CHEMISTRY

Class 9th (KPK)

NAME: __________________________

F.NAME: _________________________

CLASS:___________ SECTION: ________

ROLL #: _____ SUBJECT: ____________

ADDRESS: ___________________________________

__________________________________________

SCHOOL: _____________________________________

https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotCom/

https://tehkals.com/
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 1
https://tehkals.com/

Structure of Molecules
(TOPIC WISE QUESTIONS)
Q1. What is chemical bond?
Ans: Chemical Bond:
The attractive force which holds the atoms together in a molecular or compound during chemical
reaction is called chemical bond.
During reaction old bonds are broken down on reactant hand side and new bonds are formed on product
hand side to form a product.
Example:
H2, O2, Cl2, N2 etc.
In given examples each atom of every element combine together to form a molecule.
Q2. Write the two concepts which explain the chemical bonding.
Ans: The two concept are:
i. The valence concept: (Electronic theory of valence)
In 1916, G.N Lewis and W. Kossel gave the electronic theory of valence.
It states that in a chemical bond formation, atoms take part by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons, so
to attain the inert or noble gas electronic configuration.
When atoms have two or eight electrons in their outermost shell, they are stable. The electron theory of
valence can be named as octet or duplet theory of valence.
a. Octet Theory of valence or Rule of Eight:
The tendency of atoms to attain eight electrons in the outermost shell in order to attain stability.
For example oxygen (O) atom has six electrons in their valence shell. It shares or gains two electron in
its outermost shell to attain the stability by completing its outermost shell with eight electron.
b. Duplet Rule or Rule of two:
The tendency of atoms to attain two electrons in the valence shell in order to attain sability.
For example, Helium (He) has two electrons in its valence shell and is stable.
The elements in Group VIIIA of periodic table are called noble gases. They are very stable and rarely
take part in chemical reactions to form compounds. Their stability comes from their completely filled
outermost shells.
Except Helium that has two electrons in outermost shell, all other noble gases have eight electrons in
their outermost shells. A shell with eight electron is called an octed shell and is very stable. Thus, when
atoms take part in a chemical reactions, they tend to combine in ways to complete eight electrons in their
outermost shell, to attain the electronic configuration of the noble gases.
ii. Orbital Concept:
This concept is based on the combination of atomic orbital to produce molecular orbital. The atomic
orbitals have one electron. These orbitals when come close to one other, they overlap each other. This
overlapping either endwise or sidewise, Endwise, Overlapping produce sigma bond and sidewise
overlapping produce pi-bond.
Q3. Define ionic bond. Explain ionic bond formation in NaCl and CaCl2.
Ans: Ionic bond:
A type of chemical bond which is formed by complete transfer of electron from one atom to another
atom is called ionic bond.
The transfer of electrons between atoms completes the octets and duplets. This type of bond is always
between metal and non-metal. Metals always lose electrons to form cations and non-metals always gain
electrons to form anions.
In ionic bond formation, one atom loses electron(s) and other gains it. The atom that loses, the electron
acquires positive charge and the other atom, which gains the electron, becomes negatively charged
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 2
https://tehkals.com/

particle. Due to opposite charges, an electrostatic force of attraction is setup between them. This force
holds these ions together. This force of attraction is referred as an ionic bond.
i. Bond formation in Sodium Chlroide:
It is explained as follow:
Formation of Na+ ion:
Atomic number of sodium = 11,
K = 2e
L = 8e
M = 1e
Sodium atom has one electron in its valence shell. It has larger atomic size and low ionization potential
(I.P). Therefore, it gives one electron to Cl atom to form Na+ ion and thus it attain the electronic
configuration of the nearest noble gas Neon (K=2, and L=8)
Na energy Na+ + 1e-
(2,8,1) (2, 8)
Formation of Cl ion:
Atmic number of chlorine = 17
K = 2e-
L = 8e-
M = 7e-
Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its valence shell. It has smaller atomic size value, therefore, it gains
one electron from Na to form chloride in Cl and to attain the electronic configuration of the nearest
noble gas Argon (K=2, L=8 and M=8)
Cl + 1e  Cl-
(2,8,7)  (2, 8, 8)
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 3
https://tehkals.com/

