Electromagnetic Induction Whenever the magnetic flux linked with an electric circuit changes, an emf is induced in the circuit. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. Magnetic Flux ‘The total number of magnetic field lines crossing through any surface normally, when it is placed in a magnetic field is known as magnetic flux of that surface. dé=B-ds=Bds cos 0 Its SI unit is tesla-metre (or weber) CGS unit of §= maxwell, 1 weber = 10° maxwell, Dimensional formula of magnetic flux {ol = (ML? T?A7} Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction () Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an induced emf is produced in it. (i) The induced emf lasts, so long as the change in magnetic flux continues. (ii) The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change in magnetic flux, i.e. ext 5 ---% dt dt where, constant of proportionality is one and negative sign indicates that the induced emf in the circuit due to the changing flux always opposes the change in magnetie flux.Induced current is given as tai 4) Rat If induced current is produced in a coil rotated in uniform magnetic field, then NBA asin ot R where, Ip = NBAo= peak value of induced current, N =number of turns in the coil , B= magnetic induction, = angular velocity of rotation and A=area of cross-section of the coil. I fy sin wt Induced charge is given as - fa. Lenz’s Law ‘The direction of induced emf or induced current is always in such a way, that it opposes the cause due to which it is produced. Lenz's law is in accordance with the conservation of energy. Direction of the induced current can be determined as (i) if flux is decreasing, the magnetic field due to induced current will be along the existing magnetic field. (ii) if flux is increasing, the magnetic field due to induced current will be opposite to existing magnetic field. Also to apply Lenz’s law, you can remember RIN or ® In (when the loop lies on the plane of paper), where (@) RIN In RIN, R stands for right, I Induced current stands for increasing and N for north pole (anti-clockwise). It means, if a loop i is placed on the right side of a straight (hnereasing) current-carrying conductor and the current in the conductor is increasing, then induced current in the loop is anti-clockwise (0). (i) @IN_ In @IN, suppose the magnetic field in the loop is perpendicular to @ increasing paper inwards ® and this field is increasing, then induced current in the loop is anti-clockwise (@).Direction of Induced Current in Coi or Ring by Moving Bar Magnet The following are some important points that will explain the direction of induced current according to Lenz’s law. () When north pole moves towards ring, then flux will increase, induced current will oppose this, so north pole will be formed in loop as seen by observer. Observer. ——> Motion Induced current will be anti-clockwise. (i) When north pole moves away from ring, then flux will decrease, induced current will oppose this, so south pole will be formed in loop as seen by observer. A (5 Co) Observer Motion \) Induced current will be clockwise. ec 4 Anti-clockwise Clockwise Similar observations (as in case (a) can be observed when south pole moves towards ring. So, induced current will be clockwise here. WN s [a (a) fees) {(6 obsener ——>Motion \ (iv) Similar observations (as in case (b) can be observed when south pole moves away from the ring. So, induced current in this case will be anti-clockwise. op ON s [s = Q Observer «—— Motion Motional Emf If a rod of length / moves perpendicular to a magnetic field B, with a velocity v, then induced emf produced in it given by e = BulIf a rectangular coil moves linearly in a field, when coil moves with constant velocity in an uniform magnetic field, flux and indueed emf will be zero. A rod moves at an angle 0 with the direction of magnetic field, with velocity v, then e=-Blvsin® Ifa metallic rod of length J rotates about one of its ends in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, then the induced emf produced across, its ends is given by e=— Bol” = BAf 2 where, o= angular frequency of rotation, A=nl? = area of circle and f =frequency of rotation. If a metallic disc of radius r rotates about its own centre in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field B, then the induced emf produced between the centre and the edge is given by + Bor? = BAf where, = angular velocity of rotation, f = frequency of rotation and A = nr® = area of disc. ‘The direction of induced current in any conductor can be obtained from Fleming's right hand rule. Fleming’s Right Hand Rule If we stretch the thumb, the Motion of forefinger and the central finger ‘conductor of right hand in such a way that all three are perpendicular to each other, then if thumb represent the direction of Thumbs Forefinger Direction of motion, the forefinger represent —magnetclield the direction of magnetic field, & then central finger —_ will ~ represent the direction of iaton o induced current. induced current Note Integral form of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is fF - dlEddy Currents Ifa piece of metal is placed in a varying magnetic field or rotated with high speed in an uniform magnetic field, then induced currents set up in the piece are like whirlpool of air, called eddy currents. e _dél dt ‘The magnitude of eddy currents is given by I=—F =r where, R is the resistance. Eddy currents are also known as Foucault's currents. Eddy currents causes unnecessary heating and wastage of power. The heat, thus produced may even damage the insulation of coils of dynamos and generators. Eddy currents can be reduced by laminations of metal to make a metal core. Self-Induction ‘The phenomena of production of induced emf in a circuit due to change in current flowing in its own, is called self-induction. ‘The magnetic flux linked with a coil, 6= LI where, L = coefficient of self-induction. ‘The induced emf in the coil, e=—L a SI unit of self-induction is henry (H) and its dimensional formula is [ML?T 2A, © Self-inductance of a long solenoid is given by normal text, 2 La HONTA Ly n2Al where, N = total number of turns in the solenoid, length of the coil, n= number of turns in the coil and —_A=area of cross-section of the coil. *# If core of the solenoid is of any other magnetic material, then pa HotN 2A i 2 HoN*A nr * Self-inductance of a toroid, where, r = radius of the toroid, « Energy stored in an inductor, E = 3 LP.Mutual Induction The phenomena of production of induced emf in a circuit due to the change in magnetic flux in its neighbouring circuit, is called mutual induction. If two coils are coupled with each other, then magnetic flux linked with a coil (secondary coil) $=MI where, M is coefficient of mutual induction and J is current flowing through primary coil. ‘The induced emf in the secondary coil, e=- M # where, a is the rate of change of current through primary coil. The unit of coefficient of mutual induction is henry (H) and its dimensional formula is (ML?T2A~]. ‘The coefficient of mutual induction depends on geometry of two coils, distance between them and orientation of the two coils. Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids is given by, MatoN 2A I where, N, and N are total number of turns in both coils, m, and n, are number of turns per unit length in coils, A is area of cross-section of coils and lis length of the coils. Coefficient of Coupling Coefficient of coupling of two coils gives a measure of the manner in which the two coils are coupled together. =HomnzAl where, L, and L, are coefficients of self-induction of the two coils and M is coefficient of mutual induction of the two coils. Co-efficient of coupling is maximum (K = 1)in ease (a), when coils are co-axial and minimum in case (b), when coils are placed a right angles. @ © eGrouping of Coils (a) When three coils of inductances J;, Ly and L, are connected in series and the coefficient of coupling K =O as in series, then L=L+l,+l, u att ’ 34 esse —b ) (b) When three coils of inductances L,, L, and L, are connected in parallel and the coefficient of coupling K=Oas in parallel, then 1_1 1 1 eae, Li ly Ty h L Ls \ TOOTH y al L b oor — If coefficient of coupling K =1, then (@) Inseries (a) If current in two coils are in the same direction, then L=1,+1,+2M (b) If current in two coils are in opposite directions, then L=1,+L,-2M (i) In parallel (a) If current in two coils are in same direction, then (b) If current in two coils are in opposite directions, then p-be=M?