James Randi

James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton

Zwinge; August 7, 1928 – October 20, 2020) was a James Randi
Canadian-American stage magician, author, and
scientific skeptic who extensively challenged
paranormal and pseudoscientific claims.[1] He was the
co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
(CSI), and founder of the James Randi Educational
Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a
magician under the stage name The Amazing Randi
and later chose to devote most of his time to
investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural
claims.[2] Randi retired from practicing magic at age
60, and from his foundation at 87.

Although often referred to as a "debunker", Randi said Randi c. 1990s

he disliked the term's connotations and preferred to Born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge
describe himself as an "investigator".[3][4] He wrote August 7, 1928
about paranormal phenomena, skepticism, and the Toronto, Ontario, Canada
history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Died October 20, 2020 (aged 92)
Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, famously Plantation, Florida, U.S.
exposing fraudulent faith healer Peter Popoff, and was Other names The Amazing Randi
occasionally featured on the television program Penn
Citizenship Canada · United States
& Teller: Bullshit!
Occupations Stage magician · scientific
Before Randi's retirement, JREF sponsored the One skeptic · author
Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge, which offered a Years active 1946−2016
prize of $1 million to applicants who could
Spouse José Alvarez ​(m. 2013)​
demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural,
or occult power or event under test conditions agreed James Randi's voice
to by both parties.[5] 0:00 / 0:00
Recorded October 2016 at CSICon

Website [Link] ([Link]

Early life org/)

Randi was born on August 7, 1928, in Toronto, Signature

Canada.[6] He was the son of Marie Alice (née Paradis;
1906–1987) and George Randall Zwinge (1903–1967),
an executive at Bell Telephone Company. He was of
French, Danish and Austrian descent.[7][6] He had a
younger brother and sister.[8] He took up magic after
seeing Harry Blackstone Sr.[9] and reading conjuring books while spending 13 months in a body cast
following a bicycle accident. He confounded doctors, who expected he would never walk again.[10] He
often skipped classes, and at 17, dropped out of high school to perform as a conjurer in a carnival
roadshow.[11] He practiced as a mentalist in local nightclubs and at Toronto's Canadian National
Exhibition and wrote for Montreal's tabloid press.[12] As a teenager, he stumbled upon a church where the
pastor claimed to read minds. When Randi interrupted the performance and showed the parishioners how
the trick worked, the pastor's wife called the police and Randi spent four hours in a jail cell. This inspired
his career as a scientific skeptic.[13]

In his 20s, Randi posed as an astrologer, and to establish that they merely were doing simple tricks, he
briefly wrote an astrological column in the Canadian tabloid Midnight under the name "Zo-ran" by
simply shuffling up items from newspaper astrology columns and pasting them randomly into a
column.[14][15] In his 30s, Randi worked in the UK, Europe, Philippine nightclubs, and Japan.[16] He
witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences
was that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "one-ahead"[17] technique to convince churchgoers
of his divine powers.[18]

Career

Magician
Although defining himself as a conjuror, Randi began a career as a
professional stage magician[19] and escapologist in 1946. He
initially presented himself under his real name, Randall Zwinge,
which he later dropped in favor of "The Amazing Randi". Early in
his career, he performed numerous escape acts from jail cells and
safes around the world. On February 7, 1956, he appeared live on
NBC's Today show, where he remained for 104 minutes in a sealed
metal coffin that had been submerged in a hotel swimming pool,
breaking what was said to be Harry Houdini's record of 93 Randi being submerged, 1956
minutes, though Randi called attention to the fact that he was
much younger than Houdini had been when he established the
original record in 1926.[20][21]

Randi was a frequent guest on the Long John Nebel program on New York City radio station WOR, and
did character voices for commercials.[22]: 31:00 After Nebel moved to WNBC in 1964,[23][24] Randi was
given Nebel's time slot on WOR, where he hosted The Amazing Randi Show until January 1966, and
often had guests who defended paranormal claims, among them Randi's then-friend James W.
Moseley.[25] Randi stated that he was fired from WOR over complaints from the archbishop of New York
that Randi had said on-air that "Jesus Christ was a religious nut," a claim that Randi disputed.[22]: 34:00

Randi also hosted numerous television specials and went on several world tours. As "The Amazing
Randi" he appeared regularly on the New York-based children's television series Wonderama from 1959
to 1967.[26] In 1970, he auditioned for a revival of the 1950s children's show The Magic Clown, which
showed briefly in Detroit and in Kenya, but was never picked up.[27] In the February 2, 1974, issue of the
British conjuring magazine Abracadabra, Randi, in defining the community of magicians, stated: "I
know of no calling which depends so much upon mutual trust and faith as does ours." In the December
2003 issue of The Linking Ring, the monthly publication of the
International Brotherhood of Magicians, it is stated: "Perhaps Randi's
ethics are what make him Amazing" and "The Amazing Randi not only
talks the talk, he walks the walk."[28]

During Alice Cooper's 1973–1974 Billion Dollar Babies tour, Randi

performed on stage both as a mad dentist and as Cooper's executioner.[29]
He also built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.[30] In a
1976 performance for the Canadian TV special World of Wizards, Randi
escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara
Falls.[31]

Randi has been accused of actually using "psychic powers" to perform

acts such as spoon bending. According to James Alcock, at a meeting
where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller, a professor A fork bent by Randi

from the University at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi
said: "Yes, indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what I
do for a living. Everything I've done here was by trickery." The professor shouted back: "That's not what I
mean. You're a fraud because you're pretending to do these things through trickery, but you're actually
using psychic powers and misleading us by not admitting it."[32] A similar event involved Senator
Claiborne Pell, a confirmed believer in psychic phenomena. When Randi personally demonstrated to Pell
that he could reveal—by simple trickery—a concealed drawing that had been secretly made by the
senator, Pell refused to believe that it was a trick, saying: "I think Randi may be a psychic and doesn't
realize it." Randi consistently denied having any paranormal powers or abilities.[33]

Randi was a member of the Society of American Magicians (SAM), the International Brotherhood of
Magicians (IBM), and The Magic Circle in the UK, holding the rank of "Member of the Inner Magic
Circle with Gold Star."[34]

Author
Randi wrote ten books, among them Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of prominent magicians.
The book is subtitled Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation,
Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these
Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC! The book's cover indicates it is by "James Randi,
Esq., A Contrite Rascal Once Dedicated to these Wicked Practices but Now Almost Totally Reformed".
The book features the most influential magicians and tells some of their history, often in the context of
strange deaths and careers on the road. This work expanded on Randi's second book, Houdini, His Life
and Art.[35] This illustrated work was published in 1976 and was co-authored with Bert Sugar. It focuses
on the professional and private life of Houdini.[36]

Randi's book, The Magic World of the Amazing Randi (1989), was intended as a children's introduction to
magic tricks. In addition to his magic books, he wrote several educational works about paranormal and
pseudoscientific claims. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus, as well as reference
material on other major paranormal figures. In 2011, he was working on A Magician in the Laboratory,
which recounted his application of skepticism to science.[37] He was a member of the all-male literary
banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of his friend Isaac Asimov's fictional
group of mystery solvers, the Black Widowers.[38]
Other books by Randi include Flim-Flam! (1982), The Faith Healers (1987), James Randi, Psychic
Investigator (1991), Test Your ESP Potential (1982), and An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and
Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (1995).

