9 DIFFERENTIATION

When we speak of velocity, it is the speed with

Let's :Learn the direction of movements. In problems with
no change in direction, words speed and velocity
• The meaning of rate of change. may be interchanged.
• Definition of derivative and the formula The rate of change in a function at a point with
associated with it. respect to the variable is called the derivative of
• Derivatives of some standard functions. the function at that point. The process of finding a
• Relationship between Continuity and derivative is called differentiation
Differentiability.
9.1.2 DEFINITION OF DERIVATIVE AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY

Let's Recall Let f(x) be a function defined on an open interval

containing the point ‘a’. If
• Real valued functions on R.
 f (a   x)  f (a )  exists, then f is said to
• Limits of functions. lim  
 x 0
 x 
• Continuity of a function at a point and over
an interval. be differentiable at x = a and this limit is said to
be the derivative of f at a and is denoted by f ′(a).
9.1.1 INTRODUCTION :
We can calculate derivative of ‘f  ’ at any point x in
Suppose we are travelling in a car from
the domain of f.
Mumbai to Pune. We are displacing ourselves
from the origin (Mumbai) from time to time. We Let y = f ( x) be a function. Let there be a small
know that the average speed of the car increment in the value of ‘x’, say δ x , then
correspondingly there will be a small increment
Total distance travelled
= in the value of y say δ y .
Time taken to travel that distance
 y   y  f ( x   x)
But at different times the speed of the car can be
different. It is the ratio of a very small distance   y  f ( x   x)  y
travelled, with the small time interval required to  y  f ( x   x)  f ( x) .... [  y  f ( x)]
travel that distance. The limit of this ratio as the
time interval tends to zero is the speed of the car As δ x is a small increment and δx ≠ 0, so dividing
at that time. This process of obtaining the speed
is given by the differentiation of the distance  y f ( x   x)  f ( x)
throughout by δ x , we get 
function with respect to time. This is an example x x
of derivative or differentiation. This measures Now, taking the limit as δ x → 0 we get
how quickly the car moves with time. Speed is
the rate of change of distance with time.  y   f ( x   x)  f ( x) 
lim    lim  
 x 0  x x
   x 0  

179
If the above limit exists, then that limiting value
 f ( x  h)  f ( x)  dy
is called the derivative of the function and it is f '( x)  lim   = dx = f '( x)
h 0
 h 
dy
symbolically represented as, = f '( x)
dx The derivative of y = f(x) with respect to x at x = a
dy by method of first principle is given by
so = f '( x)
dx
 f (a  h)  f (a )   dy 
We can consider the graph of f(x) i.e. f (a )  lim   =  dx  x  a
h 0  h   
{(x, y) / y = f(x)} and write the differentiation in
terms of y and x
9.1.4 DERIVATIVES OF SOME
NOTE : (1) If y = f(x) is a differentiable function
STANDARD FUNCTIONS
  y  dy (1) Find the derivative of x n w. r. t. x. for n∈N
of x then lim   and
 x 0   x 
 dx
Solution :
 f ( x   x)  f ( x) 
lim    f '( x) Let f ( x) = x n
 x 0
 x 

(2) Let δ x = h , Suppose that f ( x + h) = ( x + h) n

 f ( a  h)  f ( a )  By method of first principle,

lim   exists. It implies that
h 0  h 
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
f ( x)  lim  
 f ( a  h)  f ( a )   f ( a  h)  f ( a )  h 0  h 
lim   = lim  
h 0  h  h 0  h 
 ( x  h) n  x n 
f ( x)  lim  
 f (a  h)  f (a )  is called the Left Hand h 0
 h 
lim   Derivative (LHD)at x = a
h 0  h 
 x n  nC1 x n 1h  nC2 x n  2 h 2  .......  h n  x n 
= lim  
 f ( a + h) − f ( a )  h 0
 h 
lim+   is called the Right Hand
h →0  h  Derivative (RHD)at x = a  nC1 x n 1h  nC2 x n  2 h 2  nC3 x n 3 h3  .....  h n 
0 
= hlim 
 h 
Generally LHD at x = a is represented as f ′(a-)
or L f ′(a), and RHD at x = a is represented as  h( nC1 x n 1  nC2 x n  2 h  nC3 x n 3 h 2  .....  h n 1 ) 
f ′(a+) or R f ′(a) 0 
= hlim
h

 

9.1.3 DERIVATIVE BY METHOD OF = hlim

0
 nx n 1
 nC2 x n  2 h  nC3 x n 3 h 2  .....  h n 1 
FIRST PRINCIPLE.
The process of finding the derivative of a function = nxn-1+ 0 + 0 +...+ 0 (as h →0 , h ≠ 0)
from the definition of derivative is known as
∴ if f(x) = xn, f (x) = nxn−1
derivatives from first principle. Just for the sake
of convenience δx can be replaced by h.
If f(x) is a given function on an open interval, then
the derivative of f(x) with respect to x by method
of first principle is given by

