TOWN PLANNING & URBAN MANAGEMENT

Definition:
“The planning and control of the construction, growth, and development of a town or other urban area”
“A city should be built to give its inhabitants security & happiness” Aristotle
“A place where men had a common life for a noble end” Plato
What is Town Planning: Physical, social and economic planning of an urban environment. It encompasses many different disciplines and brings
them all under a single umbrella. The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organization of all elements of a town or other urban
environment. The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure the maximum practicable
degree of economy convenience and beauty economy, convenience, and beauty. An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating
buildings and environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for
both rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for the majority of mankind.
Town planning: 1-Well balanced social & economic development. 2-Improvement of life quality. 3-Responsible administration of resources &
environment protection. 4-Rational use of land
Gist Points: 1- Social-Man’s interrelationship & behavior. 2- Economic-Financial environment. 3- Political-Ideological environment. 4- Physical-
Built environment. 5- Cultural-Spiritual environment. 6- Ecological-Natural environment
Role of Planners: Consider – “human communities are always in the process of changing, Recognize – “the complexity of communities, Concern –
about the future.
If Planning deemed not commenced!: Uneven & Chaotic development – contrasting urban scenario. Mixed Land use – Industries springing up in
residential zones. Congested Transportation Network – overflowing traffic than expected. Objectives & Goals of Town Planning.
Health: •To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people • To make right use of the land for the right purpose by zoning
etc. • To ensure orderly development • To avoid encroachment of one zone over the other
Convenience: • Social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc. •Open spaces, parks, gardens & playgrounds, town halls, stadiums,
community centers, cinema houses & theaters.
Beauty: • To preserve the individuality of the town people • To preserve the aesthetics in all design of all elements of town or city plan.
Town Planning of Indus Valley/Harappa: Geography: -Pak & North West India, in between Indus River & Ghaghara Hakra River -Harappa
Civilization, Sahraswardi/Sindhu Civilization.
It's Town Planning Concepts: •Sophisticated and advanced urban culture. •streets in perfect grid patterns in both Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa. •
World’s first sanitation system. • Individual wells and separate covered drains along the streets for waste water. • Houses opened to inner courtyards
& smaller lanes. • Impressive dockyards, graneries, warehouses, brick platforms & protective walls. • Massive citadels protected the city from floods
& attackers. • City dwellers – traders & artisans. • All the houses had access to water & drainage facilities
Development of Cities: • grew in size & density and surrounded by numerous towns & villages. • Cities interlinked by trade & economic activities,
religious beliefs, social relations, etc. • Vast agricultural lands, rivers & forests by pastoral communities, fisher folk and hunters surrounded each city
Classification of Towns: -Small villages-0-10 hectares -Large towns-10-50 hectares -Cities-50 hectares
Areas: Mohenjodaro~200 Hectares, Harappa~150 Hectares
Populations: Mohenjodaro~35‐41000, Harappa~23500, Town Planning of Moen Jo Daro
Excavation showed: The most striking feature of the Harappa cities is their town planning. The Harappa City was divided into the upper town called
the Citadel and the lower town. The various features of the Harappa town Planning is given below:
Granaries: The granary was the largest structure in Mohenjo-Daro, in Harappa there were about six granaries or storehouses. These were used for
storing grain.
Great Bath: This was another important structure in Mohenjo-Daro. The floor of the bath had five layers. It was so watertight that even today it holds
water. There were changing rooms. People probably used it during festivals and religious ceremonies.
Town Hall: A palace-like building that looked like an assembly hall for the city government of for people to meet.
Lower Hall: This was the residential area where the common people lived.
Streets: The roads and streets intersected at right angles. There were covered drains along the road. Houses were built on either side of the roads and
streets.
Drainage System: The drainage system of the Harappa cities was the best known to the world in ancient times. The brickwork prevented the dirty
water from leaking. Wooden screens stopped the solid wastes from being washed away with the water. Drains were built either side of the roads. They
were covered with stones which could be removed in order to clean them.
Houses: The houses varied in size. Some might have been two store. The houses were made of burnt bricks. Most of the houses had central courtyard,
well, bathing area and kitchen.
