SAMPLING

Definitions:
Population: The group of individuals under study is called population or universe.
Finite Population: The population contains countable number of observations is called finite
population.
Example: Height of the student in a class.
Infinite Population: The population contains uncountable number of observations is called infinite
population.
Example: The average income of the people in the country.
Sample: A finite subset of statistical individuals in a population is called a sample.
Sample Size: the number of individuals in a sample is called the sample size.
Sampling: The process of selecting a sample from the population is known as sampling.

Parameters and Statistics: The statistical constants of the population i.e., mean, variance etc., are
usually referred to as parameters, statistical constants of the sample i.e., mean, variance etc., are
usually referred to as statistics.
Types of Sampling.
There are lot of sampling techniques which are grouped into two categories as
• Probability Sampling • Non- Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling
The different types of Probability sampling are
(i) Simple Random Sampling.
(ii) Stratified Random Sampling.
(iii) Systematic Random Sampling.

Simple Random Sampling: It is the technique of drawing a sample in such a way that each unit of
the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample.
Fairly good random samples can be obtained by the use of Tippet's random number tables or by
throwing of a dice, draw of a lottery, etc. •
The simplest method, which is normally used, is the lottery system which is illustrated below by
means of an example.
In this method an equal probability of selection is assigned to each unit of the population at the first
draw. It also implies an equal probability of selecting any unit from the available units at subsequent
draws.
Thus in SRS from a population of N units, the probability of drawing any unit at the first draw
1
is , the probability of drawing any unit in the second draw from among the available (N - 1)
N
1
units, is and so on.
N −1
For example: Random selection of 20 students from class of 50 student. Each student has equal
chance of getting selected. Here probability of selection is 1/50

Stratified Random Sampling: Here the entire heterogeneous population is divided into a number
of homogeneous groups. usually termed as strata, which differ from one another but each of these
groups is homogeneous within itself. Then units are sampled at random from each of these stratum,
the sample size in each stratum varies according to the relative importance of the stratum in the
population. The sample, which is the aggregate of the sampled units of each of the stratum, is termed
as stratified sample and the technique of drawing this sample is known as stratified sampling. Such
a sample is by far the best and can safely be considered as representative of the population from
which it has been drawn.
Systematic Random Sampling: Here the selection of elements is systematic and not random
except the first element. Elements of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of population. All the
elements are put together in a sequence first where each element has the equal chance of being
selected. For a sample of size n, we divide our population of size N into subgroups of k elements.
We select our first element randomly from the first subgroup of k elements. To select other elements
of sample, perform following:
N
We know number of elements in each group is k i.e .
n
So, if our first element is n1 then Second element is n1+k i.e n2
Third element n2+k i.e n3 and so on. Taking an example of N = 20, n = 5
N
No of elements in each of the subgroups is i.e 20/5 = 4 = k
n
Now, randomly select first element from the first subgroup.
If we select n1= 3, n2 = n1+k = 3+4 = 7, n3 = n2+k = 7+4 = 11

Systematic Sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
It does not rely on randomization. Outcome of sampling might be biased and makes difficult for all
the elements of population to be part of the sample equally. This type of sampling is also known as
non-random sampling.
Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling is one in which the sample units are selected with definite purpose in view.
Only those elements will be selected from the population which suits the best for the purpose of our
study.
For example, if we want to give the picture that the standard of living has increased in the city of
New Delhi, we may take individuals in the sample from rich and posh localities like Defense
Colony, South Extension, Golf Links, Jor Bagh, Chanakyapuri, Greater Kailash etc. and ignore the
localities where low income group and the middle class families live. This sampling suffers from
the drawback of favouritism and nepotism and does not give a representative sample of the
population.
sday Sanmpling Distabutions -

popuulatiow: he populatiow is Ane Aokally dr

i t h whi cw uwu orte Onudnecd.
Ahe obsevations

ins litukon
E9. lo. d okuden, in aw

Goods prepaed in haclon.y

he no. o observatone n th popudoton J

dehined tbes1ze tthe populotion, dunoked

by
lopulation may oe dainied into huso qpes,

Fint omd ntunit populaions, accoidunq

t0 AnU no. objeii m he populakon.

Sample ASample is o subsek dapopulaton

is called fne
he no.o objeu m he sample

Siz o h comple, danokd by

D Hhv o ckudems m ws tiuion
E no.