180
(2) Find derivative of sin x w. r. t. x.  tan( x  h)  tan x 
f ( x)  lim  
Solution : h 0  h 

Let f ( x) = sin x  sin( x  h) sin x 

 cos( x  h)  cos x 
= lim  
f ( x + h=
) sin( x + h) h 0  h 
 
 
By method of first principle,
 sin( x  h).cos x  cos( x  h) sin x 
 f ( x  h)  f ( x )   cos( x  h).cos x 
f ( x)  lim   = lim 

h 0  h  h 0  h 
 
 
 sin( x  h)  sin x 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h   sin h 
h0  [Link]( x  h).cos x 
= lim
 
  2x  h  h
 2cos  2  .sin  2  
lim     
 sin h   1 
h 0  h   . hlim  
h 0 
= lim
   h   0
 cos( x  h).cos x 
 
 h 1    sin   
 sin    = (1).   ........  lim    1
 2x  h   2   1   cos x 
2
  0    
= 2 lim cos   lim   
h 0  2  h 0  h   2 
 2  ∴ if f(x) = tan x, f (x) = sec2x
 

 h (4) Find the derivative of sec x w. r. t. x.

 sin   
 h  2   1 
= 2 lim cos  x   lim   
h 0  2  h 0  h   2  Solution:
 2 
  Let f ( x) = sec x
1   sin p  
= 2 cos x.(1)   .......  lim    1 f ( x + h=
) sec( x + h)
2 
 0
 p  
From the definition,
∴ if f(x) = sin x, f (x) = cosx
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
f ( x)  lim  
(3) Find the derivative of tan x w. r. t. x. h 0  h 
Solution:
 sec( x  h)  sec x 
Let f ( x) = tan x f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h 
f ( x + h=
) tan( x + h)
 1 1 
From the definition,  cos( x  h)  cos x 
lim  
h 0  h 
 f ( x  h)  f ( x )   
f ( x)  lim    
h 0  h 

181
  cos x  cos( x  h)    h
 cos( x  h).cos x   log 1  x    1 
= lim   = lim    
h 0  h h  
 h 0   x
   x 
   
  2x  h   h  
 2 sin  2  .sin  2     log(1 + x)  
    = 1.  
1
= lim   xlim   = 1
h 0  [Link]( x  h).cos x  x  →0  x  
 
 
1
∴ if f(x) = log x, f (x) =
  2x  h    h x
 sin  2    sin  2    1 
    lim   
= 2 hlim
h  
 0  cos( x  h).cos x  h  0   2 
   2  (6) Find then derivative of w. r. t. x. (a > 0)
   
Solution:
2 sin x 1   sin p  
= .(1).   .......  lim    1
cos 2 x 2 
 0
 p   Let f ( x) = a x

∴ if f(x) = sec x, f (x) = secx tanx a x+h

f ( x + h) =
(5) Find the derivative of log x w. r. t. x.(x > 0) From the definition,
Solution:
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
f ( x)  lim  
Let f ( x) = log x h 0  h 
f ( x + h=
) log( x + h)
 a( xh)  a x 
f ( x)  lim  
From the definition, h 0 h
 
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
f ( x)  lim    a x (a h  1) 
h 0  h  = hlim  
0
 h 
 log( x  h)  log( x)   ah 1 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h  = a x lim  
h 0
 h 
  xh   h   a x 1  
 log  x    log 1  x   f ( x)  a x log a.........  lim    log a 
     lim   
= hlim 
x 0
 x  
0  h  h  0  h 
    ∴ if f(x) = ax, f (x) = [Link]
   

  xh   h
 log  x    log 1  x  
lim      lim   
h 0  h  = h  0  h 
   
   

182
Try the following
 h 
= lim  
(1) If f ( x) = 1n , for x ≠ 0, n∈N, then prove that h 0 h ( x  h  x )
 
x
n  1 
f ( x)   0  x  h  x 
= hlim  ...[As h0, h ≠ 0]
x n1 

(2) If f(x) = cos x, then prove that 1

=
f ′( x) = − sin x 2 x
(3) If f(x) = cot x, then prove that
f ′( x) = − cos ec 2 x (ii) Let f(x) = cos (2x + 3)
f(x+h) = cos (2(x+h)+3) =cos ((2x+3)+2h)
(4) If f(x) = cosec x, then prove that
f ′( x) = − cos [Link] x From the definition,