Randi was a regular contributor to Skeptic magazine, penning the "'Twas Brillig ..." column, and also
served on its editorial board. He was a frequent contributor to Skeptical Inquirer magazine, published by
the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, of which he was also a fellow.[39]

Skeptic
Randi gained the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly
challenged the claims of Uri Geller. He accused Geller of being
nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud who used standard
magic tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he
presented his claims in the book The Truth About Uri Geller
(1982).[18][40][41]

Believing that it was important to get columnists and TV

personalities to challenge Geller and others like him, Randi and
CSICOP reached out in an attempt to educate them. Randi said
that CSICOP had a "very substantial influence on the printed
media ... in those days."[22]: 20:05 During this effort, Randi made
contact with Johnny Carson and discovered that he was "very
much on our side. He wasn't only a comedian ... he was a great Randi using sleight of hand to
thinker."[22]: 21:15 According to Randi, when he was on The duplicate "psychic surgery" on his
Open Media series for ITV in 1991
Tonight Show, Carson broke his usual protocol of not talking with
guests before their entrance on stage, but instead would ask what
Randi wanted to be emphasized in the interview. "He wanted to be aware of how he could help
me."[22]: 21:30

In 1973, Geller appeared on The Tonight Show, and this appearance is recounted in the Nova
documentary "Secrets of the Psychics".[42][a][b]

In the documentary, Randi says that Carson "had been a magician himself and was skeptical" of Geller's
claimed paranormal powers, so before the date of taping, Randi was asked "to help prevent any trickery".
Per Randi's advice, the show prepared its own props without informing Geller, and did not let Geller or
his staff "anywhere near them". When Geller joined Carson on stage, he appeared surprised that he was
not going to be interviewed, but instead was expected to display his abilities using the provided articles.
Geller said "This scares me" and "I'm surprised because before this program your producer came and he
read me at least 40 questions you were going to ask me." Geller was unable to display any paranormal
abilities, saying "I don't feel strong" and expressing his displeasure at feeling like he was being "pressed"
to perform by Carson.[42][44][45] According to Adam Higginbotham's November 7, 2014, article in The
New York Times:[46]

The result was a legendary immolation, in which Geller offered up flustered excuses to his host
as his abilities failed him again and again. "I sat there for 22 minutes, humiliated," Geller told
me, when I spoke to him in September. "I went back to my hotel, devastated. I was about to
pack up the next day and go back to Tel Aviv. I thought, That's it—I'm destroyed."
However, this appearance on The Tonight Show, which Carson and Randi had orchestrated to debunk
Geller's claimed abilities, backfired. According to Higginbotham:[46]

To Geller's astonishment, he was immediately booked on The Merv Griffin Show. He was on
his way to becoming a paranormal superstar. "That Johnny Carson show made Uri Geller,"
Geller said. To an enthusiastically trusting public, his failure only made his gifts seem more
real: if he were performing magic tricks, they would surely work every time.

According to Higginbotham, this result caused Randi to realize that much more must be done to stop
Geller and those like him. So in 1976, Randi approached Ray Hyman, a psychologist who had observed
the tests of Geller's ability at Stanford and thought them slipshod, and suggested they create an
organization dedicated to combating pseudoscience. Later that same year, together with Martin Gardner, a
Scientific American columnist whose writing had helped hone Hyman's and Randi's skepticism, they
formed the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP).[46]

Using donations and sales of their magazine, Skeptical Inquirer, they and secular humanist philosopher
Paul Kurtz took seats on the executive board, with Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan joining as founding
members. Randi travelled the world on behalf of CSICOP, becoming its public face, and according to
Hyman, the face of the skeptical movement.[46]

András G. Pintér, producer and co-host of the European Skeptics Podcast, called Randi the grandfather of
European skepticism by virtue of Randi "playing a role in kickstarting several European
organizations."[47]

Geller sued Randi and CSICOP for $15 million in 1991 and lost.[46][48] Geller's suit against CSICOP was
thrown out in 1995, and he was ordered to pay $120,000 for filing a frivolous lawsuit.[49] The legal costs
Randi incurred used almost all of a $272,000 MacArthur Foundation grant awarded to Randi in 1986 for
his work.[46] Randi also dismissed Geller's claims that he was capable of the kind of psychic photography
associated with the case of Ted Serios. It is a matter, Randi argued, of trick photography using a simple
hand-held optical device.[50] During the period of Geller's legal dispute, CSICOP's leadership, wanting to
avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, demanded that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller.
Randi refused and resigned, though he maintained a respectful relationship with the group, which in 2006
changed its name to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI). In 2010, Randi was one of 16 new CSI
fellows elected by its board.[46][51]

Randi went on to write many articles criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal.[52] He also
demonstrated flaws in studies suggesting the existence of paranormal phenomena; in his Project Alpha
hoax, Randi successfully planted two fake psychics in a privately funded psychic research experiment.[53]

