Sardar Patel Medical College,

Bikaner

Department of Microbiology & Immunology

Museum Catalogue

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[Link] Topic/Item Page No.

01 Scientists 03-08
02 Microscope 09-10
03 Culture Media 11-21
04 Biochemical reactions 22-30
05 Serology 31-37
06 Parasites 38-47
07 Virology/Models 48-52
08 Fungi 53-55
09 Instruments 56-66
10 Insects 67-70
11 Cell structure 71
12 Personal Protective Equipments 72-75
13 Hand hygiene 76-79
14 Biomedical Waste Management 80-81
15 Charts 82-85 2
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 Robert Koch Louis Pasteur
•He introduced solid media and •Father of Microbiology
methods of isolation of bacteria. •Proposed principles of Fermentation
•Describe hanging drop method. •Introduce the sterilization technique,
•Discover bacteria such as Anthrax develop steam sterilizer, Hot air oven
bacilli, Tubercle bacilli, and cholera and Autoclave.
bacilli. •Describe pasteurization of milk.
•Give Koch’s postulates. •Postulated Germ theory of disease.
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 Paul Ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
•Father of Chemotherapy.
•First report acid fast nature of tubercle bacilli.
•He discover antibiotic Penicillin
•Proposed Ehrlich phenomenon.
•He discover enzyme lysozyme.
•Proposed side chain theory for antibody
production.
•In 1908,he received Noble prize in
physiology
•The bacteria Ehrlichia was named after him.5
 Elie Metchnikoff Joseph Lister
•Father of Antiseptic surgery.
•He established the concept of cell- •Used disinfectant carbolic acid during
mediated immunity. surgery to sterilize instruments and to
clean wounds

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 Kary B. Mulis
Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhock
•Discovered Polymerase Chain
•First scientist to observe bacteria
Reaction (PCR).
and other microbes, Using a single
•Awarded Noble prize in 1993.
lens microscope.

•Give them name Little animalcules.

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 Edward Jenner Emil von Behring
•He develop first vaccine, the Smallpox •He develop Antitoxin against
vaccine. Diphtheria
•Give the term Vaccine.

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 Bright field Microscope (Monocular) Bright field Microscope (Binocular)

Principle: The rays emitted from the light source pass through the iris diaphragm and fall
on the specimen. The light rays passing through the specimen are gathered by objective
and a magnified image is formed. This image is further magnified by ocular lens to
produce the final magnified virtual image.

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 Peptone water Alkaline Peptone water

•Simple basal medium, It •Enrichment medium for Vibrio cholera.

contains peptone(1%),Sodium
chloride (0.5%) and water.
Supports growth of non-
fastidious bacteria 12
 Robertson’s cooked meat
Broth Thioglycollate Broth (TG)
•Most widely used anaerobic •Enrichment broth supports
culture medium the growth of anaerobes,
aerobes, microaerophillic and
•It contains chopped meat fastidious bacteria
particles, which provide
glutathione and unsaturated fatty
acids. 13
 Conventional blood culture Medium
( Monophasic)

•It contains Broth like, Brain-Heart-Infusion broth (BHI),Bile broth,Trypticase Soya

broth
•Anticoagulant :Sodium Polyanethol Sulphanate (SPS ) 0.25 to 0.5 mg/ml.

•Recovery of organisms in the blood is enhanced by mixing the blood in the broth
periodically. If any growth occurs, it can be detected by subculture.
•Incubation period 7days to 30 days depend on species.
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 Nutrient agar
Blood agar
•Enriched media, having 5% sheep
•Simple or basal media, contains
blood.
minimum ingredients that support the
•Support growth Wide range of
growth of non-fastidious bacteria.
bacteria including Fastidious
bacteria.
•It is made up of Nutrient broth and 2%
•It is used to test the hemolytic
agar
property of the bacteria
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 Chocolate agar MacConkey agar

•It is a Low selective, Indicator

•It is heated blood agar (70o C), &differential medium commonly used for
more nutritious than blood agar the isolation of enteric gram-negative
bacteria.
•It supports highly fastidious •It differentiate organism into Lactose
bacteria, such as Haemophilus Fermenters (LF) and Non-Lactose
influenza. Fermenters ( NLF)
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Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) agar Deoxycholate Citrate agar (DCA)

