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juk; 8
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Mrpupau; topfhl;b

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ISBN

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 gzpg;g hsu; ehafk; mtu;f spd; nra;jp

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ghltpjhdj;ij etPdg;gLj;jp> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> Muk;g> ,ilepiy fy;tpg;
gug;Gfspd; vl;L tUl Row;rp Kiwahd> Gjpa Njrpakl;lg; ghltpjhdj;jpd;
Kjy; ghfj; j pid mwpKfg; g Lj; j paJ. Njrpa fy; t p Mizf; F Otpdhy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l Njrpa fy;tp ,yf;Ffis mbg;gil Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> ,J
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; nghJj; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;J te;jJ.

gy;NtWgl;l fy;tpahsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;TfspdJk;> fUj;Jf;

fspdJk; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; gFj;jwpT thjj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
ghltpjhdk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd; njhlu;rr
; pahfg; ghltpjhdr; Row;rpapd;
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tiu midj;Jg; ghlq;f spYk; xOq;F gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; Nju;r;r pfis
tsu;j;njLg;gjw;fhf> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; mZFKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xNu ghlj;jpd; cs;slf;fj;jpid Vida ghlq;fspYk; kPzL ; k;
ghtpg;gjidf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;> ghlj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis kl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;>
nraw;gLj;jf;$bajhd khztu; ikag; ghltpjhdk; xd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk;
fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

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mtrpakhd topfhl;Ljy;fis toq;Ftjw;fhfTk;> jq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nraw;ghLfspy; nghUj;jg;ghl;Lld; <LgLj;jpfn ; fhs;tjw;fhfTk;> tFg;giw mstPL
fisAk; kjpg;gL P fisAk; nghUj;jkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjid Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j topfhl;b.
E}y;fs;> Mrpupaiu xU nghUj;jg;ghLila Mrpupauhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gl
itf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j topfhl;b E}y;fspD}lhf> Mrpupau;fs; jq;fs; khztu;fspd;
Nju;r;rpfis tsu;j;njLf;fj; Njitahd ju cs;sPLfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;
jhq;fshfNt njupe;njLf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. tpje;Jiuf;
fg;gl;l ghlg;gug;Gf;fspd; ghupa Rikfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpwJ. Mjyhy;>
,g;Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs; KOg;gad;ghL cilaitahtjw;F> fy;tp
ntspaPll ; hsu;fspdhy;; ntspaplg;gLk; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghl E}y;fspd; cr;rg;gad;
ghl;bidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

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 ,g;Gjpa gFj;jwpTthj ghltpjhdj;jpdJk;> Gjpa Mrpupa topfhl;b E}y;fs;>
Gjpa ghlE}y;fspdJk; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> khztu;fis Mrpupa ikaf;
fy;tpapypUe;J tpLtpj;J> nraw;ghLfSld; $ba khztu; ikaf;fy;tpapid
eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$ba fy;tp Kiwikapdhy;> g+Nfhs njhopy; re;ijfSf;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfSk; jpwd;fSk; kpf;f kdpj tsj;jpid toq;ff;$ba khztu;
fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid tpUj;jp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jNyahFk;.

,e;jr; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;epWtfg; Nguitapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> fy;tp

mYty;fs; rigapd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b E}y;fspd;
cUthf;fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk; ,t;Taupa
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf mu;gg; zpg;Gld; gzpahw;wpa midtUf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfisAk;
tho;jJ
; f;fisAk; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp. jpUkjp. [ae;j p FzNrfu

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk.

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 gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.
kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;
mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;
gz;gLj;jpg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhfg; ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk;

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topfhl;bfs;> trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpjJ
; iwapy;
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kWrP u ikg; G fspD}lhf vl; L Mz; L fSf; n fhUKiw ,w; i wg; g Lj; j g; g Lk;
fiyj; j pl; l j; J f; F upa xU fw; w y; tskhf ,t; t hrpupau; topfhl; b fs;
jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikiaj; Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;
gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;Fk; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis
mz; k pg; g jw; F k; fw; w y; fw; g pj; j y; Kiwapay; f is Mf; f g+u; t khdjhf
khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L
vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr;
nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ
tfpghfj;jpw;F ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia
Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $lg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j
ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b
kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa
,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gL

P elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;lg; guPlr
; fu;fshy;
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,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gPl hjpgjp fyhepjp tz. khk;Gs;n fhl Rkdujd Njuu;

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jpUkjp. Nrhktjp Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupau; MNyhrfu;> Gsj;rpq;`s
jpUkjp. vd.B.rP. [ahq;fdp gpujp mjpgu;> kfufk k.k.tp.> kfufk
jpU. vk;.Nf. fpq;d;yp gpupae;j tpupTiuahsu;> cUFiz Njrpa fy;tpapaw;
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vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;b iag; gad;g Lj; J tjw; f hd mwpTWj;j y; f s;