(5) If f ( x) = e x , then prove that f ′( x) = e x  f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 

f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h 
SOLVED EXAMPLES
 cos[(2 x  3)  2h]  cos(2 x  3) 
f ( x)  lim  
Ex. 1. Find the derivatives of the following from
h 0  h 
the definition,   2(2 x  3)  2h  
 2 sin   sin(h) 
lim   2  
(i) x (ii) cos (2x+3) (iii) 4 x (iv) log(3x−2) =
h 0  h 
 
Solution :  

(i) Let f ( x) = x  2 sin(2 x  3  h) sin(h) 

= h 0 
lim 
 h 
f ( x + h) = x+h
 sin h 
== lim[−2sin(2 x + 3 + h)] lim 
From the definition, h →0 h →0  h  

 f ( x  h)  f ( x )    sin   
f ( x)  lim   [2 sin(2 x  3)](1).......  lim 
h 0  h 
=   1
  0    
 xh  x 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0 h f (=x)  2 sin(2 x  3)
 

 xh  x xh  x  (iii) Let f ( x) = 4 x

= hlim 
  
0
 h x  h  x 
4 x+h
f ( x + h) =
 xhx  From the definition
= lim  
h 0 h ( x  h  x )
 

183
  f ( x  h)  f ( x )   3    log(1  px)  
f ( x)  lim   = (1)    lim    1
h 0  h   3x  2   x  0
 px  
 4 xh  4 x 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0
 h  3
f ( x) 
3x  2
 4 x (4h  1) 
= h 0 
lim 
 h 
Ex. 2. Find the derivative of f(x) = sin x, at
h
x  4 1  x =π
= 4 hlim  
0
 h  Solution:
f=
( x) sin
= x sin
= π 0
  a x 1  
 x
f ( x)  4 log 4......  lim    log a  f(π) = sin π = 0

x 0
 x  
f (  h)  sin(  h)   sin h
From the definition,
f ( x) log(3x − 2)
(iv) Let =
 f ( a  h)  f ( a ) 
f (a )  lim  
f ( x +=
h) log[3( x + h) −=
2] log[(3 x − 2) + 3h] h 0  h 
From the definition,  f (  h)  f ( ) 
f ( )  lim  
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) 
h 0  h 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h 
  sin h  0   sin h 
0 
= hlim   hlim  
 h   0  h 
 log[(3 x  2)  3h]  log(3 x  2) 
f ( x)  lim  
h 0  h   sin h 
=  lim 
h 0  h  
  (3 x  2)  3h  
 log  3 x  2  
     sin   
= hlim = –11  lim    1
0  h   0    
 
 
Ex. 3. Find the derivative of x 2 + x + 2 , at
  3h  
 log 1 + 3 x − 2   x=–3
== lim   
h →0  h  Solution :
 
  Let f ( x) = x 2 + x + 2
  3h   For x = – 3, f(– 3) = (–3)2 – 3+2 = 9 – 3 + 2
 log 1 + 3 x − 2    3 
== lim    × =8
3h  
h →0    3x − 2 
 3x − 2  f (3  h)  (3  h) 2  (3  h)  2
 
 h 2  6 h  9  3  h  2  h 2  5h  8

From the definition,

184
  f ( a  h)  f ( a )    f ( a  h)  f ( a )  
f (a )  lim 
h 0  h
 lim  h     lim  hf '(a)
 h 0
  h   h 0
 f (3  h)  f (3)  lim [f(a + h) − f(a)] = 0[f’(a)] = 0
f (3)  lim   h→0
h 0  h 
∴ lim
h→0
f(a + h) = f(a)
 h  5h  8  8 
2

0 
= hlim  This proves that f(x) is continuous at x = a.
 h 
Hence every differentiable function is continuous.
 h  5h 
2
Note that a continuous function need not be
= lim  
h 0
 h  differentiable.
 h(h  5)  This can be proved by an example.
= lim  
h 0  h 
Ex.: Let f ( x) = x be defined on R.
= hlim (h  5)......[h  0, h  0] f(x) = - x for x < 0
0
= x for x ≥ 0
f (3)  5
Consider, lim f ( x)  lim ( x)  0
x 0 x 0
9.1.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DIFFERENTIABILITY AND lim f ( x)  lim ( x)  0
x0 x 0
CONTINUITY
For, x = 0, f(0) = 0
Theorem : Every differentiable function is
continuous. lim f ( x)  lim ( x)  f (0)  0
x0 x 0
Proof : Let f(x) be differentiable at x = a.
Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
Then, f (a )  lim  f (a  h)  f (a )  ........... (1)
h 0   Now, we have to prove that f(x) is not differentiable
 h 
at x = 0 i.e. f ′(0) doesn’t exist.
we have to prove that f(x) is continuous at x = a.
i.e. we have to prove that,
i.e. we have to prove that lim f ( x)  f (a )  f ( 0  h )  f ( 0)   f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) 
x a
lim    lim  
Let x = a + h, x→a, h→0 h 0  h  h 0  h 
We need to show that We have, L. H. D. at x = 0, is f ′(0−)
lim f(a + h) = f(a)
h→0  f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) 
h0  
= lim
The equation (1) can also be written as  h 
 f ( a  h)  f ( a )   h 
f '(a ) lim    lim (1)
lim    lim = h 0  h  h 0
h 0
 h  h 0
As h→0, h ≠ 0 f ′(0−) = −1 ……….. (I)
Multiplying both the sides of above equation by Now, R. H. D. at x = 0, is f ′(0+)
h we get