Kot Diji -Excavated in 1955-67, 22 km away from Khairpur -Kot Diji fort-1790 by Talpurs -Rani Kot/Fort Ahmadabad
Hundreds of years ago, at the edge of a desert in Sindh, the Talpurs constructed a pompous fort atop a hill. This emblematic fort, dominating the town
of Kot Diji in Khairpur district and known as Kot Diji Fort, was built in between 1785 to 1795. Driving towards Khairpur district from the National
Highway, it is hard to miss this fort’s opulence, breaking the monotony of the skyline. When I got off the car, right by the entrance I noticed this place
with a cafeteria with traditional handmade items from Sindh decorated along the entrance. This was the brave Sadiqa Salahuddin's 'khazana,' an off-
shoot of the Indus Resource Centre (IRC). Khazana employs local women and showcases various handicrafts made by them such as patchwork, hand
embroideries, table-mats, coasters and ceramics, all for sale. I took a quick look and then made my way to the fort. History suggests that this fort was
built on a strategic location since it provided an edge over enemies marching from the east. A fatigued army could be encountered before trooping
towards irrigated lands in search of water. The fort was apportioned into three parts among the Talpurs. One of the parts came under the rule of the
Mirs in Hyderabad; the second portion went to the Talpurs of Mirpur Khas while the Talpurs of Khairpur Mirs held the third portion under control. It
is recorded in history that the first Talpur ruler of Khairpur Mirs, Mir Sohrab Khan (founder of the Kingdom of Upper Sindh), founded a number of
forts in order to safeguard the frontiers of his rule. He is accredited for constructing forts such as Imam Garh in the Thar region, Shah Garh towards
Jodhpur, Jaisalmer and Ahmad Abad at Diji. The fort has only one main entrance on the east, saving it against any raiding enemy. The gate known as
Shahi Darwaza or the royal gate in itself is a work of engineering genius. Built on the plan of a curved entrance, the fort has a small courtyard, which
is accessible only from outside. The space is further guarded by two heavy bastions keeping space to trap any proceeding army aiming to destroy the
fort by attacking from the musketry holes and battlements on the top. The access through the bastions is from the east, while the wooden gate with
heavy iron spikes totalling 234, stands towards the western corner of the northern wall. These spikes ensured that no heavy contingent, or elephants,
could be employed to break open the wooden gates. And through its history the fort has never been attacked. Kot Diji is constructed on a limestone
hill with kiln-baked bricks. Apparently the bricks were used since they were locally accessible and limestone rocks were believed to be very brittle
and would have shattered easily upon impact with a cannon ball. The hill is about 110 feet high, above which the walls of the fort rise another 30 feet.
It has three strategically placed towers about 50 feet tall. The fort was built at a time when cannons had become common and its design and position
reveal that. It includes several stations for cannons and because it is positioned high on a narrow ridge, enemy cannons would have had to fire at a
massive distance and with little accuracy. Cannonballs could either hit the hill or would end up flying over the fort and fall on the enemies' own forces
on the other side. In addition to the main entrance through Shahi Gate, the fort has as many as three secret small passages, which were used in case of
emergency. After crossing the Shahi Gate we entered a small semi-circular open space with high walls on three sides. These provide a climbing access
to the main fort. After crossing the second gate a tunnel-like access leads to the top through a third gate. The main portion of the fort is beyond this
point. This military fort is designed to be fully equipped to offer defence and to withstand an invasion. In addition to this it houses heavy bastions,
towers, an ammunition depot, water reservoir, the Mirs’ harem, a prison, a place of holding court and cells to accommodate guards and sepoys. These
burjs were also used to mount the cannons at their tops. These cannons were of different sizes, but since there was sufficient space on each bastion,
these could be aimed in different directions. Almost facing the third gate are some roofless rooms beside the ghulam gardish. These were used as
ammunition depot or what is locally known as barood khano. Mir Sohrab Khan made this fort his abode a few years before his death, but soon handed
over the power to his sons. In January 1843, British troops also stayed here at a time when Charles Napier was on his military adventure to invade and
conquer Imam Garh.