•Selective growth medium for isolation of •Selective and differential medium for
Salmonella and Shigella isolation of enteric pathogen mainly
Salmonella and Shigella

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Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose Wilson Blair Brilliant Green Bismuth
agar (TCBS) Sulphite agar

Selective medium for isolation Vibrio •Selective medium for isolation

cholera Salmonella typhi

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Lowenstein-Jensen(LJ) medium Viral Transport Medium
•It is a Selective & enriched media, •Solution used to preserve virus
containing inhibitory substances that specimen after collection so that they
inhibits normal flora present in the can be transported and analyzed in
specimen. laboratory
It include saline solution, Phosphate
•Used for isolation of Mycobacterium buffered saline or fetal bovine serum
tuberculosis / NTM from sputum and
other specimen..
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 Sabouraud’s dextrose agar
Loeffler’s serum slope
•Most commonly used media in diagnostic
•Enriched media used for isolation
mycology.
of Corynebacterium diphtheria
•It contains peptone(1%), dextrose (4%) and
has final Ph of 5.6. (Make it selective for
fungus)
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 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
Muller Hinton Agar
Disc Diffusion Method (Kirby- Bauer’s Disk diffusion method)
•It is the most widely used Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test ( AST ) method.
•This is suitable for rapidly growing pathogenic bacteria,
•This is not suitable for slow growing bacteria

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 Catalase test

•When a colony of any catalase producing bacteria is mixed with a drop of hydrogen
peroxide(3%) placed on slide, effervescence or bubbles appear due to breakdown of H2 O2
by catalase to produce oxygen.

•Catalase positive; Staphylococcus, Members ofFamily Enterobacteriaceae, Vibrio cholera

Catalase negative: Streptococcus 23

 OXIDASE TEST

•It detect the presence of Cytochrome oxidase enzyme in bacteria, which catalyzes the
oxidation of reduced cytochrome by atmospheric oxygen.

•Reagent: Tetra methyl Paraphenyl Diamine –di hydrochloride(N.N.N.N.)

•Oxidase positive: Pseudomonas, Vibrio, [Link]

•Oxidase negative: Members of family Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, etc 24

 Negative Positive

Indole Test

•It detect the ability of certain bacteria to produce enzyme tryptophanase that breaks
down amino acid tryptophan present in the medium into indole.
•Medium: Peptone water enriched with Tryptophan amino acid.
•Reagent: Kovac’s Reagent ( P-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde).
•Indole positive: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio cholera
•Indole negative: Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas, Proteus mirabilis.
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 Negative Positive

Methyl Red test

•Detect acid production during fermentation of glucose, Acid so produce decrease

pH to 4.5 or below which is indicated by color change from yellow to red.

•Medium: Glucose phosphate Broth (GPB).

•MR Positive: [Link]

•MR Negative: Klebsiella pneumonia

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 Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test

•Acetylmethyl carbinol produce from glucose fermentation, converted to diacetyl in

the presence ofα-naphthol, 40% KOH and atmospheric oxygen. Diacetyl and
quanidine compounds in the peptones of broth then condence to form pinkish red
polymer.
•Medium: Glucose phosphate Broth (GPB).

•VP Positive: Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Hafnia,Serratia, Listeria, Viridans group

•VP Negative: [Link], Salmonella, Shigella 27

 Citrate Utilization Test

•It detect the ability of a few bacteria to utilize citrate as the sole source of carbon for
their growth, with production of alkaline metabolic products. Citrate utilizing bacteria
produce growth and a colour change. (original green to Blue)
•Medium: Simmon’s citrate medium(Solid)
Koser’s citrate medium( Liquid)
•Citrate Test positive: Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter, [Link]
•Citrate Test negative: Escherichia coli, Shigella. etc.
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 Negative Positive

Urea Hydrolysis Test

•Urease producing bacteria can split urea present in the medium to produce ammonia that
makes the medium alkaline.
•Test is done on Christensen’s urea Agar medium, which contains phenol red indicator that
changes to pink color in alkaline medium.

•Urease Test positive: Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus species, Helicobacter pylori,

Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton mentagraphytes etc

•Urease Test negative: Escherichia coli, Shigella. etc.