185
  f ( 0  h )  f ( 0)   2
  52 
lim   (3h)   3 5 lim  h
2
lim  
= 5
h 0  h  =
h 0  h  h 0  h 
   
h    
= lim    lim (1)
h 0  h  h 0  1 
= 2
lim  3 
f ′(0+) = 1……….. (II) 3 h 0  5
5

h 
Therefore from (I) and (II), we get This limit does not exist.

f (0 )  f (0 ) that is ∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 2

3
 f ( 0  h )  f ( 0)   f ( 0  h )  f ( 0) 
h0 
lim   hlim   Ex. 2. Examine the differentiability of
 h   0  h 
Though f(x) is continuous at x = 0, it is not f ( x) =( x − 2) x − 2 at x = 2
differentiable at x = 0.
Solution : Given that f ( x)  ( x  2) x  2

SOLVED EXAMPLES That is f ( x)  ( x  2) 2 for x < 2

2 = ( x − 2) 2 for x ≥ 2
Ex. 1. Test whether the function f ( x)  (3 x  2) 5

 f (2  h)  f (2) 
Lf (2)  lim  
is differentiable at x =
2 h 0  h 
3
 (2  h  2) 2  (2  2) 2 
Solution : = lim  
2
h 0
 h 
Given that, f (=
x) (3 x − 2) 5
 f ( a  h)  f ( a )   h 2 
f (a )  lim   = hlim    lim  h 
h 0  h 
0 
 h  h 0
Lf ′(2) = 0
2
Note that f   = 0  f (2  h)  f (2) 
3 Rf ′(2) = lim  
2 
h 0
 h 
 2 
 f   h   f   
  3
For, x  , f     lim   3   (2  h  2) 2  (2  2) 2 
2 2
 = h 0  
3 3 h  0
 h 
lim 
 h 
 
 h2 

   
2
 = h0    hlim
lim h
 3  h   2   h  0
2 5 

   3   
= lim   
h 0 h Rf ′(2) = 0
 
  So, Lf ′(2) = Rf ′(2) = 0
 
 2
 Hence the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 2.
lim 
 2  3h  2  5

= h 0  
 h
 

186
 Ex. 3. Show the function f (x) is continuous at ∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 3.
x = 3, but not differentiable at x = 3. if Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 3, but not
f(x) = 2x + 1 for x ≤ 3 differentiable at x = 3.

= 16 − x 2 for x > 3. Ex. 4. Show that the function f(x) is differentiable

Solution : f(x) = 2x + 1 for x ≤ 3 at x = − 3 where, f ( x=

) x2 + 2 .
Solution :
= 16 − x 2 for x > 3.
For x = −3, f (3)  lim  f (3  h)  f (3) 
For x = 3 , f(3) = 2(3) + 1 = 7 h 0  h 

lim f ( x)  lim(2 x  1)  2(3)  1  7  (3  h) 2  2  11 

x3 x3 = lim  
h 0
 h 
lim f ( x)  lim(16  x 2 )  16  (3) 2  7
x3 x3  9  6h  h 2  2  11 
= lim  
lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  f (3)  7
h 0
 h 
x3 x3

f(x) is continuous at x = 3.  h 2  6h 
= lim
 
h 0
 h 
 f (3  h)  f (3) 
Lf (3)  lim 
h 0  h
 = lim  h  6 (h→0, h ≠ 0)
 h 0

f (3)  6
 2(3  h)  1  7   6  2h  1  7 
= hlim    lim  
0  h  h 0  h  f (3) exists so, f(x) is differentiable at x = − 3.