Randi appeared on numerous TV shows, sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow
guests. In a 1981 appearance on That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite claimed psychic James
Hydrick, who said that he could move objects with his mind and appeared to demonstrate this claim on
live television by turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.[54] Randi, having determined
that Hydrick was surreptitiously blowing on the book, arranged foam packaging peanuts on the table in
front of the telephone book for the demonstration. This prevented Hydrick from demonstrating his
abilities, which would have been exposed when the blowing moved the packaging.[55] Randi writes that,
eventually, Hydrick "confessed everything".[54]
 Randi was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1986. The
fellowship's five-year $272,000 grant helped support Randi's
investigations of faith healers, including W. V. Grant, Ernest Angley, and
Peter Popoff, whom Randi first exposed on The Tonight Show Starring
Johnny Carson in February 1986. Hearing about his investigation of
Popoff, Carson invited Randi onto his show without seeing the evidence
he was going to reveal. Carson appeared stunned after Randi showed a
brief video segment from one of Popoff's broadcasts showing him calling
out a woman in the audience, revealed personal information about her that
he claimed came from God, and then performed a laying-on-of-hands
healing to drive the devil from her body. Randi then replayed the video,
but with some of the sound dubbed in that he and his investigating team
captured during the event using a radio scanner and recorder. Their
Randi speaking at the first scanner had detected the radio frequency Popoff's wife Elizabeth was
CSICOP Conference, in
using backstage to broadcast directions and information to a miniature
Buffalo, New York, 1983
radio receiver hidden in Popoff's left ear. That information had been
gathered by Popoff's assistants, who had handed out "prayer cards" to the
audience before the show, instructing them to write down all the information Popoff would need to pray
for them.[56][57][58]

The news coverage generated by Randi's exposé on The Tonight Show led to many TV stations dropping
Popoff's show, eventually forcing him into bankruptcy in September 1987.[59][60] However, the
televangelist returned soon after with faith-healing infomercials that reportedly attracted more than
$23 million in 2005 from viewers sending in money for promised healing and prosperity. The Canadian
Centre for Inquiry's Think Again! TV documented one of Popoff's more recent performances before a
large audience who gathered in Toronto on May 26, 2011, hoping to be saved from illness and
poverty.[61]

In February 1988, Randi tested the gullibility of the media by perpetrating a hoax of his own. By teaming
up with Australia's 60 Minutes program and by releasing a fake press package, he built up publicity for a
"spirit channeler" named Carlos,[46] who was actually artist José Alvarez, Randi's partner. While
performing as Carlos, Alvarez was prompted by Randi using sophisticated radio equipment. According to
the 60 Minutes program on the Carlos hoax, "it was claimed that Alvarez would not have had the
audience he did at the Opera House (and the resulting potential sales therefrom) had the media coverage
been more aggressive (and factual)", though an analysis by The Skeptic's Tim Mendham concluded that,
while the media coverage of Alvarez's appearances was not credulous, the hoax "at least showed that they
could benefit by being a touch more sceptical".[62] The hoax was exposed on 60 Minutes Australia;
"Carlos" and Randi explained how they had pulled it off.[63][64]

In his book The Faith Healers, Randi wrote that his anger and relentlessness arose from compassion for
the victims of fraud. Randi was also critical of João de Deus, a.k.a. "John of God", a self-proclaimed
psychic surgeon who had received international attention.[65] Randi observed, referring to psychic
surgery, "To any experienced conjurer, the methods by which these seeming miracles are produced are
very obvious."[66]
In 1982, Randi verified the abilities of Arthur Lintgen, a
Philadelphia doctor, who was able to identify the
classical music recorded on a vinyl LP solely by
examining the grooves on the record. However, Lintgen
did not claim to have any paranormal ability, merely
knowledge of the way that the groove forms patterns on
particular recordings.[67]

In 1988, John Maddox, editor of the prominent science

journal Nature, asked Randi to join the supervision and
Randi (far right) at 1983 CSICOP Conference
observation of the homeopathy experiments conducted
in Buffalo, New York, with (from left) Pip Smith,
by Jacques Benveniste's team. Once Randi's stricter Philip J. Klass (standing), Dick Smith, Robert
protocol for the experiment was in place, the positive Sheaffer, and John Merrell
results could not be reproduced.[68]

Randi stated that Daniel Dunglas Home, who could

allegedly play an accordion that was locked in a cage
without touching it, was caught cheating on a few
occasions, but the incidents were never made public. He
also stated that the actual instrument in use was a one-
octave mouth organ concealed under Home's large
mustache and that other one-octave mouth organs were
found in Home's belongings after his death.[69]
According to Randi, author William Lindsay Gresham The James Randi Beard Photo, taken at the
told Randi "around 1960" that he had seen these mouth JREF Amaz!ng Meeting 9 ("TAM 9 From Outer
Space"), July 16, 2011
organs in the Home collection at the Society for
Psychical Research (SPR). Eric J. Dingwall, who
catalogued Home's collection on its arrival at the SPR does not record the presence of the mouth organs.
According to Peter Lamont, the author of an extensive Home biography, "It is unlikely Dingwall would
have missed these or did not make them public."[70] The fraudulent medium Henry Slade also played an
accordion while held with one hand under a table.[71] Slade and Home played the same pieces. They had
at one time lived near each other in the U.S. The magician Chung Ling Soo exposed how Slade had
performed the trick.[72]

Randi distinguished between pseudoscience and "crackpot science". He regarded most of parapsychology
as pseudoscience because of the way in which it is approached and conducted, but nonetheless saw it as a
legitimate subject that "should be pursued", and from which real scientific discoveries may develop.[73]
Randi regarded crackpot science as "equally wrong" as pseudoscience, but with no scientific
pretensions.[74]

Despite multiple debunkings, Randi did not like to be called a "debunker", preferring to call himself a
"skeptic" or an "investigator":[3]

(...) if you go into a situation calling yourself a debunker then it is as if you have prejudged the
topic. It's not neutral or scientific, and it can turn people against you.
Skeptics and magicians Penn & Teller credit Randi and his career as a skeptic for their own careers.
During an interview at TAM! 2012, Penn stated that Flim-Flam! was an early influence on him, and said
"If not for Randi there would not be Penn & Teller as we are today."[75]: 1:40 He went on to say "Outside
of my family ... no one is more important in my life. Randi is everything to me."[75]: 5:34

At the NECSS skeptic conference in 2017, Randi was asked by George Hrab what a "'skeptic coming of
age ceremony' would look like" and Randi talked about what it was like as a child to learn about the
speed of light and how that felt like he was looking into the past. Randi stated "More kids need to be
stunned".[76]

At The Amaz!ng Meeting in 2011 (TAM 9) the Independent Investigations Group (IIG) organized a
tribute to Randi. The group gathered together with other attendees, put on fake white beards, and posed
for a large group photo with Randi. At the CSICon in 2017, in absence of Randi, the IIG organized
another group photo with leftover beards from the 2011 photo. After Randi was sent the photo, he replied,
"I'm always very touched by any such expression. This is certainly no exception. You have my sincere
gratitude. I suspect, however that a couple of those beards were fake. But I'm in a forgiving mood at the
moment. I'm frankly very touched. I'll see you at the next CSICon. Thank you all."[77]