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 Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar Test

•TSI medium is widely used for identification of gram negative bacteria

•Contains three sugars glucose, lactose and sucrose in the ratio of [Link] parts.
•If acid is produced, medium is turned yellow from red
•Gas production: Medium is lifted up or break with cracks
•H 2S production: Medium changes color to black
•A/A : [Link], Klebsiella
•K/A: Shigella
•K/K: Proteus, Salmonella.
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Venereal Disease Research Loboratory
Rapid plasma Reagin (RPR) Test
(VDRL) Test
Slide Flocculation test
•Simple, non-specific and rapid
•Significant titer 1:8 or more
serological test used for diagnosis of
•Titre < 1:8 Biological false Reaction.
Syphilis an STD caused by Treponema
•It is most widely used, Simple, non-
palladium.
specific and rapid serological test used for
•No microscope required for observation
diagnosis of Syphilis an STD caused by
Treponema palladium.
•Require microscope for observation

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 Latex Agglutination Test Slide for RA,CRP & ASLO

Aglutination: When a particulate or insoluble antigen is mixed with its antibody in the
presence of electrolytes at a suitable temperature and pH, the particles are clumped or
agglutinated.

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 Slide agglutination test Tube agglutination test

Widal Test

•It is a tube agglutination test used for quantitative estimation of antibody titer against
Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A&B .
•Detect antibody against H (flagellar) and O (somatic) antigens of Salmonella typhi
•Significant titre :Single observation O: > 100 and H >200
•Four fold rising titre in paired sera
•False reaction : In anamenastic reaction, TAB vaccination and other infections like malaria,
dengue etc.
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96 well ELISA Plate (Microtitre plate ELISA Reader

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA)

•It is an immunoassay that detects either antigen or antibodies in the specimen by using
enzyme-substrate-chromogen system for detection.

•.(Ag-Ab complex)-enzyme + Substrate → activates the chromogen → color change

→ detected by spectrophotometry (ELISA reader).

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 Flow through Assay
Lateral flow Assay

Lateral flow Assay Flow through Assay

•Widely used in diagnostic
laboratories because of simplicity, •Protein A is used for labeling Antibody
economy, and rapidity instead of gold conjugates
•It can be used for both antigen and •Sample flows vertically through the
antibody detection in sample. nitrocellulose membrane 36
 Immuno Combs Test

•It is a highly accurate diagnostic tool providing quantitative results

that easily translate into a more accurate diagnosis when compared to a
lateral flow assay
The Comb’s teeth are activated with specific antigens localized to
Dots.

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 Ascaris lumbricoides
•Cylindrical worm, hence named Round worm; 15-31 cm long with tapering ends. Tail
end of male is curved ventrally in the form of a hook, while in female worm it is conical
and straight.
•Infected Form: Embryonated egg.
•Route of transmission: By ingestion contaminated food & water
•Complications: Small Bowel obstruction & Intussusception

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 Taenia ( Tape worm) (Formalin preserved Adult worm)

•Segmented, Tape like worms

•Definitive Host: Man

•Intermediate Host : Cattle (T. saginata) Pig ([Link])

•Infected form: Uncooked meat containing Larva (Cysticercus bovis/Cysticercus

cellulosae) 40
[Link] (Scolex & Proglottids) [Link] (Scolex & Proglottids)
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 Cysticercus cellulosae

•Tapeworm larvae, (Bladder worm)

•Small sac-like vesicle resembling bladder
•Fluid filled sac with Scolex
•Causes Neurocysticercosis

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 Hydatid Cyst E. Granulosus scolex Proglottids

•Causative agent: Echinococcus granulosus (Dog Tape worm)

•Host: Definitive (Dog) and Intermediate Host (Man, sheep)
•Infected form: Egg in dog faeces
•Mode of transmission By ingestion of eggs

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 Diphyllobothrium latum Scolex Proglottids

•Definitive host: Man

•Intermediate host: 1st – cyclopes
• 2nd --Fish
•Infected form: L3 larva (pleurocercoid larva)
•Transmission by : Ingestion of uncooked fish with larva
•Clinical menifestation: Intestinal symptom, Megaloblastic anemia
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 Hymenolepsis nana (Proglottids)