Establishment of Electrostatic force:

Now both these ions (Na+ and Cl) attract each other due to electrostatic force of attraction forming ionic
bond. Thus sodium chloride is formed
Na+ Cl-  NaCl
ii. Bond Formation of Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)
It is explained as follow:
Formation of Ca+ ion:
Calcium atom has twenty (20) atomic number. It has two electrons in its valence shell. It has the
tendency to lose two electrons to attain the electronic configuration of Argon. So the calcium (Ca+2) is
formed Ca(2,8,8) + 2e-
Formation of Cl- ion:
Chlorine (Cl) has seventeen (17) atomic number. It has one electron in its valence shell. It needs one
electron to complete its outermost shell to attain the electronic configuration of Argon. So it form
chloride ion (Cl-).
Cl (2, 3, 7) + e  Cl (2, 8, 8)

Establishment of Electrostatic force:

Now both these ions on Ca++ and two Cl- ion attract each other due to electrostatic force of attraction
forming ionic bond. Thus calcium chloride is formed.
Ca + 2Cl  CaCl2
This explains the divalent nature of Calcium (Ca).
Q4: Define covalent bond and explain its types in detail.
Ans: Covalent Bond:
A type of chemical bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons b/w two atoms is called a
covalent bond. (OR)
It is that force of attraction that arises b/w two atoms due to the mutual sharing of an electron or
electrons.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 4
https://tehkals.com/

Explanation:
Every atom wants to complete its valence shell to become stable and lower their energy by transferring
of an electron is not only necessary. However some atoms decrease their energies by sharing their
electrons.
The two bonding atoms contribute the same number of electrons to bond formation. The atoms will
share their valence shell electrons are not localized by only one atom. The share electrons b/w the atoms
are responsible for lowering the energies and shifting towards stability.
One the basis of electron/electrons sharing, covalent bond may be classified as single, double and triple
covalent bonds.
Single Covalent Bond:
The bonds in which two atoms share one electron each they form a pair of electrons is called single
covalent bond.
A single straight line “_____” shows the single covalent bond.
For example, H2, Cl2, F2, Etc.
a. Chlorine (Cl2)
Chlorine molecule is formed from two chlorine atoms. The chlorine atom electronic configuration is (2,
8, 7). A Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its valence shell. The two chlorine atoms mutually shares
one electron with each other to form chlorine (Cl2). Therefore, both chlorine atoms attain inert gas (Ar)
electronic configuration and complete their octet.

b. Molecule of Methane, (CH4) (atomic No. H=1, C=6):

Carbon atom has four electrons in its valence shell and needs four more electrons to attain the noble gas
(Ne) configuration. Therefore, four atom of Hydrogen mutually share one electron each with a carbon
atom to form a molecule of Methane.

ii. Double Covalent Bond:

The bonds in which two atoms share two electrons each they form two pairs of electrons is called double
covalent bond.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 5
https://tehkals.com/

A double straight line “ shows such a covalent bond,

For example O2, C2H4, CO2, etc.
a. Oxygen (O2)
Oxygen molecule is formed from two oxygen atoms. The oxygen atom electronic configuration is (2, 6).
An oxygen atom has six electrons in its valence shell and it shares two electrons with another oxygen to
form oxygen (O2). In this way, both oxygen atoms attain inert gas (Ne) electronic configuration and
complete their octet.

b. Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Similarly in carbon dioxide, carbon atom shares three four electrons with two oxygen atoms to form
double covalent bonds.

iii. Triple Covalent Bond:

The bonds in which two atoms share three electrons each they form three pairs of electrons is called
triple covalent bond.
A triple straight line shows such a covalent bond in which total six electrons are shared.
For example N2, C2H2 etc.
a. Nitrogen (N2):
Nitrogen molecule is formed from two nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen atom electronic configuration is (2,
5). A nitrogen atom has five electrons in its valence shell and its shares three electrons with another
nitrogen to form nitrogen (N2). In this way, both nitrogen atoms attain inert gas (Ne) electronic
configuration and complete their octet.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 6
https://tehkals.com/

Q5. Define co-ordinate covalent bond.