In a 2019 Skeptical Inquirer magazine article, Harriet Hall, a friend of Randi, compares him to the
fictional Albus Dumbledore. Hall describes their long white beards, flamboyant clothing, associated with
a bird (Dumbledore with a phoenix and Randi with Pegasus). They both are caring and have "immense
brainpower" and both "can perform impressive feats of magic". She states that Randi is one of "major
inspirations for the skeptical work I do ... He's way better than Dumbledore!".[78]

Exploring Psychic Powers ... Live television show

Exploring Psychic Powers ... Live was a two-hour television special aired live on June 7, 1989, wherein
Randi examined several people claiming psychic powers. Hosted by actor Bill Bixby, the program offered
$100,000 (Randi's $10,000 prize plus $90,000 put up by the show's syndicator, LBS Communications,
Inc.[79]) to anyone who could demonstrate genuine psychic powers.

An astrologer, Joseph Meriwether, claimed that he was able to ascertain a person's

astrological sign after talking with them for a few minutes. He was presented with twelve
people, one at a time, each with a different astrological sign. They could not tell Meriwether
their astrological sign or birth date, nor could they wear anything that would indicate it. After
Meriwether talked to them, he had them go and sit in front of the astrological sign that he
thought was theirs. By agreement, Meriwether needed to get ten of the 12 correct, to win.
He got none correct.[80]
The next psychic, Barbara Martin, claimed to be able to read auras around people, claiming
that auras were visible at least five inches above each person. She selected ten people from
a group of volunteers who she said had clearly visible auras. On stage were erected ten
screens, numbered 1 through 10, just tall enough to hide the volunteer while not hiding their
aura. Unseen by Martin, some of the volunteers positioned themselves behind different
screens, then she was invited to predict which screens hid volunteers by seeing their aura
above. She stated that she saw an aura over all ten screens, but people were behind only
four of the screens.[81]
A dowser, Forrest Bayes, claimed that he could detect water in a bottle inside a sealed
cardboard box. He was shown twenty boxes and asked to indicate which boxes contained a
water bottle. He selected eight of the boxes, which he said contained water, but it turned out
that only five of the twenty contained water. Of the eight selected boxes, only one was
 revealed to contain water and one contained sand. It was not revealed whether any of the
remaining six boxes contained water.[80]
A psychometric psychic, Sharon McLaren-Straz, claimed to be able to receive personal
information about the owner of an object by handling the object itself. In order to avoid
ambiguous statements, the psychic agreed to be presented with both a watch and a key
from each of twelve different people. She was to match keys and watches to their owners.
According to the prior agreement, she had to match at least nine out of the twelve sets, but
she succeeded in only two.[81]
Professional crystal healer Valerie Swan attempted to use ESP to identify 250 Zener cards,
guessing which of the five symbols was on each one. Random guessing should have
resulted in about fifty correct guesses, so it was agreed in advance that Swan had to be
right on at least eighty-two cards in order to demonstrate an ability greater than chance.
However, she was able to get only fifty predictions correct, which is no better than random
guessing.[82]

James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)

In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation. Randi and his colleagues publish in
JREF's blog, Swift. Topics have included the interesting mathematics of the one-seventh area triangle, a
classic geometric puzzle. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gave examples of what he considered
the nonsense that he dealt with every day.[83]

Beginning in 2003, the JREF annually hosted The Amaz!ng Meeting, a gathering of scientists, skeptics,
and atheists. The last meeting was in 2015, coinciding with Randi's retirement from the JREF.[84][85][86]

2010s
Randi began a series of conferences known as "The Amazing Meeting"
(TAM) which quickly became the largest gathering of skeptics in the
world, drawing audiences from Asia, Europe, South America, and the
UK. It also attracted a large percentage of younger attendees.[87][88]
Randi was regularly featured on many podcasts, including The Skeptics
Society's official podcast Skepticality[89][90] and the Center for Inquiry's
official podcast Point of Inquiry.[91] From September 2006 onwards, he
occasionally contributed to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast
with a column called "Randi Speaks".[92] In addition, The Amazing Show
was a podcast in which Randi shared various anecdotes in an interview
format.[93]

In 2014, Part2Filmworks released An Honest Liar, a feature film Randi with skull cane, 2014
documentary, written by Tyler Measom and Greg O'Toole, and directed
and produced by Measom and Justin Weinstein.[94] The film, which was
funded through Kickstarter,[95] focuses on Randi's life, his investigations, and his relationship with
longtime partner José Alvarez (born Deyvi Orangel Peña Arteaga), to whom he was married in 2013.[94]
The film was screened at the Tribeca Film Festival,[96] at Toronto's Hot Docs film festival,[97] and at the
June 2014 AFI Docs Festival in Silver Spring, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., where it won the
Audience Award for Best Feature. It also received positive reviews from critics.[98][99] The film was
featured on the PBS Independent Lens series, shown in the U.S. and Canada, on March 28, 2016.[100]
In December 2014, Randi flew to Australia to take part in "An Evening with James Randi" tour,
organized by Think Inc. This tour included a screening of An Honest Liar followed by a "fireside chat"
with Randi on stage. Cities visited were Adelaide, Perth, Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney. MC in
Adelaide was Dr. Paul Willis with Richard Saunders interviewing Randi. MC in Perth was Jake Farr-
Wharton with Richard Saunders interviewing Randi. MC for Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney was
Richard Saunders with Lawrence Leung interviewing Randi.[101]

In 2017, Randi appeared in animated form on the website Holy Koolaid, in which he discussed the
challenge of finding the balance between connecting sincerely with his audience and at the same time
tricking/fooling them with an artful ruse, and indicated that this is a balance with which many magicians
struggle.[102]

One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge

The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to anyone able to
demonstrate a supernatural ability under scientific testing criteria agreed to by both sides. Based on the
paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, the foundation began in 1996, when Randi
put up $1,000 of his own money payable to anyone who could provide objective proof of the
paranormal.[103] The prize money grew to $1,000,000, and had formal published rules. No one
progressed past the preliminary test, which was set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the
applicant. He refused to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the
testing.[104]

On April 1, 2007, it was ruled that only persons with an established, nationally recognized media profile
and the backing of a reputable academic were allowed to apply for the challenge, in order to avoid
wasting JREF resources on frivolous claimants.[103]

