John Hopfield

John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933)[1] is an

American physicist and emeritus professor of John Hopfield
Princeton University, most widely known for his study
of associative neural networks in 1982. He is known
for the development of the Hopfield network. Previous
to its invention, research in artificial intelligence (AI)
was in a decay period or AI winter, Hopfield work
revitalized large scale interest in this field.[2][3]

In 2024 Hopfield, along with Geoffrey Hinton, was

awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their
foundational contributions to machine learning,
particularly through their work on artificial neural
networks.[4][2] He has been awarded various major
physics awards for his work in multidisciplinary fields
including condensed matter physics, statistical physics
and biophysics. Hopfield in 2016
Born John Joseph Hopfield
July 15, 1933
Biography Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Education Swarthmore College (AB)
Cornell University (PhD)
Early life and education Known for Hopfield network
John Joseph Hopfield was born in 1933 in Chicago[1] Modern Hopfield network
to physicists John Joseph Hopfield (born in Poland as Hopfield dielectric
Jan Józef Chmielewski) and Helen Hopfield (née Polariton
Staff).[5][6] Kinetic proofreading
Awards Oliver Buckley Prize (1969)
Hopfield received a Bachelor of Arts with a major in
physics from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania in Dirac Medal of the ICTP (2001)
1954 and a Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Harold Pender Award(2002)
Cornell University in 1958.[1] His doctoral dissertation Albert Einstein World Award of
was titled "A quantum-mechanical theory of the Science (2005)
contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric
Benjamin Franklin Medal (2019)
constant of crystals".[7] His doctoral advisor was
Boltzmann Medal (2022)
Albert Overhauser.[1]
Nobel Prize in Physics (2024)

Scientific career
Career
Fields Physics
Molecular biology
He spent two years in the theory group at Bell Complex systems
Laboratories working on optical properties of Neuroscience
semiconductors working with David Gilbert Thomas[8] Institutions Bell Labs
and later on a quantitative model to describe the Princeton University
cooperative behavior of hemoglobin in collaboration University of California, Berkeley
with Robert G. Shulman.[1][5][9] Subsequently he California Institute of Technology
became a faculty member at University of California, Thesis A quantum-mechanical theory of
Berkeley (physics, 1961–1964),[2] Princeton the contribution of excitons to the
[2]
University (physics, 1964–1980), California Institute complex dielectric constant of
of Technology (Caltech, chemistry and biology, 1980– crystals (https://www.proquest.co
1997)[2] and again at Princeton (1997–),[2][1] where he m/docview/301894791/) (1958)
is the Howard A. Prior Professor of Molecular Biology,
Doctoral Albert Overhauser
emeritus.[10]
advisor
In 1976, he participated in a science short film on the Doctoral Steven Girvin
structure of the hemoglobin, featuring Linus students Gerald Mahan
Pauling.[11] Bertrand Halperin
David J. C. MacKay
From 1981 to 1983 Richard Feynman, Carver Mead José Onuchic
and Hopfield gave a one-year course at Caltech called Terry Sejnowski
"The Physics of Computation".[12][13] This Erik Winfree
collaboration inspired the Computation and Neural Li Zhaoping
Systems PhD program at Caltech in 1986, co-founded
by Hopfield.[14][12]

His former PhD students include Gerald Mahan (PhD in 1964),[15] Bertrand Halperin (1965),[16] Steven
Girvin (1977),[16] Terry Sejnowski (1978),[16] Erik Winfree (1998),[16] José Onuchic (1987),[16] Li
Zhaoping (1990)[17] and David J. C. MacKay (1992).[16]

Work
In his doctoral work of 1958, he wrote on the interaction of excitons in crystals, coining the term
polariton for a quasiparticle that appears in solid-state physics.[18][19] He wrote: "The polarization field
'particles' analogous to photons will be called 'polaritons'."[19] His polariton model is sometimes known
as the Hopfield dielectric.[20]

From 1959 to 1963, Hopfield and David G. Thomas investigated the exciton structure of cadmium sulfide
from its reflection spectra. Their experiments and theoretical models allowed to understand the optical
spectroscopy of II-VI semiconductor compounds.[21]

Condensed matter physicist Philip W. Anderson reported that John Hopfield was his "hidden
collaborator" for his 1961–1970 works on the Anderson impurity model which explained the Kondo
effect. Hopfield was not included as a co-author in the papers but Anderson admitted the importance of
Hopfield's contribution in various of his writings.[22]

William C. Topp and Hopfield introduced the concept of norm-conserving pseudopotentials in

1973.[23][24][25]
In 1974 he introduced a mechanism for error correction in biochemical reactions known as kinetic
proofreading to explain the accuracy of DNA replication.[26][27]

Hopfield published his first paper in neuroscience in 1982, titled "Neural networks and physical systems
with emergent collective computational abilities" where he introduced what is now known as Hopfield
network, a type of artificial network that can serve as a content-addressable memory, made of binary
neurons that can be 'on' or 'off'.[28][5] He extended his formalism to continuous activation functions in
1984.[29] The 1982 and 1984 papers represent his two most cited works.[10] Hopfield has said that the
inspiration came from his knowledge of spin glasses from his collaborations with P. W. Anderson.[30]