3  h)  1  7   6  2h  1  7 
  hlim   EXERCISE 9.1
h   0  h 

 2h  (1) Find the derivatives of the following w. r. t. x

0 
= hlim   lim (2) by using method of first principle.
 h  h 0
(a) x 2 + 3 x − 1 (b) sin (3x)
Lf ′(3) = 2 ……………… (1)
(c) e 2 x +1 (d) 3x (e) log(2 x + 5)
 f (3  h)  f (3)  (f) tan (2x +3) (g) sec ( 5x − 2)
Rf (3)  lim  
h 0  h 
(h) x x
 16  (3  h) 2  7   16  9  6h  h 2  7 
= lim    lim  
h 0
 h  h 0  h 
(2) Find the derivatives of the following w. r. t. x.
at the points indicated against them by using
  h (6  h )  method of first principle
= lim    hlim  (6  h ) 
h 0  h  0
(a) 2 x + 5 at x = 2 (b) tan x at x = π / 4
Rf ′(3) = − 6 ……………… (2)
(c) 23 x+1 at x = 2 (d) log(2 x + 1) at x = 2
from (1) and (2), Lf ′(3) ≠ Rf ′(3)
(e) e3x − 4 at x = 2 (f) cosx at x = 5π
4

187
(3) Show that the function f is not differentiable Let there be a small increment in the value of
at x = −3, x ,say δ x ,then u changes to ( u + δ u ) and v
where f(x) = x2 + 2 for x < − 3 changes to ( v + δ v ) respectively, correspondingly
= 2 − 3x for x ≥ −3 y changes to ( y + δ y )

(4) Show that f ( x) = x 2 is continuous and

  y   y  u   u   v   v
differentiable at x = 0.  y  u   u   v   v - y
(5) Discuss the continuity and differentiability of  y  u   u    v   v  - u  v 
(i) f ( x) = x x at x = 0
 y  u  v 
(ii) f ( x) =(2 x + 3) 2 x + 3 at x = − 3/2
  y  u v
(6) Discuss the continuity and differentiability of As δ x is small increment in x and δ x ≠ 0 ,
f(x) at x = 2 dividing throughout by x we get,

f ( x)   x  if x ∈ [0, 4) . [where [*] is a  y u v u v

  
greatest integer ( floor ) function] x x x x

(7) Test the continuity and differentiability of Taking the limit as δ x → 0 , we get,
f(x) = 3x + 2 if x > 2
 y   u v 
= 12 − x 2 if x ≤ 2 at x = 2.  x 0 
lim   lim   
x  x  0 x x 
(8) If f(x) = sin x – cos x if x ≤ π / 2
= 2 x − π + 1 if x > π / 2 . Test the continuity  y   u   v 
lim    lim    lim   ...... (I)
 x 0   x   x 0   x   x 0   x 
and differentiability of f at x = π / 2
Since u and v are differentiable function of x
(9) Examine the function
  u  du   v  dv
 lim    and lim    ….. (II)
1  x0   x  dx  x0   x  dx
f ( x) = x 2 cos   , for x ≠ 0
x
  y  du dv [From (I) and (II)]
∴  
= 0 , for x = 0  x 0 
lim
x  dx dx
for continuity and differentiability at x = 0.
i.e. dy  du  dv
dx dx dx
9.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
9.2.2 Theorem 2. Derivative of Difference of
9.2.1. Theorem 1. Derivative of Sum of functions.
functions.
If u and v are differentiable functions of x such If u and v are differentiable functions of x such
dy du dv dy du dv
that y= u + v , then = + that y= u − v , then  
dx dx dx dx dx dx
Proof: Given that, y= u + v where u and v are [Left for students to prove]
differentiable functions of x

188
Corollary : If u , v, w..... are finite number Given that, u and v are differentiable functions of x
of differentiable functions of x such that
y = k1u ± k2 v ± k3 w ± .....   u  du   v  dv
 lim    and lim   
 x0   x  dx  x0   x  dx ….. (2)
dy du dv dw
then  k1  k2  k3 ......  y  dv du du
dx dx dx dx  lim   u v  ( 0)
 x 0   x  dx dx dx
9.2.3 Theorem 3. Derivative of Product of [From (1) & (2)]
functions.
If u and v are differentiable functions of x such  y  dv du
 lim   u v
 x 0   x  dx dx
dy dv du
that y = u.v , then u v
dx dx dx
dy dv du
Proof : Given that y = uv i.e. u v
dx dx dx
Let there be a small increment in the value of x,
say δ x , then u changes to ( u + δ u ) and v changes
to ( v + δ v ) respectively, correspondingly y Corollary : If u , v and w are differentiable
changes to ( y + δ y ) functions of x such that y = uvw then

 y+ y  u   u   v   v  dy dw dv du
 uv  uw  vw
dx dx dx dx
 y  u   u   v   v   y
  y  uv + u v  v u   u v  uv 9.2.4 Theorem 4. Derivative of Quotient of
  y  u v  v u   u. v functions.
If u and v are differentiable functions of x
As δ x is small increment in x and δx ≠ 0,
such that
dividing throughout by δ x We get,
du dv
u v  u
dy
 y u v  v u   u v v  v  u v y = where v ≠ 0 then  dx 2 dx
 u v  v dx v
x x x x x
Taking the limit as δ x → 0 , we get, u
Proof : Given that, y = , where u and v are
v
differentiable functions of x
 y   v  u  u v 
  lim u v 
 x 0   x  x 
lim
x x  0  x Let there be a small increment in the value of x
 v   u   u  say δ x then u changes to ( u + δ u ) and v changes
u lim    v lim    lim   lim  v 
 x 0   x   x 0   x   x 0   x   x 0
to ( v + δ v ) respectively, correspondingly y
As δ x → 0 , we get δ v → 0 changes to ( y + δ y )