On Larry King Live, March 6, 2001, Larry King asked claimed medium Sylvia Browne if she would take
the challenge and she agreed.[105] Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live six months later, and
she again appeared to accept his challenge.[106] However, according to Randi, she ultimately refused to
be tested, and the Randi Foundation kept a clock on its website recording the number of weeks since
Browne allegedly accepted the challenge without following through, until Browne's death in November
2013.[107]

During a subsequent appearance on Larry King Live on June 5, 2001, Randi challenged Rosemary Altea,
another claimed medium, to undergo testing for the million dollars, but Altea refused to address the
question.[108] Instead Altea replied only, "I agree with what he says, that there are many, many people
who claim to be spiritual mediums, they claim to talk to the dead. There are many people, we all know
this. There are cheats and charlatans everywhere."[108] On January 26, 2007, Altea and Randi again
appeared on the show, and Altea again refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million
Dollar Paranormal Challenge.[109]

In October 2007, claimed psychic John Edward appeared on Headline Prime, hosted by Glenn Beck.
When asked if he would take "the Amazing Randi's" challenge, Edward responded, "It's funny. I was on
Larry King Live once, and they asked me the same question. And I made a joke [then], and I'll say the
same thing here: why would I allow myself to be tested by somebody who's got an adjective as a first
name?"[110] Beck simply allowed Edward to continue, ignoring the challenge.
Randi asked British businessman Jim McCormick, the inventor of the bogus ADE 651 bomb detector, to
take the challenge in October 2008.[111] Randi called the ADE 651 "a useless quack device which cannot
perform any other function than separating naive persons from their money. It's a fake, a scam, a swindle,
and a blatant fraud. Prove me wrong and take the million dollars."[112] There was no response from
McCormick.[113] According to Iraqi investigators, the ADE 651, which was corruptly sold to the Baghdad
bomb squad, was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of civilians who died as a result of terrorist
bombs which were not detected at checkpoints. On April 23, 2013, McCormick was convicted of three
counts of fraud at the Old Bailey in London;[114] he was subsequently sentenced to ten years'
imprisonment for his part in the ADE 651 scandal, which Randi was the first to expose.[115][116]

A public log of past participants in the Million Dollar Challenge exists.[117] In 2015, after Randi's
retirement, his foundation said the Million Dollar Challenge would no longer consider applicants unless
they meet a set of minimum protocols, to reduce the amount of frivolous claims.[118][119]

Legal disputes
Randi was involved in a variety of legal disputes, but said that he had "never paid even one dollar or even
one cent to anyone who ever sued me."[2] However, he said, he had paid out large sums to defend himself
in these suits.

Uri Geller
Randi met magician Uri Geller in the early 1970s, and found Geller to be "Very charming. Likable,
beautiful, affectionate, genuine, forward-going, handsome—everything!"[46] But Randi viewed Geller as
a con-man, and began a long effort to expose him as a fraud.[46] According to Randi, Geller tried to sue
him several times, accusing him of libel. Geller never won, save for a ruling in a Japanese court that
ordered Randi to pay Geller one-third of one per cent of what Geller had requested. This ruling was
cancelled, and the matter dropped, when Geller decided to concentrate on another legal matter.[2][120]

In May 1991, Geller sued Randi and CSICOP for $15 million on a charge of slander, after Randi told the
International Herald Tribune that Geller had "tricked even reputable scientists" with stunts that "are the
kind that used to be on the back of cereal boxes", referring to the old spoon-bending trick. The court
dismissed the case and Geller had to settle at a cost to him of $120,000, after Randi produced a cereal box
which bore instructions on how to do the spoon-bending trick. Geller's lawyer Don Katz was disbarred
mid-way into this action and Geller ended up suing him. After failing to pay by the deadline imposed by
the court, Geller was sanctioned an additional $20,000.[121][122][123][124][125] Geller sued both Randi and
CSICOP in the 1980s.[126] CSICOP argued that the organization was not responsible for Randi's
statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous and dropped them from the action,
leaving Randi to face the action alone, along with the legal costs. Geller was ordered to pay substantial
damages, but only to CSICOP.[126]

Other cases
In 1993, a jury in the U.S. District Court in Baltimore found Randi liable for defaming Eldon Byrd for
calling him a child molester in a magazine story and a "shopping market molester" in a 1988 speech.
However, the jury found that Byrd was not entitled to any monetary damages after hearing testimony that
he had sexually molested and later married his sister-in-law. The jury also cleared the other defendant in
the case, CSICOP.[127][128]

Late in 1996, Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic named Earl Gordon Curley.[129]
Curley had made multiple objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet. Despite suggesting to Randi
on Usenet that Randi should sue—Curley's comments implying that if Randi did not sue, then his
allegations must be true—Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's
largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings. The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl
Curley died at the age of 51 of "alcohol toxicity".[130]

Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series Medium was based, threatened Randi with legal action
for using a photo of her from her website in his December 17, 2004, commentary without her
permission.[131] Randi removed the photo and subsequently used a caricature of DuBois when
mentioning her on his site, beginning with his December 23, 2005, commentary.[132]

Sniffex, producer of a dowsing bomb detection device, sued Randi and the JREF in 2007, and lost.[133]
Sniffex sued Randi for his comments regarding a government test in which the Sniffex device failed. The
company was later investigated and charged with fraud.[133]

Views

Political views
Randi was a registered Democrat.[47] In April 2009, he released a statement endorsing the legalization of
most illegal drugs.[134]

Randi had been reported as a believer in Social Darwinist theories,[135] although he would denounce the
ideologies and movements that formed around the theories in 2013.[136]

Views on religion
Randi's parents were members of the Anglican Church but rarely attended services.[137] He attended
Sunday school at St. Cuthbert's Church in Toronto a few times as a child, but he independently decided to
stop going after receiving no answer to his request for proof of the teachings of the
Church.[22]: 24:40 [c][138]