Ans: Co-ordinate covalent bond or dative bond:
The type of covalent bond in which the shared pair electrons is denoted by only one of the two bonded
atoms is known as co-ordinate covalent bond or dative bond.
Explanation:
In the formation of co-ordinate covalent bond, the atom which denotes the electron pair is called donor
atom which accepts it is known as acceptor atom.
Generally, those atoms which have lone pair of electrons act as a donor atoms while electrons deficient
species act as acceptor atom. Co-ordinate covalent bond is just different from covalent bond in mode of
formation and after formation in adopts the covalent characters.
Representation:
Co-ordinate covalent bond is represented by an arrow, the head of arrow which is directed towards the
acceptor atom.
Examples:
i. Formation of Ammonium Ion (N𝑯𝑯+ 𝟒𝟒 ):
In ammonia molecule, the nitrogen atoms is bonded to three Hydrogen atoms. There is still one unshared
pair of electrons with the Nitrogen, an electron rich species. The Hydrogen (H+) is electron deficient
species. Therefore, Nitrogen donates this lone pair of electron and the hydrogen ion accepts this electron
pair, forming the Ammonium ion (N𝐻𝐻4+ ).

ii. Formation of Hydronium ion (H3O+):

In the above example the hydrogen of water molecule give a lone pair of electrons to hydrogen ion
forming a coordinate covalent bond to form hydronium ion.
iii. Addition compound of NH3 and BCl3:
The Nitrogen atom of NH3 has lone pair of electron and is electron rich species. The Boron atom of BCl3
is short of two electrons to complete its octet. An addition compound is formed when nitrogen of NH3
donates this lone pair of electron to the Boron of BCl3 which accepts it and forms the addition
compound.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 7
https://tehkals.com/

Q6. What is meant by Lewis structure?

Ans: Lewis structure:
“The structure which represents the valence electrons of atoms or molecules by dots and crosses is
called Lewis structure or dot and cross structure”.
This structure was investigated by G.N Lewis for covalent compounds.
In this structure, the valence electrons of atoms or molecules are written around the symbols for shared
pair of electrons by a dot or cross.
Examples:
The Lewis structure of some atoms and molecules are given below:
. x
Hydrogen gas = H2 Lewis structure: H H
Oxygen gas = O2 Lewis Structure: 𝑂𝑂×× O

Q7. What is metallic bond?

Ans: Metallic Bond:
The force of attraction b/w the positive metal ions and the mobiles sea electrons is called metallic bond.
It is a type of bond which is formed b/w the atoms of a metal through free electrons. Metallic bond
exists only in metal such as Aluminum, Gold, Copper and Iron etc. In metals, each atom is bonded to
several other metal atoms and their electrons are free to more throughout the metal structure.
Explanation:
Metallic bond can be explained by electrons sea theory or model.
Electron Sea Theory:
Drude and Loven proposed a theory of metallic bonding called electron gas or electron sea theory.
According to this theory “the valence electrons of metal atoms are not firmly held by the nucleus due to
the large size and low I.P of metal atoms. The outer valence electrons are lost by the atoms and thus
from a sea of free electrons the positively charged metal ions are held together by this sea of electrons
and are at a measureable distance from each other in crystals.
The valence electrons do not belong to an individual ion. They move freely but do not escape from the
bulk. When an electric current is passed, electrons jump from one atom to the other and in this way
metal conduct electricity.
Q8. Draw the shapes of molecules:
Ans: Shapes of molecules:
Molecules are very small and cannot be seen with naked eyes. However, their shapes are determine by
various experiments. The experiments have shown that the molecules may be linear bend, tetrahedral,
pyramidal and pyramidal etc.
Example:
Co2 molecules have linear shape BCl3 has triangular shape, CH4 has tetrahedral shape, NH3 has
pyramidal shape and PCL3 has pyramidal shape.
i. Carbon-dioxide (Co2):
It is linear in shape.
ii. Water (H2O):
It is bent or angular in shape
iii. Boron tri-chloride (BL3)
It is tetrahedral in shape.
iv. Ammonia (NH3):
It is pyramidal in shape
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 8
https://tehkals.com/

v. Methane (CH4):
It is tetrahedral in shape

Q9. What is intermolecular forces? Explain with reference to example.