Together with David W. Tank, Hopfield developed a method in 1985–1986[31][32] for solving discrete
optimization problems based on the continuous-time dynamics using a Hopfield network with continuous
activation function. The optimization problem was encoded in the interaction parameters (weights) of the
network. The effective temperature of the analog system was gradually decreased, as in global
optimization with simulated annealing.[33]

Hopfield is one of the pioneers of the critical brain hypothesis, he was the first to link neural networks
with self-organized criticality in reference to the Olami–Feder–Christensen model for earthquakes in
1994.[34][35] In 1995, Hopfield and Andreas V. Herz showed that avalanches in neural activity follow
power law distribution associated to earthquakes.[36][37]

The original Hopfield networks had a limited memory, this problem was addressed by Hopfield and
Dimitry Krotov in 2016.[33][38] Large memory storage Hopfield networks are now known as modern
Hopfield networks.[39]

Views on artificial intelligence

In March 2023, Hopfield signed an open letter titled "Pause Giant AI Experiments", calling for a pause on
the training of artificial intelligence (AI) systems more powerful than GPT-4. The letter, signed by over
30,000 individuals including AI researchers Yoshua Bengio and Stuart Russell, cited risks such as human
obsolescence and society-wide loss of control.[40][41]

Upon being jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics, Hopfield revealed he was very unnerved by
recent advances in AI capabilities, and said "as a physicist, I'm very unnerved by something which has no
control".[42] In a followup press conference in Princeton University, Hopfield compared AI with
discovery of nuclear fission, which led to nuclear weapons and nuclear power.[2]

Awards and honors

Hopfield received a Sloan Research Fellowship[43] in 1962 and as his father, he received a Guggenheim
Fellowship (1968).[44] Hopfield was elected as a member of the American Physical Society (APS) in
1969,[45][46] a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1973, a member of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1975, and a member of the American Philosophical Society in
1988.[47][48][49] He was the President of the APS in 2006.[50]
In 1969 Hopfield and David Gilbert Thomas were awarded
the Oliver E. Buckley Prize of condensed matter physics by
the APS "for their joint work combining theory and
experiment which has advanced the understanding of the
interaction of light with solids".[51]

In 1983 he was awarded the MacArthur Foundational Prize

by the MacArthur Fellows Program.[52] In 1985, Hopfield
received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy
of Achievement[53] and the Max Delbruck Prize in
Biophysics by the APS.[9] In 1988, he received the
The 1969 ceremony of the Oliver E.
Michelson–Morley Award by Case Western Reserve
Buckley Prize of condensed matter
University.[54] Hopfield received the Neural Networks physics. Luis Walter Alvarez (left)
Pioneer Award in 1997 by the Institute of Electrical and congratulates David Gilbert Thomas
Electronics Engineers (IEEE).[55] (middle) and John Hopfield (right).

He was awarded the Dirac Medal of the International Centre

for Theoretical Physics in 2001 "for important contributions in an
impressively broad spectrum of scientific subjects"[56][57]
including "an entirely different [collective] organizing principle in
olfaction" and "a new principle in which neural function can take
advantage of the temporal structure of the 'spiking' interneural
communication".[57]

Hopfield received the Harold Pender Award in 2002 for his

accomplishments in computational neuroscience and neural
Geoffrey E. Hinton (left) and
engineering from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering,
Hopfield at 2024 Nobel Week
University of Pennsylvania.[58] He received the Albert Einstein
World Award of Science in 2005 in the field of life sciences.[59] In
2007, he gave the Fritz London Memorial Lecture at Duke University, titled "How Do We Think So Fast?
From Neurons to Brain Computation".[60] Hopfield received the IEEE Frank Rosenblatt Award in 2009
for his contributions in understanding information processing in biological systems.[61] In 2012 he was
awarded the Swartz Prize by the Society for Neuroscience.[62] In 2019 he was awarded the Benjamin
Franklin Medal in Physics by the Franklin Institute,[63] and in 2022 he shared the Boltzmann Medal
award in statistical physics with Deepak Dhar.[64]

He was jointly awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics with Geoffrey E. Hinton for "foundational
discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".[65][66]

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External links
Homepage at Princeton (http://genomics.princeton.edu/hopfield/Index.html) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20180102042829/http://genomics.princeton.edu/hopfield/Index.htm
l) January 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
User:John J. Hopfield – Scholarpedia (http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/User:Hopfield)
Hopfield, John J. (2014). "Whatever Happened to Solid State Physics?" (https://doi.org/10.1
146%2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924). Annual Review of Condensed Matter
Physics. 5: 1–13. Bibcode:2014ARCMP...5....1H (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AR
CMP...5....1H). doi:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031113-133924 (https://doi.org/10.1146%
2Fannurev-conmatphys-031113-133924).. This review traces the trajectory of solid state
physics through Hopfield's own experiences.
Hopfield, John (October 2018). "Now What?" (https://pni.princeton.edu/people/john-j-hopfiel
d/now-what). Princeton Neuroscience Institute. Retrieved October 15, 2024. (Auto-
biographical essay)

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