u u
 y   v   u  \ y  y 
lim    u lim    v lim   v v
 x 0   x   x 0   x   x 0   x 
u u
\ y  y
 u  v v
 lim   lim  v  .... (1)
 x 0   x   v 0

189
 u u u  u 
\ y   .......   y  \ SOLVED EXAMPLES
v v v  v 
Find the derivatives of the following functions
v(u   u )  u (v   v) v.u  v. u  u.v  u. v
 y  
(v   v).v (v   v).v
3

Ex. 1. 1) y = x + logx – cosx

2

v. u  u. v ex – 5
y 2) f(x) = x5 cosecx + x tan x 3) y =
(v   v).v ex + 5
x sin x
As δ x is small increment in x and δ x ≠ 0 , 4) y = x + sin x
dividing throughout by δ x We get,
u v
v.  u Solution :
y v. u  u. v
  2x x
 x  x.(v   v).v v  v. v
3

1) Given, y = x 2 + logx – cosx

Taking the limit as δ x → 0 , we get, Differentiate w.r.t.x.

 u v  dy d 3

v.  u = ( x 2 + logx – cosx)
 y   x  dx dx
lim    lim  2x 
 x 0   x   x 0
 v  v. v 
  d 3
d d
= ( x2 ) + (logx) – (cosx)
As  x  0 , we get  v  0 dx dx dx
1
3 2 1
 u   v  = x + – (– sin x)
v. lim    u. lim   2 x
 x 0   x   x 0   x 
 ......... (1)
v  v. lim ( v)
2 dy 3 1
 v 0 = x + + sin x
dx 2 x
Since, u and v are differentiable functions of x
2) Given f(x) = x5 cosecx + x tan x
  u  du   v  dv Differentiate w.r.t.x.
lim    and lim    ….. (2)
 x0   x  dx  x0   x  dx d
f ‘(x)= (x5 cosecx + x tan x)
du dv dx
v.  u.
 y  dx dx ... [ From (1) and (2)]
 d d
 x 0   x 
lim 
 v 2  v.(0) = (x5 cosecx) + ( x tan x)
dx dx
du dv
v u d d
∴ lim   y   dx dx = x5 × (cosecx) + cosecx × (x5) +
 x 0  
x v 2 dx dx
d d
du dv x× (tan x) + tan x × x
v u dx dx
i.e. dy
 dx 2 dx
dx v = x5× (–cosecx × cotx) + cosecx ×(5x4) +
1
x × (sec2x) + tan x × ( )
2 x

190
 = –x5 [Link] + 5x4 cosecx + Ex. 2) If f(x) = p tan x + q sin x + r, f(0) = −4 3 ,
1
x × (sec2x) + tan x    
2 x f   = −7 3 , f’   = 3 then find p, q
3 3
 ex  5  and r.
3) Given that y =  x 
e 5 Solution :
Differentiate w.r.t.x. Given that f(x) = p tan x + q sin x + r ...(1)
f’(x) = p sec2 x + q cos x ...(2)
dy d  ex  5 
=  
dx dx  e x  5  f(0) = −4 3
d x d put x = 0 in (1)
(e x  5)  (e  5)  (e x  5)  (e x  5)
dx dx
=
(e x  5) 2 f(0) = p tan 0 + q sin 0 + r = r ∴r = −4 3

 
(e x  5).(e x )  (e x  5).(e x ) f   = −7 3 ,
= 3
(e x  5) 2    
∴ from (1) p tan   + q sin   + r = −7 3
3 3
e 2 x  5(e x )  e 2 x  5(e x )
=
(e x  5) 2 3
p 3+q − 4 3 = −7 3 ∴ 2p + q = −6 ...(3)
2
10 e x
=  
(e x + 5) 2 f’   = 3
3
x sin x    
4) y = x + sin x ∴ from (2), psec2   + qcos   = 3
3 3
Differentiate w.r.t.x., q
4p + = 3 ∴ 8p + q = 6 ...(4)
dy d  x sin x  2
=   (4) − (3) gives 6p = 12 ∴ p = 2, put p = 2 in (3),
dx dx  x  sin x 
we get q = −10 ∴ p = 2, q = −10 and r = −4 3
d d
( x  sin x)  ( x sin x)  ( x sin x )  ( x  sin x)
dx dx 9.2.5 Derivatives of Algebraic Functions
=
( x  sin x) 2
[Link]. f (x) f '(x)
 d d 
( x  sin x)   x (sin x)  sin x ( x)   ( x sin x).(1  cos x) 01 c 0
 dx dx 
= ( x  sin x) 2 02 xn nxn-1