Mehrgarh: ~Dhadhar, Balouchistan/Bolan Pass, 2nd Oldest after Bhirra (India) -Neolithic age-6500-2500 BC~farming, sheeps -Size-495 acre old
village has been founded -Excavated in 1974 by Jean Francisco & Catherine
Town planning: Mud Bricks, Metal using,
Period I- (7000-5500) Neolithic: Stone, Bone tools, farming, ornaments, and shells
Period II-(5500-4800) Ceramic Neolithic: Woman decoratings, pottery, human figures etc
Mehrgarh (Balochi: Mehrgaŕh; Pashto: ‫ ;مهرګړ‬Urdu: ‫مہرگڑھ‬, sometimes anglicized as Mehergarh or Mehrgar, near the capital of the Kachi District
Dadhar, is one of the most important Neolithic (6500 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) sites in archaeology It lies on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It
is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia.
Map of Pakistan showing Mehrgarh in relation to the cities of Quetta, Kalat, and Sibi and the Kachi Plain of Baluchistan. Mehrgarh is located near the
Bolan Pass, to the west of the Indus River valley and between the Pakistani cities of Quetta, Kalat and Sibi. The site was discovered in 1974 by an
archaeological team directed by French archaeologists Jean-François Jarrige and Catherine Jarrige, and was excavated continuously between 1974 and
1986, and again from 1997 to 2000. The earliest settlement at Mehrgarh, in the northeast corner of the 495-acre (2.00 km2) site, was a small farming
village that has been dated to between 6500 BCE to 5500 BCE. The whole area covers a number of successive settlements. Archaeological material
has been found in six mounds, and about 32,000 artifacts have been collected.
Mehrgarh Period I: Mehrgarh Period I 7000 BCE–5500 BCE, was Neolithic and aceramic (i.e., without the use of pottery). The earliest farming in
the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was
established with simple mud buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods
such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males.
Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli and sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. Sea shells
from far sea shore and lapis lazuli found as far away as present-day Badakshan, Afghanistan shows good contact with those areas. A single ground
stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified
context in the South Asia. Periods I, II and III are contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul Mohammed.
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of two men from Mehrgarh made the discovery that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization, from the
early Harappan periods, had knowledge of proto-dentistry. Later, in April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and
first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their
discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine
adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition
of a type of proto-dentistry in an early farming culture."
Period II and Period III: Mehrgarh Period II 5500 BCE–4800 BCE and Merhgarh Period III 4800 BCE–3500 BCE were ceramic Neolithic (i.e.,
pottery was now in use) and later chalcolithic. Period II is at site MR4 and period III is at MR2.Much evidence of manufacturing activity has been
found and more advanced techniques were used. Glazed faience beads were produced and terracotta figurines became more detailed. Figurines of
females were decorated with paint and had diverse hairstyles and ornaments. Two flexed burials were found in period II with a covering of red ochre
on the body. The amount of burial goods decreased over time, becoming limited to ornaments and with more goods left with burials of females. The
first button seals were produced from terracotta and bone and had geometric designs. Technologies included stone and copper drills, updraft kilns,
large pit kilns and copper melting crucibles. There is further evidence of long-distance trade in period II: important as an indication of this is the
discovery of several beads of lapis lazuli, once again from Badakshan. Mehrgarh Periods II and III are also contemporaneous with an expansion of the
settled populations of the borderlands at the western edge of South Asia, including the establishment of settlements like Rana Ghundai, Sheri Khan
Tarakai, Sarai Kala, Jalilpur and Ghaligai.
Gandhara Civilization: Location:Northern Pakistan and Afghanistan, in vale of Peshawar, Potohar Plateau on the Kabul River, Cities:Pushapura
(Peshawar) “city of man”, Varmayana “modern Bamayan”, Takshahila “Taxila”, Period: 1st millennium BC to 11th century AD, Rulers: Alberuni,
Ghaznavi & then Gandhara name disappeared, Texila: The Gandharan city of Taxila was an important Buddhist and Hindu centre of learning from
the 5th century BC to the 2nd century. Sawat+Dir+Peshawar+Taxila was called Gandhara, Evidences: of Stone Age (Cave), Bronze Age, Gandhara
script writings etc. Budhist art
This civilization is symbol of human, religious, art and history development.