Ans: Intermolecular forces:
The forces of attraction between the molecules of a compound are called intermolecular forces.
Explanation:
The intermolecular forces are of three types and collectivity called Van Der Walls forces. Intermolecular
forces are the weaker forces of attraction. It is 25 time weaker than covalent bond.
The intermolecular forces are much weaker among the molecules of gases, whereas, they are stronger in
the molecules of liquid and much stronger in solid substances. The melting point and boiling point of
liquids depends on the strength of these forces.
Example:
In H2O molecules, it require 464 kj.mol to break the H-O bonds within a water molecule and needs only
19 kj.mol to break the intermolecular forces between water molecules.
Q10. Explain Dipole-Dipole interaction in detail.
Ans: Definition:
The type of interaction forces in which the positive or negative end of one polar molecule attract the
negative or positive end of the other molecule is known as Dipole-Dipole interaction.
Explanation:
Due to difference between the electro-negativities of an atoms in molecules, the electrons is not shared
equally; one atom has partial positive and other atom partial negative charge.
A polar molecule is formed between different atoms which has two ends-negative and positive.
Therefore, they are called Dipole-Dipole when these molecules are brought closes to each other the
positive end of one molecule attract the negative end of the other molecule is called Dipole-Dipole
interaction.
Examples:
H+8……. Cl-8
In above example, the dipole-dipole interaction b/w hydrogen (O+) and chlorine (O-) is shown by
(…….). A network of partial positive (O+) and negative (O-) charges attract molecules to each other.
Because of force of attraction between oppositely charge ends, there is a small dipole-dipole force of
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 9
https://tehkals.com/

attraction between the adjacent HCl molecules. The dipole-dipole interaction is relatively weak; only 3.3
kj.mol energy is required to break that interaction. The force of attraction is so small that Hydrogen
chloride (HCl) boils at -85.00c
Factors affecting Dipole-Dipole forces:
The following two factors affect the dipole-dipole forces i.e. intermolecular distance and electro
negativity.
i. Intermolecular distance:
Greater the intermolecular distance weaker will be the dipole-dipole forces and vice versa. The dipole-
dipole forces are very weak in gases because the molecules of gases are far apart from each other.
ii. Electro negativity difference:
Greater the electro negativity of bonded atoms, stronger will be dipole-dipole forces and vice versa.
Those molecules have strong dipole-dipole forces which have high melting points and boiling points etc.
Q11. What do you understand from Hydrogen bonding?
Ans: Hydrogen Bonding:
The force attraction b/w the partial positively charged hydrogen atom to one molecule and the partial
negatively charged atom of other molecule is known as Hydrogen bonding. (OR)
“When Hydrogen is covalently bonded to E.N atoms (O2, F2, Cl2) then the strong inter molecular force
exists is called Hydrogen bonding.
Explanation:
The hydrogen bonding is shown by dotted lines. Hydrogen bonding is only formed when hydrogen is
bonded with F, N or O. This is a type of bond containing intermolecular forces which are roughly ten
times stronger than dipole-dipole forces. However, hydrogen bonding is roughly ten times weaker than
ionic, covalent or coordinate covalent bond.

Example:
Consider water (H2o) in which oxygen is more electronegative therefore the bonded electron pair b/w
hydrogen and oxygen will be attracted more by the oxygen atoms which will produce a partial positive
charge on hydrogen atom. As a result, the partial negatively charged oxygen atoms of another water
molecule from hydrogen bonding.
Similarly, hydrogen bonding can be seen in HF, NH3 etc.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 10
https://tehkals.com/

Q12. Write a note on Application and properties of Hydrogen Bonding.