In his essay "Why I Deny Religion, How Silly and Fantastic It Is, and Why I'm a Dedicated and
Vociferous Bright", Randi, who identified himself as an atheist,[139] opined that many accounts in
religious texts, including the virgin birth, the miracles of Jesus Christ, and the parting of the Red Sea by
Moses, are not believable. Randi refers to the Virgin Mary as being "impregnated by a ghost of some sort,
and as a result produced a son who could walk on water, raise the dead, turn water into wine, and
multiply loaves of bread and fishes" and questions how Adam and Eve's family "managed to populate the
Earth without committing incest". He wrote that, compared to the Bible, "The Wizard of Oz is more
believable. And much more fun."[140]
Clarifying his view of atheism, Randi wrote "I've said it before: there are two sorts of atheists. One sort
claims that there is no deity, the other claims that there is no evidence that proves the existence of a deity;
I belong to the latter group, because if I were to claim that no god exists, I would have to produce
evidence to establish that claim, and I cannot. Religious persons have by far the easier position; they say
they believe in a deity because that's their preference, and they've read it in a book. That's their right."[139]

In An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural (1995), he examines
various spiritual practices skeptically. Of the meditation techniques of Guru Maharaj Ji, he writes "Only
the very naive were convinced that they had been let in on some sort of celestial secret."[141] In 2003, he
was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.[142]

Regarding his 2006 coronary artery bypass surgery, Randi was asked if he was tempted by religious ideas
about an afterlife or if he went through it any differently than if he had been religious. Randi replied "I
allowed Daniel Dennett to speak for me" referring to Dennett's essay 'Thank Goodness', which Dennett
wrote after a serious surgery. Summing up the essay, Randi continued:[143]

(...) when he was recovering in the hospital he had people coming in and saying “Oh, thank
God, you’re doing this, that and the other”, and he wrote this little essay, he said “No, never
mind ‘thank god’ but I’ll accept thank goodness. Thank the goodness of the anaesthesiologist.
Thank the goodness of the nurses who empty my bedpan. Thank the goodness of the intern who
sweeps the floor regularly so that I don’t have to breathe too much dust. Thank the designers
and makers of Dacron.”

All of these things, he said, “Yes, thank their goodness but don’t thank a mythical being.”

And, essentially that’s a contraction of it, rather severely, but that’s the way I feel, yes.

In a discussion with Kendrick Frazier at CSICon 2016, Randi stated "I think that a belief in a deity is ...
an unprovable claim ... and a rather ridiculous claim. It is an easy way out to explain things to which we
have no answer."[22]: 7:05 He then summarized his current concern with religious belief as follows: "A
belief in a god is one of the most damaging things that infests humanity at this particular moment in
history. It may improve, and I see signs that it may be improving, and I'll leave it at that."[22]: 7:40

Personal life
When Randi hosted his own radio show in the 1960s, he lived in a small house in Rumson, New Jersey,
that featured a sign on the premises that read: "Randi—Charlatan".[46]

In the 1970s and 80s, Randi supported seven foster children.[144]

In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[145] Randi said that one reason he
became an American citizen was an incident while he was on tour with Alice Cooper, during which the
Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance, completely
ransacking the room, but finding nothing illegal.[146]
In February 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.[147] The weekly commentary updates
to his Web site were made by guests while he was hospitalized.[148] Randi recovered after his surgery and
was able to help organize and attend The Amaz!ng Meeting in 2007 in Las Vegas, Nevada, his annual
convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists, and freethinkers.[149]

Randi was diagnosed with colorectal cancer in June 2009.[150] He had a series of small tumors removed
from his intestines during laparoscopic surgery. He announced the diagnosis a week later at The Amaz!ng
Meeting 7, as well as the fact that he was scheduled to begin chemotherapy in the following weeks.[151]
He also said at the conference: "One day, I'm gonna die. That's all there is to it. Hey, it's too bad, but I've
got to make room. I'm using a lot of oxygen and such—I think it's good use of oxygen myself, but of
course, I'm a little prejudiced on the matter."[151]

Randi underwent his final chemotherapy session in December 2009, an experience that he said was not as
unpleasant as he had imagined it might be.[150] In a video posted in April 2010, Randi stated that he had
been given a clean bill of health.[152]

In a 2010 blog entry, Randi came out as gay, a move he said was inspired by seeing the 2008 biographical
drama film Milk.[153][154]

Randi married Venezuelan artist José Alvarez (born Deyvi Orangel Peña Arteaga) on July 2, 2013, in
Washington, D.C. In 1986, Randi met Alvarez in a Fort Lauderdale public library after he had recently
moved to Florida. Alvarez, who was then known as Peña, had left his native land in fear of his life after
being threatened for being homosexual. The alias Peña used, Jose Alvarez, was already an actual person
in the United States. The identity confusion caused the real Alvarez some legal and financial difficulties.
Peña was arrested for identity theft and faced deportation. They resided in Plantation,
Florida.[46][155][156][157][158]

In the 1993 documentary Secrets of the Psychics, Randi stated, "I've never involved myself in narcotics of
any kind; I don't smoke; I don't drink, because that can easily just fuzz the edges of my rationality, fuzz
the edges of my reasoning powers, and I want to be as aware as I possibly can. That means giving up a lot
of fantasies that might be comforting in some ways, but I'm willing to give that up in order to live in an
actually real world, as close as I can get to it".[159]

In a video released in October 2017, Randi revealed that he had recently suffered a minor stroke, and that
he was under medical advice not to travel during his recovery, so would be unable to attend CSICon 2017
in Las Vegas later that month.[160]
Randi died at his home on October 20, 2020, at the age of 92.[161][162] The James Randi Educational
Foundation attributed his death to "age-related causes".[163] The Center for Inquiry said that Randi "was
the public face of skeptical inquiry, bringing a sense of fun and mischievousness to a serious mission."
Kendrick Frazier said, as part of the statement, "Despite his ferocity in challenging all forms of nonsense,
in person he was a kind and gentle man."[164]

Awards and honors

Year Award or honor

Visiting Magician of the Year, Academy of Magical Arts & Sciences at the Magic Castle in
1977
Hollywood.[165]

1978 Garden State Magicians' award.[165]

Asteroid 3163 Randi was named after James Randi,[166] who had always been an active amateur
observer. His friend Carl Sagan encouraged his interest.[10]
1981
Certificate of appreciation at the MIT Club of Boston.[165]
Designated Grand Master of Magic by Hocus Pocus Magazine.[165]

1983 Blackstone Cup, International Platform Association as Outstanding Speaker (won again in 1987).[165]

1984 Honorary membership, Bay Surgical Society of Los Angeles.[165]

A $273,000 MacArthur Foundation Fellowship was awarded to James Randi for his investigations of the
1986 claims of Uri Geller and TV "faith healers"[167]
Honorary membership, Israeli Society for Promoting the Art of Magic.[165]