Five-Year Plans of Pakistan: The Five-Year Plans for the National Economy of Pakistan (otherwise publicly known as Five-Year Economic Plans
for the National Economy), were the series of nationwide centralised economic plans and targets as part of the economic development initiatives, in
the Pakistan. The plan was conceived by the Ministry of Finance (MoF), and were studied and developed by the Economic Coordination Committee
(ECC) based on the theory of Cost-of-production value, and also covered the areas of Trickle-down system. Supervision and fulfillment of this
programed became the watchword of Pakistan's civil bureaucracy since early 1950s.
Inspired by the Five-Year Plans of Soviet Union, the programed was vision and proposed by the Finance Minister Malick Ghoulam to Prime minister
Liaquat Ali Khan who initially backed the programmer, in 1948.The first five-year plans were approved by the prime minister Ali Khan in 1950 for
the period of 1950-55; it was accepted in a view to serve in the rapid and intensified industrialization, expansion of banking and financial services,
with a major focus on heavy industry. Although not five-year plans did not take up the full period of time assigned to them, some of the plans were
failed and abandoned whilst some completed successfully. Altogether, there were eight five-year plans (starting 1950 till 1999) and were replaced with
the more effective programed, the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) under Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz (office: 2004-2007).
History of planning in Pakistan: 5 year plans.
Five Years plan of Pak: -The 5y Plans for national economy known as 5y economic plans for the national economy, are the series of nation’s economic
development programs. -conceived by MoF, studied by (ECO) Economic Coordination Commission based on the theory of Cost-of-production value
& also covered the area of tickle-down system under the supervison of civil bureaucracy since early 1950s. -Inspired by th USSR 5y plans, proposed
by the Finance Minister Malik Ghulam Mohd to to PM Liaquat who backed the program in 1948. -Though plan had been failed and successful since
1950 to 1999. -Then, replaced the more effective plan (MTDP) Medium Term Development Program by PM Shaukat Aziz’s tenure in (2004-2007) -
MTDP-was initiated to strengthen national economy & civil infrastructure. -drafted by Aziz to to turn the pak into major industrialized nation, to
achieve MDGs, emphasized macroeconomic connected to development of science, IT, human resource, edu, labour, & taxation finance management.
Urban rural difference
BASIS FOR URBAN RURAL
COMPARISON
Meaning A settlement where the population is very high and has the features An area located in the outskirts, is known as
of a built environment, is known as urban. rural.
Includes Cities and towns Villages and hamlet
Life Fast and complicated Simple and relaxed
Environment Greater isolation from nature. Direct contact with nature.
Associated with Non-agricultural work, i.e. trade, commerce etc Agriculture and livestock.

Population size Densely populated Sparsely populated

Development Planned settlement exists in urban areas that are developed Developed randomly, based on availability of
according to the process of urbanization and industrialization. natural vegetation and fauna in the area.

Social mobility Highly intensive Less intensive

Division of labor Always present at the time of job allotment. No such division.

What is a Settlement?
In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live. A settlement can range in size
from a small number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages,
towns and cities. Simply, settlements are "a city, town, village or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work. A settlement
conventionally includes its constructed facilities such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woods, wind
and water mills, manor houses, moats and churches. The hierarchy of urban settlements is arranging them vertically from top to bottom based on the
size of the urban population. Classification is done according to 3 criteria: Size of the population, Functions performed, Sphere of influence.
Sphere of influence: The sphere of influence is the area served by a settlement. The larger the settlement, the greater the number and variety of shops
and services and the wider the area from which people have to travel to use the center. London’s sphere of influence is the whole country, Newcastle
and Leeds serve local regions, market towns serve smaller villages and farms in the area and a village only serves itself. Smaller settlements tend to
have fewer shops and services than larger settlements. As they just might have convenience goods stores, which provide low-order such as small
supermarkets. But in larger settlement there are more shops and services for example as well as convenience goods stores they also have, department
stores and specialist shops which provide a whole variety of goods and services and this is called high-order. The types of goods and services are
linked to the following: The threshold population: the minimum number of people required to support a service so that it remains profitable. The
range of goods: the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to use a shop or service.
