.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY

The aqueous extract of leaves of Oroxylum indicum has

been reported to possess significant anti-inflammatory
activity. The anti-inflammatory activity has been studied
ETHNOMEDICINAL USES in vivo in carageenan induced rat paw edema model and
it was reported that aqueous extract of Oroxylum indicum
 The root bark of plant is acrid, bitter, pungent; leaves exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity
astringent to the bowels, cooling, aphrodisiac, tonic, at a dose level of 150mg/kg body weight and 300mg/
increase appetite, useful in “vata”, biliousness, fevers, kg body weight. Oroxylum indicum aqueous extract at a
bronchitis, intestinal worms, vomiting, dysentery, dose of 300 mg/kg body weight showed maximum anti-
leucoderma, asthma, inflammation, anal troubles. inflammatory activity. However the activity produced
It is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, diaphoretic, by both the dose was less effective than the reference
and rheumatism[2–3]. Paste prepared from sesame standard diclofenac sodium. Extract at both doses
oil (Sesamum indicum) and the powdered bark of showed significant anti-inflammatory activity at 5 hr.
the root is given as digestive tonic. The seeds are against carrageenan injection suggesting that the extract
purgative and taken orally to treat throat infections predominantly inhibit the release of prostaglandin
and hypertension[20]. like substances. In conclusion, leaves of Oroxylum
 The fruits are acrid, sweet; stomachic, anthelmintic; indicum showed anti-inflammatory activity which may
effective in diseases of the throat and heart, piles, be attributed to the presence of different chemical
bronchitis, used as an expectorant; improves the constituents present within[26]. A number of flavonoidal
appetite; useful in leucoderma[6–9]. compounds have also been reported previously as anti-

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 Oroxylum indicum: A Review

inflammatory agent and flavonoids present in plant may extracted Oroxylum indicum with 95% ethanol and tested
be responsible for this activity. for cytotoxic effects determing the anti-proliferative
Aqueous and alcoholic extracts were tested using effects on Hep2 cell lines. Cell proliferation was measured
three different in vitro systems for effects relevant to anti- using a colorimetric method based on the ability of
inflammatory activity of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum. metabolic active cells to cleave the yellow tetrazolium
The aqueous extracts of O. indicum significantly reduced salt XTT to an orange formazan dye and soluble formazan
myeloperoxide release. In the rat hind paw edema test, dye was directly quantified using a scanning multiwall
extract also showed significant activity[27]. All these findings spectrophotometer (ELISA plate reader). Ethanol
suggest, Oroxylum indicum may be useful in management exhibited cytotoxic activity against the Hep2 cell lines at
of chronic inflammatory conditions like arthiritis. a concentration of 0.05%[30].
Roy et al. reported the in vitro effects of baicalein
on the viability and induction of apoptosis in the
ANTI-HEPATOTOXIC ACTIVITY
HL-60 cell line was investigated. The cell viability
Leaves of Oroxylum indicum are widely used as a after treating with baicalein for 24 h was quantified by
prophylaxis for liver disorders in Indian system of counting viable cells using trypan blue staining. The
medicine. Tenpe et al. reproted anti-hepatotoxic activity results showed that baicalein caused a 50% inhibition
of various extracts of Oroxylum indicum Vent. against CCl4 of HL-60 cells at concentrations of 25–30 microM. The
induced hepatotoxicity. Pet ether, chloroform, ethanol inhibition of proliferation of HL-60 cells due to 36–48
and aqueous extracts were administered to diseased h exposure to 10 or 20 microM baicalein was associated
animals (rats) at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and with the accumulation of cells at S or G2M phases.
serum enzymes levels were observed. All the test groups However, proliferation inhibition at a higher dose may
showed a significant reduction in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total be associated with induction by apoptosis and terminal
bilirubin content and a significant increase in the level of deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end
total protein was observed in CCl4 and Oroxylum indicum labeling (TUNEL). The results indicate that baicalein has
treated rats. Among all the extracts ethanolic extract was anti-tumor effects on human cancer cells, and Oroxylum
found to be more effective[28]. Free redical scavenging indicum extract could be used in supplementary cancer
activity was also reported and hepatoprotective action of therapy[31].
these extracts was likely to be due to its ability to scavenge Nakahara et al. reported that methanolic extract of
free radicals and induce microsomal enzymes there by Oroxylum indicum strongly inhibited the mutagenicity
inhibition of the lipid peroxidation induced by CCl4. The of Trp-P-1 in an Ames test. The major antimutagenic
study scientifically proved the folklore use of Oroxylum constituent was identified as baicalein with an IC50 value
indicum in liver disorders and as an ingredient in various of 2.78+/−0.15 microM. The potent antimutagenicity
Ayurvedic formulations used in liver disorders. of the extract was correlated with the high content
(3.95+/−0.43%, dry weight) of baicalein. Baicalein acted
as a desmutagen since it inhibited the N-hydroxylation
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY
of Trp-P-2[32].
Jessica et al. evaluated the anthelmintic activity of Tepsuwan et al. reported the in vivo genotoxic activity
Oroxylum indicum against equine strongyle eggs in and cell proliferative activity in stomach mucosa of
vitro and compared it to ivermectin, one of the most male F344 rats by in vivo short-term methods after oral
effective deworming agents. At a dose of 2×10–5 g/mL administration of a nitrosated Oroxylum indicum Vent
and greater, hatching of the strongyle eggs was delayed fraction, which had been found to be mutagenic without
using Oroxylum indicum. 0% hatching was achieved at S9 mix to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.
2×10–1 g/mL Oroxylum indicum. At a dose of 2×10–4 g/mL Administration of the nitrosated Oroxylum indicum Vent.
and greater, 0% viability of the strongyle eggs and larvae fraction at doses of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight induced
was achieved. The results of the study suggested that dose-dependent DNA single-strand scission in the
Oroxylum indicum may be an appropriate anthelmintic stomach pyloric mucosa 2 h after its administration: a
against equine strongyles[29]. dose of 2 g/kg body weight induced an 18-fold increase
in the DNA elution rate constant. Administration of the
nitrosated Oroxylum indicum fraction at doses of 0.7-2.8
ANTICANCER ACTIVITY
g/kg body weight also induced dose-dependent increases,
Various studies have proved anticancer potential of up to 11-fold, in replicative DNA synthesis in the stomach
Oroxylum indicum using various models. Narisa et al. pyloric mucosa 16 h after its administration. Moreover