Special fellowship, Academy of Magical Arts & Sciences in Los Angeles.[165]

1987 Certificate of Appreciation, Ring 254 of the International Brotherhood of Magicians.[165]
Award of Merit, Assembly 22 of the Society of American Magicians.[165]

National Consumer Service Award, National Council Against Health Fraud.[165]

1988
International Ambassador of Magic, Society of American Magicians.[165]

Joseph A. Burton Forum Award, American Physical Society.[168]

1989
Gold Medal, University of Ghent.[165]

Humanist Distinguished Service Award, American Humanist Association.[165]

1990
Thomas Paine Award, Baton Rouge Proponents of Rational Inquiry & Scientific Methods.[165]
Commemorative Medal with Golden Wreath, Hungarian Society for the Dissemination of Scientific
1992
Knowledge.[165]

1996 Distinguished Skeptic Award, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSICOP).[165][169]

Lifetime Achievement Award, International Brotherhood of Magicians.[165]

"One of the 100 Best People in the World, people who make our lives richer or larger or happier,"
1997
Esquire magazine.[165]
Award, Science & Engineering Society of the National Security Agency.[165]
"In Defense of Reason" Special Lifetime Achievement Award, Comitato Italiano per il Controllo dell
1999
Affermazioni sui Paranormale.[165]

2000 Distinguished Lecturer Award, Nova Southeastern University.[165]

2002 Presidential Citation, International Brotherhood of Magicians.[165]

2003 First Richard Dawkins Award.[170]

 2007 Philip J. Klass Award.[171]

Lifetime Achievement Award, Independent Investigations Group (IIG). Previous recipients Carl Sagan
2008
and Harry Houdini.[165][172]

2009 In Praise of Reason Award, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.[165]

2010 Elected a Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Fellow.[173]

Lifetime Achievement Fellowship, Academy of Magical Arts.[174]

2012 Lifetime Achievement Award, American Humanist Association.[175]
Lifetime Achievement Award, Australian Skeptics Inc.[176]

Heinz Oberhummer Award for Science Communication, 2016[177]

2016
Lifetime Achievement Award, Humanist Association of Canada.[178]
James Randi was one of very few members of the UK Magic Circle to be granted their highest order:
Member of the Inner Magic Circle With Gold Star (MIMC).[179]

World records
The following are Guinness World Records:

Randi was in a sealed casket underwater for one hour and 44 minutes, breaking the
previous record of one hour and 33 minutes set by Harry Houdini on August 5, 1926.[46][10]
Randi was encased in a block of ice for 55 minutes.[46][10]

0:00 / 0:00
Bibliography
Long version of Audio recorded at
CSICon October 2016
Randi, James; Sugar, Bert Randolph (1976). Houdini,
His Life and Art. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. ISBN 978-
0448125527. OCLC 3017457 ([Link]
—— (1982). Flim-Flam!: Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions. Introduction by
Isaac Asimov. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0879751982. LCCN 82060953 (htt
ps://[Link]/82060953). OCLC 9066769 ([Link]
—— (1982). Test Your ESP Potential: A Complete Kit With Instructions, Scorecards, and
Apparatus. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0486242699. OCLC 7924713 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/7924713).
—— (1982) [Originally published 1975 as The Magic of Uri Geller; New York: Ballantine
Books]. The Truth About Uri Geller. New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-0879751999.
OCLC 9164994 ([Link]
—— (1987). The Faith Healers. Foreword by Carl Sagan. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.
ISBN 978-0879753696. OCLC 16353426 ([Link]
—— (1989). The Magic World of the Amazing Randi. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media
Corporation. ISBN 978-1558509825. OCLC 21303371 ([Link]
03371).
—— (1990). The Mask of Nostradamus: The Prophecies of the World's Most Famous Seer.
Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-0684190563. OCLC 824193656 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/824193656).
—— (1991). James Randi: Psychic Investigator. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN 978-
1852831448. OCLC 26359284 ([Link] Companion
book to the Open Media/Granada Television series.
 —— (1992). Conjuring: Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery,
Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels
Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, Magic! (1st ed.).
New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312097714. OCLC 640909937 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/640909937).
—— (1995). An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and
Supernatural. Introduction by Arthur C. Clarke (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
ISBN 978-0312151195. OCLC 35978760 ([Link]
(Online version ([Link]

Television and film appearances

As an actor
Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper (1974) as the
Dentist/Executioner
Ragtime (1981) (stunt coordinator: Houdini)
Penn & Teller's Invisible Thread (1987) (TV)
Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) as the 3rd Rope Holder
Beyond Desire (1994) as the Coroner

Appearing as himself
Wonderama (1959–1967) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
I've Got a Secret (1965) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
Sesame Street Test Show 1 (1969) (TV) as The Amazing Publicity material for ITV series
Randi "James Randi: Psychic Investigator"
Happy Days – "The Magic Show" (1978) as the Amazing produced by Open Media in 1991
Randi [180]

Zembla, 'De trucs van Char' (The tricks Char uses).