Ans: Application of Hydrogen Bonding:
i. These forces are extremely important in determining properties of water, biological molecules such as
protein and synthetic material such as glue, paints, resins etc.
ii. The adhesive action of paints and dyes is developed due to Hydrogen bonding.
iii. Synthetic resins also binds two surfaces together by hydrogen bonding.
Properties of Hydrogen Bonding:
i. Hydrogen bonding is stronger than dipole-dipole interaction but weaker than covalent bonding. It is
about twenty times weaker than covalent bonding and ten times stronger than the dipole-dipole
interaction.
ii. Hydrogen bond is directional.
iii. Hydrogen bond forms long chains and help in the formation of networks of molecules.
Q13. Write the properties of ionic compounds?
Ans: Properties of ionic compounds:
i. All the ionic compounds are solids at room temperature.
ii. Ionic compounds have sharp melting and boiling points.
iii. Ionic compounds are soluble in polar solvents like water.
iv. Ionic compounds are good electrolytes in molten state or solution form.
v. Ionic compounds have non-directional bonds.
vi. Ionic compounds have reactions in molten form or solution form.
vii. Ionic compounds are composed of cations and anions in crystalline form.
Q14. Write the properties of covalent compounds.
Ans: Properties of covalent compounds:
Covalent compounds are also called molecular compounds. The properties of covalent compounds
depend upon.
i. Geometrical shape of molecular.
ii. Polarity and intermolecular forces among molecules.
iii. Bond type whether single, double or triple. Some of the properties of covalent compounds are given as
follows:
a. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points.
b. Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes in their solution form.
c. The bonds in covalent compounds are directional.
d. The crystals of covalent compounds are composed of molecular crystals.
e. Reaction of covalent compounds are slower than the ionic compounds.
f. Polar covalent compounds are soluble in polar solvent like water, Alcohol etc. While non-polar covalent
compounds are soluble in non-polar solvents like carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), Benzene (C6H6), Acetone
(C3H6O) etc.
Q15. Write a note on properties of metals.
Ans: Properties of metals:
Atoms of metals are held together by a special type of bonds called metallic bond.
Properties of metals result from this type of bonding. These are listed below.
i. All metals are solid at room temperature and on atmosphere pressure except mercury.
ii. Metals are malleable i.e. they can be beaten into sheets and foils.
iii. Metals are ductile i.e. they can be drawn into wires.
iv. All the metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
v. Metals are lustrous i.e. they have shiny surfaces.
vi. Metals are sonorous i.e. they produce ringing sound when struck.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 11
https://tehkals.com/

Structure of Molecules
(LONG QUESTIONS)
Q1. Describe the octet rule in terms of noble-gas configuration and stability.
Ans: The valence concept (Elecronic Theory of valence)
In 1916, G.N. Lewis and W. Kossel gave the electronic theory of valence.
It states that in a chemical bond formation, atom take part by losing, gaining or sharing of electrons, so
as to attain the inert or noble gas electronic configuration.
When atoms have two or eight electrons in their outermost shell, they are stable. The electron theory of
valence can be named as Octet or Duplet theory of valence.
Octet Theory of Valence or Rule of Eight:
This rule states that “The tendency of atoms to attain eight electrons in the outermost shell in
order to attain stability”.
Explanation:
The elements in group VIIIA of the periodic table, such as helium, neon and argon are known as
noble gases. They are also called inert gases because they are very stable and rarely take part in a
chemical reactions to form compounds. Their stability comes from their completely filled outermost
shells.
Except to helium it has two electrons in the outermost shell, all the other noble gases have their
outermost shells filled with eight electrons. A shell with eight electrons is called an octet shell and is
very stable. Thus, when atoms take part in chemical reactions, they tend to complete eight electrons in
their outermost shell, to attain electronic configurations of the noble gases (except Helium).
Example:
Oxygen (O) atom has six electrons in their valence shell. It shares or gains two electrons in its
outermost shell to attain the stability by completing its outermost shell with eight electron.
Q2 (a). What is the main distinction between ionic and covalent bonding? Explain your answer
with suitable examples.
Ans:
IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND
A type of chemical bond which is formed A type of chemical bond which is formed
by complete transfer of electron from one by the mutual sharing of electrons b/w two
atom to another atom is called ionic bond. atoms is called a covalent bond.
It contains ions. It contains atoms (Atoms may be neutral or
partially charged.
It is usually exists between metal and non- It usually exists between non-metals.
metal.
It is non-directional. It is directional.
It is formed between those atoms, having It is formed between those atoms, having
electro negativity difference more than 1.7. electro negativity difference less than 1.7.
It is not classified i.e. it has no types It is classified further i.e. it may be single,
double or triple.
Examples: Examples:
NaCl, KCl, CaO, MgO and Al2O3 have H2, NH3, H2O, CH4 have covalent bond.
ionic bond.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 12
https://tehkals.com/