8 Mk; juj;jpw;fhd ,f;Fbapaw;fy;tp Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ

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NgWfis milAk; tz;zk; fw;wy; epfo Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd ghlj;ijj;
jpl;lkpLifapy; cs;slf;f Ntz;ba ghltplaq;fs; Njitahd cjhuzq;fSld;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mrpupau; ife;E}iyg; gad;gLj;Jifapy; xt;nthU jiyg;gpwF ; k;
rkhe; j pukhd tifapy; ghlE}ypy; cs; s lf; f g; g l; L s; s tplaq; f isAk;
nraw;ghLfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L nraw;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;. ,q;F
cjhuzj;Jf;fhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s juTs;sL P fSf;F khw;wl
P hfj; Njitahdtw;iwg;
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jug;gl;Ls;s tpla cs;slf;fj;ij> mu;j;jG\;bahdthW fw;f trjp nra;J
nfhLg;gJ MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpy; mlq;Fk; Kf;fpakhd xU nghWg;ghFk;.

Fiwe;j gl;rk; ghl tplaq;fspd; 50 rjtPjj;ijNaDk; nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;

%yk; Kd;itg;gjpy; ftdQ; nrYj;JkhW Mrpupau;fsplk; jaTld; Ntz;LfpNwhk;.
,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;b njhlu;gpy; cq;fsJ Mf;fg+u;tkhd MNyhridfisAk;
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nraw;wpl;l f; FO

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- cs;s lf;f k;
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gpujpg; g zpg;g hsu; ehafj; j pd; nra;j p v

fiyj; j pl; l f; F O vi

Mrpupau; topfhl;b iag; gad;g Lj;J tjw;f hd mwpTWj;j y;f s; vii

ghlj; j pl;l cs;s lf;f k; ix -xliv

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;K iwf;f hd mwpTWj;jy;f s;

8. 1 nghJr; Nritfs; 03-13

8. 2 rdehaf kf;f l; r%fk; 14-27

8. 3 gy;gz;ghl;L kf;f l; r%fk; 28-34

8. 4 rkfhyg; gpur; r pidfs; 35-47

8. 5 gpur;r pid jPu ;j ;j Yk; jPu ;k hdnkLj;j Yk; 48-54

8. 6 NtiyAyF 55-72

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mwpTWj;jy;fs;

1
2
 8.1 nghJr; Nritfs;

kf;fs; jkJ tho;fi ; fiar; rPuhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nritfisj;

jdpg;gl;l tifapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ njhlu;gpy; gz;ilf;fhy KjNy ,lu;fis
vjpuN
; ehf;fp te;Js;sdu;. ,yq;ifapy; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; ehshe;j NjitfSf;fhfTk;
gapu;r; nra;iff;fhfTk; ePiug; ngWjy;> Neha;fisf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf itj;jpa
Nritfis elj;jpr; nry;yy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf mur mDruiz toq;fg;gl;likf;fhd
rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

jw;fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; Njitfs; rpf;fhu;e;Js;sikahy; kf;fsJ tho;f;ifapy;

gy;NtW Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; kf;f spd; tho;f ;i fj; juj;i j
cau;j;Jtjw;F muR jiyapLk; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ gy;NtW nghJr;
Nritfis kf;fSf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf mur Jiwfs; khj;jpukd;wpj; jdpahu;
JiwfSk; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; ,t;thwhd gy nghJr;
Nritfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; rkfhy gpuirfSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;Js;sJ.

mg;n ghJr; Nritfisg; gad; g Lj; J tJ njhlu; g hfj; jkJ flikfs;

nghWg; G f; f is epiwNtw; w pathW> jkJ tho; f ; i f epiyia Nkk; g Lj; j pf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; nghJr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; typAWj;jg;gLk;
tifapy; ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;FkhW khzt khztpaiu topg;gLj;Jf.

NkYk; nghJr; Nritfis toq;F k; epWtdq;f Sk; mr;NritfSld;

njhlu;Gila mjpfhupfSk; nghJr; Nritfis toq;Fk; NghJ epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba
flikfs; > nghWg; G f; f s; vit vd; g d tpsq; f pf; nfhs; S k; tifapy;
,g;ghltplaq;fisf; fw;gjw;F khzt khztpaUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.

Nju;r ;r p 8.1 : - kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; ed;ikf;fhf> fhzg;gLk; nghJr;

Nritfis tpisjpwDilajhfTk; rupahfTk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.1.1 n gh Jr ; Nr i tf i s , d q; f z ; L > m tw; w pd ;

mtrpaj; i jAk; rkfhy Kf; f paj; J tj; i jAk;
EZfpaha; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 nghJr; Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 nghJr; Nritfspd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 nghJr; Nritfspd; Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp Mfpad njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis EZfpaha;thu;.
 nghJr;Nritfspd; rkfhy Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jf;
fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 nghJr; Nritfs; rhu;ej ; nghJthd ,ay;Gfisr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;Fthu;.