( x  sin x).( x cos x  sin x)  ( x sin x).(1  cos x)

= 03 1 n
( x  sin x) 2 −
xn x n +1
x 2 cos x  x sin x  x sin x cos x  sin 2 x  x sin x  x sin x cos x
=
( x  sin x) 2
04 1
x
x cos x + sin x
2 2
2 x
=
( x + sin x) 2

191
 6) y = logex log x3
3
9.2.6 Derivatives of Trigonometric functions
[Link]. y = f (x) dy/dx = f '(x) (III) Differentiate the following w.r.t.x.
01 sin x cos x
02 cos x − sin x 1) y = x2 x +x4logx
03 tan x sec2 x 5

04 cot x − cosec2 x 2) y = exsecx − x 3 logx

05 sec x sec x tan x
3) y = x4 + x x cos x − x2ex
06 cosec x − cosec x cot x
4) y = (x3 − 2) tan x − x cos x + 7x.x7
9.2.7 Derivatives of Logarithmic and
Exponential functions 5) y = sinx logx + ex cosx − ex x
[Link]. y = f (x) dy/dx = f '(x) 6) y = ex tanx + cos x log x − x 5x
01 log x 1/x
02 ex ex (IV) Differentiate the following w.r.t.x.
03 ax ax log a
x2  3
1) y= 2
x 5
EXERCISE 9.2
x 5
2) y=
(I) Differentiate the following w.r.t.x x 5
4 xe x
1) y = x + e − sin x
3 x 3) y=
x + ex
2) y= x + tan x − x3 x log x
4) y=
3 x + log x
3) y = log x − cosec x + 5x − 3
x2 x 2 sin x
5) y=
7 4 5 x + cos x
4) y = x + 5x −
3 5
2
x5 5e x − 4
6) y=
2 3e x − 2
5) y = 7x + x7 − x x − logx + 77
3
4 (V) (1) If f(x) is a quadratic polynomial such
6) y = 3 cotx − 5ex + 3logx − 3 that f(0) = 3, f '(2) = 2 and f '(3) = 12
x4 then find f(x)
(II) Differentiate the following w.r.t.x.
 
1) y = x5 tan x (2) If f(x) = a sin x−b cos x, f '   = 2
4
 
2) y = x3 logx and f '   = 2, then find f(x).
6
3) y = (x2 + 2)2 sin x
(VI) Fill in the blanks. (Activity Problems)
4) y = ex logx
(1) y = [Link]
3
5) y = x exlogx
2 diff. w.r.t.x.

192
 dy d x f ( x) f '( x) p
= (e tan x) then lim  lim 
dx dx xa g ( x) x  a g '( x ) q
d d If lim g'(x) = 0, then provided
tan x tan x x→a
dx dx
lim f '(x) = 0, we can study lim f '(x)
tan x . x→a x → a g'(x)

ex using the same rule.

sin x  sin x 
(2) y= Ex. 1 : lim  2 
x2 + 2 x 0
 x 
diff. w.r.t.x.
Here f(x) = sinx, lim
x→0
f(x) = 0 and
d d
(sin x) sin x g(x) = x2, lim g(x) = 0
dy dx dx x→0
2 2
dx ( x 2) f '(x) = cos x, lim f '(x) = cos 0 = 1 ≠ 0
x→0
sin x
( x 2) 2
2 g'(x) = 2x, lim
x→0
g'(x) = 2(0) = 0

Since lim
x→0
g'(x) = 0. L’ Hospital Rule cannot
( x2 2) 2 be applied.

3) y = (3x2 + 5) cos x  x 2  7 x  10 
Ex. 2 : x 2  x 2  2 x  8 
lim
Diff. w.r.t.x  
Here f(x) = x2 − 7x + 10, lim f(x) = 0 and g(x)
dy d x→2
 (3 x 2  5) cos x  = x2 + 2x − 8 lim g(x) = 0
dx dx  x→2

d d f '(x) = 2x −7, lim f '(x) = 2(2) − 7 = −3 ≠ 0

  3x 2  5    cos x   x→2
dx dx
g'(x) = 2x +2, lim g'(x) = 2(2) + 2 = 6 ≠ 0,
  3x  5 
x→2
2
  cos x   So L ‘Hospital’ s rule is applicable.
dx
∴   3x 2  5     cos x  x 2  7 x  10 
dy ∴ lim  2 
x2
 x  2x  8 
4) Differentiate tan x and sec x w.r.t.x. using
 2 x  7  3 1
the formulae for differentiation of u and 1  lim    
v v x2
 2x  2  6 2
respectively.