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 Oroxylum indicum: A Review

administration of the nitrosated Oroxylum indicum ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

fraction at doses of 0.25-2.0 g/kg body weight induced
dose-dependent increases, up to 100-fold, in ornithine The anti-microbial activity of various extracts of Oroxylum
decarboxylase activity in the stomach pyloric mucosa indicum has been screened against fourteen pathogenic
with a maximum 4 h after its administration. These bacteria (five gram-positive and nine gram-negative)
results demonstrate that the nitrosated Oroxylum indicum and seven pathogenic fungi by Kawsar et al. using disk
fraction has genotoxic and cell proliferative activity in diffusion method. The crude ethyl acetate extract showed
the pyloric mucosa of rat stomach in vivo[33]. mild to moderate activity against all bacteria and fungi
Leticia et al. reported that extract of Oroxylum indicum whereas the methanolic extract showed little activity
showed the toxicity on tumor cell lines tested, with an against bacteria but moderate activity against fungi.
IC50 value 19.6 μg/ml for CEM, 14.2 μg/ml for HL-60, The minimum inhibitory concentration of two isolated
17.2 μg/ml for B-16 and 32.5 μg/ml for HCT-8. On the sea flavonoid compounds from O. indicum were determined
urchin eggs, it also inhibit the progression of cell cycle against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia
since the frist cleavage (IC50 = 13.5 μg/ml). On the basis coli and Shigella dysenteriae and the values were found to
of all these findings it can be concluded that extracts be between 64–128μg/ml. A study by Thatoi et al. further
of Oroxylum indicum, could be considered as potential confirmed the activity by using different strains[36–37]. Ali
sources of anticancer compounds[34]. et al. (1998) studied the effect of dichloromethane extract
of Oroxylum indicum against dermatophytes and wood
rot fungi and reported a strong antifungal activity in
IMMUNOSTIMULATING ACTIVITY dichloromethane extract of Oroxylum indicum[38].

The immunomodulatory activity and the mechanism

of action of the n-butanol fraction (100 mg/kg body GASTRO-PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY
weight, per os, once daily for 22 consecutive days) of the Zaveri et al. reported the gastroprotective activity of 50%
root bark of Oroxylum indicum, was reported by Zaveri et alcoholic extract of root bark of Oroxylum indicum and its
al. in rats using measures of immune responses to sheep different fractions viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl
red blood cells (SRBC haemagglutinating antibody [HA] acetate and n-butanol fractions in ethanol-induced gastric
titer) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. mucosal damage. n-butanol fraction was also studied in
In response to SRBC, treatment with the n-butanol Water Immersion Plus Restraint Stress (WIRS)-model.
fraction caused a significant rise in circulating HA titers Alcoholic extract (300 mg/kg) and its different fractions
during secondary antibody responses, indicating a (at a dose of 100–300 mg/kg) showed significant reduction
potentiation of certain aspects of the humoral response. in gastric ulceration against ethanol-induced gastric
The treatment also resulted in a significant rise in damage. Out of all these fractions, n-butanol fraction
paw edema formation, indicating increased host DTH showed significant maximum inhibition of gastric lesions.
response. Additionally, the antioxidant potential of the In WIRS-model, pretreatment with n-butanol fraction
drug was exhibited by significant reductions in whole showed significant antiulcer and antioxidant activity
blood malondialdehyde content along with a rise in in gastric mucosal homogenates, where it reversed the
the activities/levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase increase in ulcer index, lipid peroxidation and decrease in
and reduced glutathione. Furthermore, histopathologic superoxidedismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione
analysis of lymphoid tissues showed an increase in levels induced by stress. This study reveals significant
cellularity, e.g., T-lymphocytes and sinusoids, in gastroprotective effect of n-butanol fraction against
the treatment group. In a triple antigen-mediated both ethanol and WIRS-induced gastric ulcers in rats[39].
immunological edema model, the extent of edema Flavonoids present in Oroxylum indicum Vent. was found
raised in drug-treated rats was greater compared to that to be responsible for its gastro-protective activity[40].
in control rats, thus confirming enhanced DTH reactions
in response to the drug treatment. Based on the all these
findings, the reported immunomodulatory activity of CONCLUSION
an active fraction of O. indicum might be attributed to
its ability to enhance specific immune responses (both Oroxylum indicum is a highly placed drug in the
humoral and cell-mediated) as well as its antioxidant Ayurvedic medicine. It is one of the most versatile plants
potential[35]. This study also justifies the use of plant in having a wide spectrum of medicinal activities. This
various immunomodulatory formulations of Ayurveda medicinal plant is the unique source of various types
like Chyavanprash etc. of compounds having diverse chemical structure and

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 Oroxylum indicum: A Review

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