Functions of a settlement: The function of a settlement is its purpose, why it is there and the “work” that it does. It can be assessed by looking at the
occupational structure of the settlement.
Towns with balance occupational structure: no single employment group dominates e.g. Manchester
Fishing towns: fishing employs over 5% of the workers in the town e.g. Peterhead
Engineering town: engineering employs 15% of workers in the town e.g. Birmingham
Resort towns: personal service and entertainment employ over 20% of workers in the town e.g. Blackpool
Commercial towns: Commerce and finance form the largest single group, employing over 10% of workers e.g. London
Functional Classification of Towns
Administrative towns and cities: Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are administrative towns, such as New Delhi, Jaipur.
Industrial towns: Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as Mumbai, Jamshedpur.
Transport Cities: They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such as Kandla, etc. or hubs of inland transport such as Agra.
Commercial towns: Towns and cities specializing in trade and commerce are kept in this class. Kolkata,
Mining towns: These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj etc.
Garrison Cantonment towns: These towns emerged as garrison towns such as Ambala etc.
Educational towns: Starting as centers of education, some of the towns have grown into major campus towns such as Allahabad etc.
Defensive Towns: They are centers of military activities like city of Meerut and its cantonment.
Religious and cultural towns: Ajmer came to prominence due to their religious/cultural significance.
Tourist towns: swat, naitagali etc are some of the tourist destinations.
Urbanization is a process that leads to the growth of cities due to industrialization and economic development, and that leads to urban- specific
changes in specialization, labor division and human behaviors. Due to uncontrolled urbanization, environmental degradation has been occurring very
rapidly and causing many problems like shortages of housing, worsening water quality, excessive air pollution, noise, dust and heat, and the problems
of disposal of solid wastes and hazardous wastes. It hastens the loss of highly productive farmland, affects energy demand, alters the climate, modifies
hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, fragments habitats, and reduces biodiversity. Intensive urban growth can lead to greater poverty, with local
governments unable to provide services for all people. Concentrated energy use leads to greater air pollution with significant impact on human health.
Automobile exhaust produces elevated lead levels in urban air. Large volumes of uncollected waste create multiple health hazards. Urban development
can magnify the risk of environmental hazards such as flash flooding. Pollution and physical barriers to root growth promote loss of urban tree cover.
Animal populations are inhibited by toxic substances, vehicles, and the loss of habitat and food sources.
Impact on atmosphere and climate: Creation of heat island, Change in air quality, Change in patterns and precipitation. Impact on
lithosphere and land resources: Erosion and other changes in land quality, Pollution. Impact on hydrosphere and water resources:
Flow of Water into Streams, Flow of Water through Streams, Degraded Water Quality. Impact on biosphere: Modification of Habitats,
Destruction of Habitats, Creation of New Habitats.
Some causes of damage to the environment due to urbanization lies in the legislation and the regulating agencies of the country. Failure of governance
in today’s cities has resulted in the growth of informal settlements and slums that constitute unhealthy living and working environment. Serious
attention should be given to the need for improving urban strategies, which promote efficiency in resource use. Vehicular pollution control in
metropolitan cities and other cities deserves top priority. Urgent attention should be given to reduce the generation of solid waste at the sources through
mandatory standards and regulation fee and tax incentives, and education and voluntary compliance. In case adequate steps are not taken to prevent
pollution and to improve the quality of life by providing more social amenities, the life of the urban dwellers may become more miserable this may be
the cause of health hazards and worst devastation.
Applied learning is necessary from the teen age. Expand the periphery of environmental impact assessment to different disciplines like vehicle market
and buyers, urban activities etc. Reduce personal traffic and make public transport popular. Make Go Green concept universal for all the activities.
Improve the governance structure to make it more efficient. Suggestion to plan inclusive workplace and reduce unnecessary construction and give
opportunity to increase green belt.