(March 2008)[181]
ZDF German TV (2007)
Wild Wild Web (1999)
West 57th (1980s)
Welt der Wunder – Kraft der Gedanken (January 2008)
Today (many appearances)
The Don Lane Show (Australia)
That's My Line (1981) (Appeared with James Hydrick) With guests on ITV series "James
Randi: Psychic Investigator"
The View (ABC) multiple appearances 1997 onwards
produced by Open Media in 1991
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (32
appearances between 1973 and 1993 plus repeats)
The Secret Cabaret (produced by Open Media for Channel 4 in the UK)
The Power of Belief (October 6, 1998) (ABC News Special) (TV)
People are Talking (1980s)
The Patterson Show (1970s)
Superpowers? (an Equinox documentary made by Open Media for Channel 4 in 1990)[182]
 After Dark (September 3, 1988, and September 9, 1989)[183]
Weird Thoughts, Open Media discussion hosted by Tony Wilson for BBC TV, with Mary
Beard and others, 1994[184]
The Art of Magic (1998) (TV)
The Ultimate Psychic Challenge (Discovery Channel/Channel 4) (2003)
Spotlight on James Randi (2002) (TV)
Secrets of the Super Psychics (Channel 4/The Learning Channel), produced by Open
Media, 1997/8
Scams, Schemes, and Scoundrels (A&E Special) (March 30, 1997)
RAI TV Italy (1991)
Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher
Penn & Teller: Bullshit! several appearances
"End of the World" (2003) TV Episode
"ESP" (2003) TV Episode
"Signs from Heaven" (2005) TV Episode
The Oprah Winfrey Show 2 episodes
Lawrence Leung's Unbelievable (Australia) TV Episode
Nova: "Secrets of the Psychics" (1993)
Mitä ihmettä? (Finland) (2003) TV Series
Midday (Australia) (1990s)
Magic or Miracle? (1983) TV special
Magic (2004) (mini) TV Series
Larry King Live (CNN) (June 5, 2001, September 3, 2001, January 26, 2007, several more)
James Randi: Psychic Investigator (1991) (Open Media series for the ITV network)
James Randi Budapesten – Hungarian documentary
Inside Edition – (1991, 2006, and 2007) TV
Horizon – "Homeopathy: The Test" ([Link]
[Link]) (2002) BBC/UK TV Episode
Dead Men Talking (The Biography Channel) (2007)
Fornemmelse for snyd (2003) TV Series (also archive footage) Denmark
Extraordinary People – "The Million Dollar Mind Reader" (September 2008).[185]
Exploring Psychic Powers ... Live (June 7, 1989; hosted by Bill Bixby)
CBS This Morning (1990s)
Anderson Cooper 360°, CNN (January 19, 2007, and January 30, 2007)[186][187]
A Question of Miracles (HBO) (1999)
20/20 (ABC) (May 11, 2007)[188]
"Captain Disillusion" Randi + Pantry Ghost...debunk? (June 18, 2009)
An Honest Liar (2014, aired as Exposed: Magicians, Psychics and Frauds on BBC
Storyville)

Appearances in other media

Randi was featured as the cover story for the November 1981 issue of Dynamite magazine.
In 2007, Randi delivered a TED talk in which he discussed psychic fraud, homeopathy, and
his foundation's Million Dollar Challenge.[19]
 Randi is featured in Tommy Finke's song "Poet der Affen/Poet of the Apes," released on the
album of the same name in 2010.[189]
In 2022, Randi made a cameo appearance in the posthumously released online magic
special Piff the Magic Dragon: Reptile Dysfunction.[190]

See also
List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Pigasus Award

Notes
a. A two-minute clip of this documentary with the Geller segment has been widely circulated on
the Internet since Randi acquired permission to use it from NBC, and Carson paid for the
expensive and complex transfer from the original, physically degraded, two-inch videotape
recording.[43]
b. James Randi discussed obtaining the clip of Uri Geller on The Tonight Show.
c. Regarding his separation from religious training, Randi said that his statements in Sunday
school such as "That sounded very unlikely," regarding contradictory and dubious biblical
claims, were met with unsatisfactory answers, such as "It's in the Bible. It's in the holy book
of God." He was given a note for his parents stating "Your boy Randi ... is not welcome at
St. Cuthberts as he asks too many questions and he interrupts the teachers."[22]: 24:40

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Further reading
Alcock, James (2001). "Science vs. Pseudoscience, Nonscience, and Nonsense". In Kurtz,
Paul (ed.). Skeptical Odysseys: Personal Accounts by the World's Leading Paranormal
Inquirers. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573928847. OCLC 45821233 (http
s://[Link]/oclc/45821233).
Asimov, Isaac (1994). "Trap Door Spiders" ([Link]
_0). I. Asimov: A Memoir (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0553569971.
LCCN 93008644 ([Link] OCLC 32012202 ([Link]
org/oclc/32012202).
Burt, Daniel S. (2001). The Biography Book: A Reader's Guide to Nonfiction, Fictional, and
Film Biographies of More Than 500 of the Most Fascinating Individuals of All Time.
Westport, CT: Oryx Press. ISBN 978-1573562560. OCLC 44502070 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/44502070).
Carroll, Robert Todd (2003). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs,
Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN 978-0471272427. OCLC 52086432 ([Link]
Colombo, John Robert, ed. (2004). The Midnight Hour: Canadian Accounts of Eerie
Experiences ([Link] Dundurn Press.
ISBN 978-1550024968. OCLC 53847365 ([Link]
Gardner, Martin (2000). Did Adam and Eve have Navels: Discourses on Reflexology,
Numerology, Urine Therapy, and Other Dubious Subjects ([Link]
mevehavena00gard). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393049633.
OCLC 44076017 ([Link]
 Lamont, Peter (2005). The First Psychic: The Peculiar Mystery of a Notorious Victorian
Wizard. London: Little, Brown. p. 302. ISBN 978-0316728348. OCLC 62176762 ([Link]
[Link]/oclc/62176762).
Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook. Vol. 48. New York: H.W. Wilson
Company. OCLC 17332312 ([Link]
Moseley, James W.; Pflock, Karl T. (2002). Shockingly Close to the Truth! Confessions of a
Grave-Robbing Ufologist. New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573929912.
OCLC 48942361 ([Link]
Polidoro, Massimo (2003). Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims (http
s://[Link]/details/secretsofpsychic0000poli). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
ISBN 978-1591020868. OCLC 52312569 ([Link]
Randi, James (1997). "Science and Pseudoscience". In Terzian, Yervant; Bilson, Elizabeth
(eds.). Carl Sagan's Universe ([Link] Cambridge;
New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521572866. LCCN 96040511 ([Link]
[Link]/96040511). OCLC 36130681 ([Link]
Rodrigues, Luís F. (2010). Open Questions: Diverse Thinkers Discuss God, Religion, and
Faith. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 978-0313386442. LCCN 2010011195 ([Link]
[Link]/2010011195). OCLC 548555665 ([Link]

External links
Official website ([Link]
Wakelet Randi collection ([Link]

Listings
James Randi ([Link] in The Skeptic's Dictionary
James Randi ([Link] at IMDb

Media
James Randi interview ([Link]
[Link]/magicnewsfeed/2009/5/12/[Link]) (May 2009) from the podcast
of [Link] in which Randi discusses his career in magic, his feud with Uri
Geller and more.
James Randi interview ([Link]
_Paranormalism_and_Phenomenon.html) (November 2007) from the [Link] radio
show where Randi discusses NBC's Phenomenon TV show, the current status of Uri Geller
and his thoughts about whether society is becoming more or less superstitious.
"Homeopathy: The Test – webchat with James Randi" ([Link]
n/2002/[Link]). BBC Science. November 26, 2002.
"20 Major Aspects of Liars, Cheats, and Frauds" by James Randi ([Link]
eb/20160304061557/[Link]

Retrieved from "[Link]