•Definitive host: Man

•Intermediate host: No
•Infective form : Eggs
•Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food
water
•Menifestations: Intestinal symptoms
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 Ancyclostoma duodenale
•Host : Man
•Infected form: Filariform (L3) larva
•Transmission: Skin penetration by filariform (L3) larva.
•Manifestations: Migratory phase( pruritis, serpiginous tracks)
Intestinal phase (Abdomen pain, Inflammatory diarrhea)
Iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition.
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 Guinea worm
•Scientific name: Dracunculous
Medinensis
•Mode of transmission : Consuption of
water having cyclope
•Female are bigger than males
•Infective form: 3 stage larva in Cyclops
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 HIV virus model 1
•They are spherical and 80-110 nm in size.
•Envelop is made up of Lipid part, and Protein part (gp 120 Knob like spikes on surface
and gp41 anchoring transmembrane pedicle)
•Nucleocapsid : Icosahedral capsid encloses
•RNA: Two identical single stranded positive sense linear RNA
• Viral enzymes: Reverse transcriptase,integrase and protease.
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 Influenza virus model 2
•Spherical in shape & 80-10 nm in size
•Helical nucleocapsid surrounded by an envelope
•Viral RNA: Multiple segmented, Negative sense single stranded RNA.
•Viral proteins : Eight structural proteins (PB1,PB2,PA,NP,HA,NA,M1 &M2)
• Two non structure proteins (NS1 & NS2)
•Lipid envelop has two type of glycoproteins Hemagglutination & Neuraminidase 50
 Hepatitis B virus model 3
•It is an DNA virus belongs to family Hepadnaviridae
•Morphologic forms: Spherical 22nm, Tubular 22nm,
•Complete form or Dane particles 42 nm made up of:
•Outer surface envelop HBsAg,
•Inner 27 nm nucleocapsid consist of core antigen (HBcAg) and Pre core antigen
(HBeAg)

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 Adeno virus model 4
•Non enveloped ds DNA virus
•Icosahedral symmetry with fiber protein projecting from each cortex gives a
unique space vehicle shaped appearance
•Causating agents of Upper respiratory and lower respiratory tract infections
•Ocular infections, Infantile gastroenteritis, Acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
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 Aspergillus Candida albicans on SDA slant
•Most pathogenic species of Candida infecting
A. niger: Black cottony type reverse Humans
side white.
•Causes Candidiasis affecting skin, mucus
membrane and systemic infection.

•Colony on SDA: Creamy white, smooth, and

pasty with typical yeasty odour 54
 Rhizopus Slide Culture Technique
Helps in study of Undisturbed
Colony on SDA shows white
microscopic morphological details
cottony woolly colonies with
black spores ( Salt and pepper of filamentous fungi
appearance)
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 Inoculation loop
•Consist of thin metal handle with loop, made of platinum, nichrome
•Used for pick up and transfer a small sample from culture/specimen eg for streaking on
culture plate.

Inoculation wire
•Consist of thin metal handle with wire, made of platinum, nichrome
•Used for stab/streaking culture

•Sterilized by Flamming( Red hot)

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 Pasture pipette Micropipette

•Piston driven air displacement micropipette is tools to handle volume of liquids in the
microliter scale.

•Disinfection with Alcohol.

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 Centrifuge machine

It is an equipment, generally driven by an electric motor (some older models were spun
by hand),that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force
perpendicular to the axis. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where
the centripetal acceleration causes denser substances to separate out along the radial
direction(the bottom of the tube).By the same time lighter objects will tend to move to
the top.

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 Water Bath

It is an laboratory equipment made from a container filled with heated water. It is

used to incubate samples in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time

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 Hot air oven
Incubator
Culture media after inoculation are •Sterilization Principle: Dry heat sterilization
incubated in this instrument most
commonly at 37o C for growth of •This method is used for materials that might be
bacteria.A beaker full of water is kept damaged by moist heat or that are impenetrable to
inside for providing moisture. moist heat(e.g, glassware, powder, petroleum
products)
•Sterilization condition 160o C for 120 minutes61.
 Autoclave

•Sterilization Principle: Moist heat sterilization

•Sterilization condition 121o C for 15 min at a pressure of 15 pounds per square inch(psi)

•Used for sterilizing critical and semi critical items, Culture media, Treatment of
Biomedical waste,Surgical gloves & instruments, 62
 Inspissation