Q2 (b). How is electronegativity used in determining the ionic or covalent character of the bonding
Between two elements?
Ans: (b) The difference in electronegativity of two bounded elements:
1. If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is greater than 1.7 then the bond will be ionic.
For example: NaCl
E.N of Na = 0.9
E.N of Cl = 3.0
Difference between the E.N = 3.0 – 0.9 = 2.1
Hence the bond NaCl is ionic in nature.
2. If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is from 0 to 0.4 then the bond will be non-polar
covalent.
For Example: Cl2
E.N of Cl = 3.0
E.N of Cl = 3.0
Difference between the E.N = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0
Hence the Cl2 bond is non-polar covalent in nature.
b. if the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is from 0.5 to 1.6 then the bond will be polar
covalent.
For example: HCL
E.N of H = 2.1
E.N of Cl = 3.0
Difference between the E.N = 3.0 – 2.1 = 0.9
Hence the HCl bond is polar covalent in nature.
3. If the E.N difference between two bonded atoms is 1.7 then the bond will be 50% ionic and 50%
covalent.
Q3. Draw the Lewis structure for each of the following compounds.
a. CO b. HCl c. SO2 d. CCl4 e. BF3 f. NH3
Ans:
a. CO:
Valance electrons of C = 4.
Valance electrons of O = 6
Lewis structure:

:C ≡ O: OR
b. HCL:
Valance electrons of H = 1.
Valance electrons of Cl = 7
Lewis structure:
OR
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 13
https://tehkals.com/

c. SO2:
Valance electrons of S = 6.
Valance electrons of O = 6

Lewis structure:

OR

d. CCl4:
Valance electrons of C = 4.
Valance electrons of Cl = 7
Lewis structure:

OR

e. BF3:
Valance electrons of B = 3
Valance electrons of F = 7
Lewis structure:

OR

f. NH3:
Valance electrons of N = 5
Valance electrons of H = 1
Lewis structure:

OR

Q4. Explain why most metals are malleable and ductile but ionic crystals are not.
Ans: Metals are malleable and ductile but ionic crystals are not, because:
When external force is applied on metal, its layers slide over each other, thus change the position
of the metal cations however, the attractive force between the metal cations and Electron Sea around it,
remains same. Due to this reason, metals, do not break, so, they can be drawn into sheets and wires,
without breaking.
While, the ionic solids, contains parallel layers of cation and anions in alternate position. So,
when an external force is applied on it, then one layer of ions slide a bit over the other layer, so, the
similar ions come in front of each other and hence begin to repel each other, due to this repulsion, ionic
crystals cannot be drawn into sheets and wire i.e. break down.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 14
https://tehkals.com/

Q5. (a) What is meaning of the term polar, as applied to chamial bonding?
Ans: a. Polar:
Polar means opposite charges i.e. positive and negative charges.
“Molecules with partial positive (+ive) and partial negative (-ive) charges on atom are called polar
molecules and phenomena is called polarity”. Polarity is shown by the covalent compounds containing
different atoms and as well as by the ionic compounds.
In polar covalent compound, the electrons are unequally shared b/w the two atoms. The most E.N atoms
attract the shared pair of electrons toward itself possess partial negative charge and the opposite atom
possess partial positive charge. E.g

Q5. (b) Distinguish between polar-covalent and non-polar covalent bonds.