Brief idea of L’ Hospital Rule

Let's Remember
Consider the functions f(x) and g(x),

If lim
x→a
f(x) = 0 and lim
x→a
g(x) = 0 and if • f(x) is differentiable at x = a if
lim f '(x) = p and lim g'(x) = q where q ≠ 0 Lf  ′(a) = Rf  ′(a)
x→a x→a

193
• Derivative by First Principle : ax + b dy
f(x + h) – f(x) 2) If y = cx + d , then =
f  ′(x) = lim dx
h→0 h
• Derivatives of standard functions : ab  cd ax  c
(A) (B) (cx  d ) 2
dy (cx  d ) 2
y = f(x) = f ′(x)
dx
c(constant) 0 ac  bd ad  bc
(C) (D)
xn nxn–1 (cx  d ) 2 (cx  d ) 2
1 – nn+1 3x + 5 dy
xn x
3) If y = , then =
1 4x + 5 dx
x
2 x
sin x cos x 15 15
(A)  (3x  5)2 (B)  (4 x  5)2
cos x –sin x
tan x sec2 x
5 13
cot x –cosec2 x (C)  (4 x  5)2 (D) 
(4 x  5) 2
sec x sec x tan x
cosecx –cosecx cot x
loge x 1 5 sin x  2 dy
x 4) If y = , then =
4 sin x  3 dx
loga x 1
x log a 7 cos x 23 cos x
ex ex (A) (B)
(4 sin x + 3) 2 (4 sin x + 3) 2
ax ax log a
u±v u′ ± v′ 7 cos x 15 cos x
(C)  (D) 
uv uv′ + u′v (4 sin x  3) 2 (4 sin x  3) 2
u vu′ – uv′
v v2 5) Suppose f(x) is the derivative of g(x) and g(x)
is the derivative of h(x).
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE-9 If h(x) = asin x + bcos x + c then f(x) + h(x) =

I) Select the appropriate option from the (A) 0 (B) c (C) −c (D) −2(asin + b cosx)
given alternative.
6) If f(x) = 2x + 6 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
x4 dy
1) If y = , then = ax2 + bx for 2 < x ≤ 4
x2 dx
is differentiable at x = 2 then the values of
1 x a and b are.
(A) (B)
x+4 ( x + 2) 2 3 3
(A) a   , b  3 (B)=a = ,b 8
2 2
1 x
(C) (D) 3
2 x ( x + 2) 2 (C)=a
1
=,b 8 (D) a   , b  8
2 2

194
7) If f(x) = x2 + sin x + 1 for x ≤ 0 (4) Determine all real values of p and q that
= x2 − 2x + 1 for x ≤ 0 then ensure the function

(A) f is continuous at x = 0, but not f ( x=

) px + q for, x ≤ 1
differentiable at x = 0
πx 
(B) f is neither continuous nor differentiable
= tan   , for 1 < x < 2 is differentiable at
 4 
x =1.
at x = 0
(5) Discuss whether the function
(C) f is not continuous at x = 0, but
f ( x) = x + 1 + x − 1 is differentiable ∀x ∈ �R
differentiable at x = 0

(D) f is both continuous and differentiable (6) Test whether the function
at x = 0 f ( x=
) 2 x − 3 , for x ≥ 2

x x x
50 49
x 48 2
= x-1, for x < 2
8) If, f(x)     ....   x  1 ,
50 49 48 2
then f '(1) = is differentiable at x = 2.

(A) 48 (B) 49 (C) 50 (D) 51 (7) Test whether the function

II) f ( x=
) x 2 + 1 , for x ≥ 2
= 2x+1, for x < 2
(1) Determine whether the following function is
differentiable at x = 3 where, is differentiable at x = 2.

f ( x=
) x2 + 2 , for x ≥ 3 (8) Test whether the function
= 6x − 7 , for x < 3.
f ( x=
) 5 x − 3x 2 for x ≥ 1
(2) Find the values of p and q that make = 3-x , for x < 1
function f(x) differentiable everywhere on R
is differentiable at x = 1.
f ( x)= 3 − x , for x < 1
= px 2 + qx , for x ≥ 1 . (9) If f(2) = 4, f ′(2) = 1 then find

(3) Determine the values of p and q that make  xf (2) − 2 f ( x) 

lim
the function f(x) differentiable on R where x →2 
 x−2 

f ( x) = px3 , for x < 2 ex dy

= x2 + q , for x ≥ 2 . 10) If y = find when x = 1.
x dx

v v v

195