•Sterilization condition 80-85o C for 30 min for 3 successive

days

•Sterilize media containing egg or serum e.g, LJ-medium,

Loeffler’s serum slope

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 Glass Petridish
McIntosh and Filde’s Jar •Shallow transparent dish used to
hold growth medium in which cells
•Size: 20X12.5 cm, Metal jar, of bacteria , fungi and mosses can be
•Catalyst-pallidinized alumina cultured
•Invented by German bacteriologist
It is an instrument used for the production of Julius Richard Petri
anaerobic environment, Anaerobiosis for •Sterilized by Autoclave 64
growth of anaerobic organism
 Sterilization by Filtration

Seitz Filter Syringe filter

•Asbestos filter, removes •Membrane based devices used to remove

microorganism from liquid, particulate impurities from liquid samples
solutions of intravenous use. prior to analysis by methods as HPLC, Ion
•Not used now days due to exchange chromatography and dissolution
carcinogenic potential of Asbestos. testing. 65
 Candle filter Universal container Sterile Swab
• Collection of Urine, •Used for collection of
• Used for water stool, CSF, Body fluids biological samples from the
filtration human body and allows for
the transport of sample
Sterilized by Hot air oven
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 Hard Tick
Soft Tick •Vector for Lyme disease, Q fever,
• Vector for Relapsing fever Tularemia, Rocky mountain spotted
fever.

• Kingdom: Animalia •Kingdom: Animalia

• Phylum: Arthropoda •Phylum: Arthropoda
• Class: Arachnida •Class: Arachnida
• Order: Ixodida •Order: Ixodida
• Family: Argasidae •Family: Ixodidae 68
 Sarcoptes scabiei (Itch mite) Pediculus humanus (louse)
•Vector of Scabies

•Kingdom: Animalia •Kingdom: Animalia

•Phylum: Arthropoda •Phylum : Arthropoda
•Class: Arachnida •Class : Insecta
•Order: Sarcoptiformes •Order: Psocodea
•Family: Saccoptidae •Parvorder : Phthiraptera

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 Ades aegypti Sand Fly Housefly
Vector of
•Dengue virus, Vector of •Mechanical vecter for food
• Yellow fever •Oriental Sore borne infections
•Chikungunya, •Kalaazar
•Filaria
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Structure of cell

Structure of cell

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 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

Goggles Shoe cover

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 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

N-95 Mask PPE Suit

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 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

PPE Kit
Gloves

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[Link] Charts
1. Scheme of typical clinical and lab features of viral hepatitis
2. Growth on culture media (Hi media)
3 Growth on culture media (Hi media)
4 Growth on culture media (Hi media)
5 Indirect Coombs test
6 Action of Interleukin (IL-1) on cells of immune system
7 Structure of lymph node
8 Classification of virus
9 Enzyme linked Immune Assay (ELISA)
10 Immune complex deposition in Kidney
11 Aspergillus species
12 Bacterial cell
13 B cell development
14 Viral replication
15 Hypersensitivity
16 Classification of virus
17 Sexually transmitted disease (STD)
18 Classification of Culture media
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19 Rifampicin Resistance among Tuberculosis patients in tertiary care
facility in Rajasthan
20 Colistin and Polymixin sensitivity for gram negative bacilli in clinical
samples in tertiary care facility of Rajasthan
21 Western blotting
22 Embryonated Egg
23 Morphology of bacterial cell
24 Malarial parasite of Man
25 Plasmodium vivax in Thick Film
26 Giardia Intestinalis
27 Stages of Entamoeba histolytica
28 Augmentin Disc sentitivity
29 Laboratory diagnosis of GIT
30 CD7 moleule on Mouse model
31 Hypersensitivity type II reaction
32 Mouse/ Human monocyte & macrophage action
33 Himedia Biochemical test
34 Water testing
35 Growth on culture media
36 HLA complex 84
37 Bacteriological assessment of stethoscopes used by healthcare workers in a
tertiary care centre of Rajasthan
38 Impact of COVID-19 on hospital acquired infections in a tertiary care facility of
Rajasthan
39 Microbiological profile of BAL sample in patients with chronic respiratory
disease from Tertiary care hospital

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