Ans: b. Polar covalent bond:
A type of covalent bond which is formed b/w atoms of different elements is called polar covalent bond.
Explanation:
As two different bonded atoms have different values of electro negativity so the shared pair of electrons
will be attracted more towards the more electronegative atom. This will produce a partial negative
charge on the more electronegative atom and a partial positive charge on the other atom. A polar
covalent bond is also called Dipole (meaning two poles i.e. positive and negative).
Example:
The bond formed b/w hydrogen and chlorine atoms is polar because the shared pair of electron will be
attracted more towards the more electronegative chlorine atom. This will produce a partial negative
charge on chlorine atom and a partial positive charge on hydrogen atom. Similarly, the bond b/w
hydrogen and oxygen in water is also polar covalent.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 15
https://tehkals.com/

Non-Polar Covalent bond:

A type of covalent bond which is formed b/w atoms of the same element is called non-polar covalent
bond.

Explanation:
As two same bounded atoms have the same value of electro negativity. Therefore the shared pair of
electrons will be equally attracted by both the atoms. The bond pair will remain in b/w the two atoms
and no partial positive or negative charge will be produced as either end of the molecule.
Example:
H + H = H – H or H2
Cl + Cl + = Cl or Cl2
N + N = N = N or N2
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 16
https://tehkals.com/

Structure of Molecules
(SHORT QUESTIONS)
Q1. What is electron sea model of metallic bonding?
Ans: Electron Sea Theory:
The force of attraction b/w the positive metal ions and the mobile sea of electrons is called metallic
bond.
Drude and Loven proposed a theory of metallic bonding called electron gas or electron sea theory.
According to this theory the valence electrons of metal atoms are not firmly held by the nucleus due to
the large size and low I.P of metal atoms. The outer valence electrons are lost by the atoms and thus
from a sea of fee electrons the positively charged metal ions are held together by this sea of electrons
and are at a measurable distance from each other in crystals.
The valence electrons do not belong to an individual ion. They move freely but do not escape from the
bulk. When an electric current is passed, electrons jump from one atom to the other and in this way
metal conduct electricity.
Q2. Why most atoms are chemically bonded to other atoms in nature?
Ans: Every system in the universe tends to lower its energy to attain stability like water which lower
Level. Electricity which flows from higher potential to lower potential and like heat which move from
hot bodies to cool bodies.
In the same way, the energy of two isolated atoms is more than two bounded atoms. To lower its energy
and from a molecule and to attain inert gases configuration.
Example:
H2 and Cl2
i. H2 Molecule:
HO + Hx H – H or H2
Higher energy lower energy
Unstable stable
Reactive un reactive
ii. Cl2 molecules:

H. + Clx H – Cl or Cl2
Higher energy Lower energy
Unstable Stable
Reactive Unreactive

Q3. Identify and define the four major types of chemical bonding.
Ans: The four major types of chemical bonding are:
a. Ionic bond b. Covalent bond c. Co-ordinate covalent bod
d. Metallic bond
a. Ionic Bond:
Ionic bond is define as “The type of bond which is formed by complete transfer of electron(s) from one
atom to other atom is called ionic bond.
It is also called electrovalent bond. This type of bonding is always formed between a metal and non-
metal.
b. Covalent Bond:
A type of chemical bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons b/w two atoms is
called a covalent bond. (OR)
It is that force of attraction that arises b/w atoms due to the mutual sharing of an electron or
electrons.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 17
https://tehkals.com/

c. Co-ordinate covalent bond or dative bond:

The type of covalent bond in which the shared pair electrons is denoted by only one of the two bonded
atoms is known as co-ordinate covalent bond or dative bond.
In the formation of co-ordinate covalent bond, the atom which denotes the electron pair is called donor
atom while the atom which accepts it is known as acceptor atom.
d. Metallic Bond:
The force of attraction b/w the positive metal ions and the mobile sea electrons is called metallic bond.
It is type of bond which is formed b/w the atoms of a metal through free electrons. Metallic bond exists
only in metals such as Aluminum, Gold, Copper and Iron etc. In metals each atom is bounded to several
other metal atoms and their electrons are free to more throughout the metal structure.
Q4. Arrange the following from strongest to weakest attraction:
a. Covalent bond
b. Dipole-Dipole interaction
c. Hydrogen bond d. Ionic bond
Ans: Ionic bond > Covalent bond > Hydrogen bond > Dipole-dipole interaction.
Q5. Why ionic compounds are good electrolyte is molten and solution form not in solid form.
Ans: Ionic compounds are good electrolyte is molten and solution form because in molten or solution
ionic compounds contain free ions and conduct electricity while in solid form, (+ive) and (-ive) ions are
tightly picked together and do not move from its position due to strong attractive forces and there is no
free movement of ions.
Q6. What type of element/atoms tends to form the following types of bonding?
a. Ionic b. Covalent c. Metallic
Ans: a. Ionic Bond:
Ionic bond is formed metal and a non-metal i.e. ionic bond is formed between group IA elements
and group VIIA elements or group IIA elements with group VIA elements. The electro negativity
difference between elements for ionic bond is greater than 1.7. Example of ionic bond is NaCl.
b. Covalent Bond:
Covalent bond is mostly formed between non-metal and non-metal i.e. covalent bond is formed
between group IVA, group VA, Group VIA and group VIIA elements. The electro negativity difference
between elements for covalent bond is less than 1.7. Example of covalent bond is H2O.
c. Metallic Bond:
Metallic bond is formed between metals. It is a type of bond which is formed between the atoms
of a metal through free electrons among a lattice of cations. Example Au, Ag
Q7. Give an example of non-polar molecule with polar bonds. Give reasons.
Ans: Co2 is an example of non-polar molecule with polar bonds because:
As we know that Co2 is formed between one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. Carbon
and Oxygen mutual shares pair of electron. These shared paired of electron are equally attracted by both
of atoms but due to high electro negativity of Oxygen the shared paired of electron will be more
attracted towards oxygen creating partial positive charge on carbon and partial negative charge on
oxygen. Hence there are two oxygen atoms on both sides of carbon and the structure of molecule is
linear, therefore the negative pole of oxygen cancels the effect of other oxygen of other pole and
molecule becomes non-polar as a whole.
Q8. Predict the bond type (ionic, polar covalent, non-polar covalent) in each of the following:
a. CaCl2 b. H2O c. CO2 d. C2H4
Ans: a. The bond in CaCl2 is an ionic.
b. The bond in H2O is polar covalent.
c. The bond in CO2 in non-polar covalent.
d. The bond in C2H4 is non-polar covalent.
 https://web.facebook.com/TehkalsDotC Chapter # 04 18
https://tehkals.com/

Q9. Why ionic compounds are good conductors compared to covalent compounds.
Ans: Reason:
Generally, ionic compounds completely ionize in aqueous solutions or in molten state, they are good
conductors of electricity due to the movement of their ions.
While, covalent compounds generally do not ionize in aqueous solution or in molten state. They do not
partially ionize in aqueous solution as compared to ionic compounds.
For Example:
Ionic compounds like NaCl, KCl, MgCl2 are good conductors of electricity in aqueous solution while
sugar, kerosene oil etc are bad conductors of electricity due to the lack of ions.
That is why, ionic compounds are good conductors as compared to covalent compounds.
Q10. Give the reason that why bond is always polar?
Ans: In co-ordinate covalent bond or dative covalent bond, the shared pair of electrons is donated by
only one atom which is called donor atom. The other atom is acceptor atom. The donor atom, after
giving electrons, develop a partial positive charge and due to the storage of electron the acceptor atom
develop parial negative charge.
That is why dative or co-ordinate covalent bond is always polar