A populauon
U) he no. d malu ctudenti

(H) hv nodhemalv Lhuden

oKsiden d a somples
Types o &amples'-
oNe cassnhed m 2 ways:
Spomplus
hanqe Sample.
 i.e' n 2 3 0 , t
Ahe size o eaMple
gample s aid, to be lano sample

m a l l Sample
J} me eize dt he eanmple i.e, n< 20, he

Sampe aicd to be imalb conple O

exak cmmple

Camplun
h pr0cess s daauwumO ple f0m, the
kine
population is calld
3pin
Kandom Sampmg
he &ample ebtained by quua eual dhantu
to each memlbt o Hhe population s calld
Rondow Lample
ne proc G elbkaunung Kandovw Sample is
callud londow 2amplung
Panamekee amd katistics
fanameka isa totus li cal measune baed o
al wnt (all obseivatuons d populatuom
&tatistue s
gkotiutucalmeaswre base d oly
on nll tu uuo selecked AM Lample
fopulatuon Mem:
XN e tu A ebsesvalons

populaion.
he on tue popuulokto

N
fopulakon aiancet

N
(xi-u
Om populaluon

popuaton

Sample Meant
piesenU

1aMdo w saMnple t sighen +he Lamplu Mian,

14: t3-t n

Snmplu Nam nce

- =
Sannplung diuibution
ni) be he th
th
Si i ,X2i,

soomples talld
Sample, he se d nl

ompling di t butuon
NoTe Samdun teony he, thuds o
alattonshup bekuoeLn populakion md comples
to
rdraww bom ths popualnion. (applicoable

rondomLampl ondy
 Sampluno
Samplmeg disthbuions o Means (Enoon

st Meam ancd
Co usidu a populakiom

skomdand diviaiom

SuppoRe t eoples owe

PO pulaH on,
ghu Mean d h e Swnpimg distn butiow
e
Means

MD. Comples
Vananc d h Sammpmg dukabuuhon o
Mims.

no.d samples
[Link] anples

whwre iis hu Vomance d Lample

Lan Canplu
T he meom sanplurmg dishibudicn,
Mean
NOTE
. Suupp0se sawMples ame drau doww n finil
populaioM o
Lawnpun9 n e wi tw
Teplacenment
dhe MuaW d Sampuna dihbwon meoms
 omamCe Sawnp ng diibuuon d Meam s
wure n aize d somplu

uppose owmple o drauou ins

omplmo done oithout

plocemUmt

Ampumg dis hi bufion Man

Vonme

N-n
N-1Jn

populaluon
eN size d

Her N he init popiulalior

N-1
torection ockod
Can be drauwn bom a
. me no.. Sampls
A
populaton oi t replaúiment

he no. d Lampls Can be do n m o

popl otiOn w1Hhout eplaumuM isNCW

Stondord ev d llatütie
The tamdarcd duialon amapung
diutnbutuon CMOOw as londid e o
9.E SE =N-
-1
with eplaomevnk. ), o Hheut placememt
2-10-20|9
aanaIWO consisll ok 5 numbers 2,3,6,
1 Apopuulaluow
and 1. Consio a l poible samples d

ize hat caw lbe dnauow t mplacementfs

RAis populatuon. Find

)hu Maw d the populalDM
Cb)
hu Standard duviatuon hu sopulatiom
Cc)
Mean s te ampling dislibukion c
Mean's. and
Cd) e [Link] cowmplmg diskabukoM t
Man s( i.e, une skondaic tm
d Mam's
Here N=S owmd
n 2

i6
Cb) Vanamce 2(-u

-4+6-t)l-)4e-4)t1-)
LI++e+) S 10.8
he &.D, 10.e 3.28
C) sanpliug ww eplatementF
Mone al
ponble Sap les tize 2 o h
popwrn) ciLs S
foid ampbs ore
2 ) , C,3), ,4),0,8) lz,1), b,2) Jo,2),6,4),6,8),(3,1
26,3), G,c),0,8) AG,1), 8,2) 8,)eA),),8,
j2), (1,), V),4), (n,8) ,(11,1).
AneMeans o all Lonples
2,2S j C , c.S, 2.C, 2, 4S, S,H, 4,4.S, , 4

.S, S)S.S, 4,8, q.C, 6.S,, . 5 , . , It

Mean Sagumg diutiouion d Means

ig= (So) =
()amamte d Camplm ditimtuDw / e ns,

Ate g-Mg)-4

. = S. 2.>
hane dovndiniu poputaton
Also w
amomte opwng dmbukio r a n s

10. 5 .

D 28 2:2

. e populaionv is ,6,,1S,2F
Com be
that com b
size 3
is all poshble sompls o
wi theut fplatumont bo hmit populatuen
datw
) Caluuloate tte Mcor ot encw o the 8omplnn
dis kiloutons Meom's
c)find me 9.D Sownpung diu tibutuom

Man
 WeAw k tu populotun,= +6 L+IS+24)=12

Nanance po pulatien, L - 1 ) 6 2) L-12)

C-12)C2-1)
=
Ls1 + 36 ++ +20%)
260

D d po putkotion, (a 8.g
(a) Sawmpling dtirlo dleu ohout replactmEnk:
(Fini&)

o possible somples tan be drauon

NCn C
A possible Lonpls ret,6,9),,6, 1s ),e,4,2,
3,1,1), 0,1,27), (,1s, 27), &6)1,1, 4,1,13)
C6,,27), G,is,27)
Mans d he &amples
A , O, 3/8, G, 8,12,,13,1S,10,t4 ,16,1*
Mea c &onplinq diibbuluon Mms,
T L(6+8+124++12 +1S 10+ +16+1)
d 1
(c)Vanante d Smpling diutibulon ot Meons
-12)+6-n)+Us-1) +-13>la-1)+
+o-12)+q4-12)"4u6-1n)A17-
 9 6 + I6 + 1 + - + t e + e +1G + )

C06)
2

.D, = (12 3 . 4 6

. A populalen oniuí 6 wwbns &,1216,

0 omd 24p. Coneids all poiblu sampl d
Size 2 m Co be drano wiHnou
kow ttui [Link]. Fmd
rplatewnuMk
Populolunn Mmn
(popuako .D
he 1Aaw d H Lammplung disibation é MLans
Ao p d swpmq dut Mean's
Vesiky Hhv Pul
t Lonskuck Sampng ditibuwdon ot Meont er
ne popudation 3,4, 11,IS oy diauung 3ammpla dr
eplaumintDeksmine
Size 2 witw

Veaidy he Rsults.
S. find hu Naluw ¢ fwt population uwneckien dacloi

o n 10 md 00
The dut opulatuon CoTvecion lactor = N -
-1
100-10 0.90
DO -1
 populalon is -
[Link] Namane
S1ze dtu Sample tsllcked d0 w tu ppulalioy

16Unat s H ckandand em1 Mian.

he D Roupung dih bution d eoms

s calud Stomdard

iven, amovmas
S.D, 1Gt4

3. Her -6, n- 2

Man, sl C +1246 +204+24) s 14

vvieonci, e-1)t-) (ane)tt6-1e)+

(po-14++p4-14)
 too+96 + + 36f100

9-80
G
46.64
SD, =46.6T=G. 83
S a p u o Ahounk neplacewment
NCn C 1S
Jodal p &h ble Sovinnplis =

ALl possi ble Lamples ore

Gs)Ce,12),(e,1t),C4,10) ,le,24)
(e,12) Ce1¢ ), ,20), 8,24)
2,14,02,0) ,2,2), , 20)3 lt4,24),2o,24).
Means dne &amplus
6,% 10 12, tP,10, 12,t4, 16,1,16,18,18,20,22

Vam ance, o - G t 3 6 ++16+++p+

1S
1616+346
20 18.64

&P, T (18.6+ 4.32

Mean, l %+*+I|+1S 36

Variante, 3t++¢ +s4) = 80. 20

S-D 20 = . 4
CSownpling with placumeMk.

Total powmble sawmples 4

A poesible cowmples e

3,1) J3,)5), 7,3),h,7),H)1) ,7,i)

1,3),,1),
01,3), U1,), (1,11),bn,1), ts,3),0S,4) us y1), rs,ns)}

Means d t &amplel
3,S,1, 9,S, 4, 9, 11,4;1, 11, 13, ,11,13,!S

Henc we haNeJ =) and -g

11
Hence Vex i d

Vanamte 34+1G++6+4 +p+e + HL

1L +16
8.7S
2.6

Vesihicatuon
4onmula bv 8.D Js
40-Thur2OlsdGay
Central Aimik Thonem

k Me Mean o Random Lample

tw
e S12 n tatew hom populaduOM
Meom amd Vamomd .

kndaNdized cample Meaw

s MAO Vamable uMoce dis tabki ow

Nomal
unchon appradhes tnaanolaro

Asbn button: ou
koten
aben o
onmn
or gize 1003
A Kondowr omple
uet6
h e Mean
Onu Atmit populaluon hoaNma

md vamance, .lha is tuu poboloilikj

hot will be pekwew75 amd 18

Mean =G

(,
Vamant 26 26

u l tnow hat hie z -J

-10
16

2 0.6
Ihen -7 z= 20 t.2
.pa n<1«)=p (-o.625 <z<t.2)
p (o<z <0.6)+ p(o<z<l.
o.236 +0.31
0.6268

a. A Normal populattuon has Meaw o O.

Owd S.D 2.1. Fmd M pobabili ty thak
ts Man
2oniplu d size 00 oil\ be
negau
Vew La 0

D,a 2.1 q0O

Ile nouo thak,

-0
2-1
2.1
30
z (-o.)30
.
2:1 2 -0.

:2.70.1
3.0

001z+0.||
' equired pro babiihy Mak t
canplu
KAne Mea wi be
negatuse
pi<o) pt+ 0,0z <o
0.0+7< -o.1
 r
0.0

p (z-t)
0.S-p(-1.428 z < o )

0-S- p(o<z<t.e)
O S O.236

O.016¢|
. KMdom Somplu size 6 itaki ow
S1.4
or Atpopulatuoin wi tw Man a z
D, = 68 Uhat is H prooalen iky thak ti

ea Hhe Lamplu wil

a excatd s2. q
b oll ow 50. and 2.
c)be s hawSO:6

Deker wne, Be expeked no. Rondom cammples

haNmo h u Meams

a blw 22. 2 md 22.4¢

enlo ha 22.2

)us tha 22.3+

d) ws hom 22.38 01 MOY,thanw. 22.4l:
do1 h dollo vounq dato

=15D0
N-Size d popaloaluow
s i z e samplu = 36
s b. sampls 60
0.p8, 2222.4