3
ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• nghJr;Nritfs; - mwpKfk;
nghJkf;fsJ tho;fi
; fj; juj;jpy; juNkk;ghl;il Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L> murJiw>
jdpahu; Jiw> cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs;> njhz;lu; mikg;Gf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy;
nghJthf toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; nghJr; NritfshFk;.
• nghJr;Nritfspd; mtrpak;
 nghJkf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
 kf;fsJ tho;fi ; fapy; ehshe;juf; fUkq;fis ,yFthfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk;
epiwNtw;Wjy;
 jdpj;J epd;W ,yFthf epiwTnra;J nfhs;s Kbahj Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
 r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;
 gpuNjrq;fSf;F ,ilNa njhlu;Gfisg; NgZjy;
 r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjd; %yk; kdpj cupikfisg;
ghJfhj;jy;
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhf
• nghJr;Nritfspd; tsu;r;rp
 ,yq;ifapy; mDuhjGu ,uhrjhdp fhyj;jpypUe;J mur mDruizAld;
nghJr; Nritfs; toq;fg;gl;likf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
cjhuzk;:
- ePu;g;ghrd Kiwfs; %yk; epU;gg ; hrdk; toq;fg;gl;lik
(Fsq;fs; mikj;jy;> fhy;tha;fs; mikj;jy;)
- itj;jparhiyfs; mikj;jYk; mtw;iwg; guhkupj;jYk;
- %ypifg; G+q;fhf;fs; mikj;jy;
- itj;jpa Nritfis elj;Jjy;
rdj;njhif tsu;rr ; p> kdpjj; Njitfs; Nkd;NkYk; mjpfupjj
; ik> ifj;njhopy;
tsu;r;rp> njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rp Nghd;wtw;NwhL $lNt nghJr;
NritfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jik.
• nghJr;Nritfspd; rkfhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 kdpjj; Njitfs; Nkd;NkYk; rpf;fhu;e;J nry;yy;
 rdj;njhifg; ngUf;fk;
 ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; njhopDl;g tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf
nghJr; Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gly;
• nghJr; Nritfspd; ,ay;Gfs;
cjhuzk;:
 nghJtpy; midtUk; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
 xt;nthUtUk; ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
 nghJkf;fspd; eyid Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLjy;
 xl;Lnkhj;jkhf kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;
 Fiwe;j tUkhd Kd;Ndhf;Ff;F epthuzkhjy;
 murpdhy; elj;jpr; nry;yg;gLk; nghJr; Nritfs;> ,yhg Nehf;fkpd;wp
elj;jg;gLjy;
 nghJr; Nritfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fkhf rl;l tiuaiw
mKypy; ,Uj;jy;

4
jutpUj;jp cs;s PL fs; : -
 gz;ila Fsq;fs; ePu;g;ghrdf; fhy;tha;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;
 jw;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nghJr; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;/ tPbNah
fhl;rpfs;

fzpg;g PL > kjpg;g Pl ;L f;F upa mwpTWj;jy;f s; : -

 FO xg;gilfs;/ Kd;itg;Gf;fs;/ FOr; nraw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;wpd; fPo;
jfty;fisf; fw;whAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P > kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

5
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.1.2 n g h J r ; N r i t f s ; t o q ; F k ; e p W t d q ; f i s
,dq;f z;L> kf;f s; tho;f ;i fapd; ed;i kf;f hf
mtw; i wg; gad;g Lj;J thu; .
ghlNtisfs; : - 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 jkJ gpuNjrj; J f; F fpilf; F k; nghJr; N ritfis
,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.
 nghJr;Nritfis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila
tptuq;fis mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Vida nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd
tptuq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 nghJr; N ritfs; toq; F k; NtW epWtdq; f Sf; F
cjhuzq;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;.
 kf;fsJ tho;fi
; fapd; juNkk;ghl;Lf;fhfg; nghJr; Nritfs;
JizahFk; tpjj;ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.)
• gpuNjr nghJr; N ritfs;
 ePu; toq;fy;
 ePu;g;ghrdk;
 kpd;rhuk;
 Rfhjhuk;
 fy;tp
 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk;
gpd;tUk; me;je;jg; nghJr; Nritapdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis ,dq;fhzr;
re;jug;gk; toq;F f. ,r;Nritfs; murpdhYk; jdpahu; JiwapduhYk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
 murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Vida nghJr; Nritfs;
cjhuzk;: fhL tsu;gG ; r; nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpj;jYk; elj;jpr; nry;yYk;
- fhf;fg;gl;l fhLfshfg; Ngzp tUjy;
- KjpNahu; ,y;yq;fis elj;jp tUjy;
 gy;NtW eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;
- gpuNjrj;jpy; NtW mikg;Gf;fs; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;
- Efu;Tg; gz;lq;fisr; rfha tpiyapy; toq;Fjy;
- $l;LwT fld; toq;Fk; rq;fq;fs; %yk; cWg;gpdu;f;F fld; toq;Fjy;
- Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfs;/ itj;jparhiyr; Nritfs;/ kuzhjhur;
Nritfs; Nghd;wtw;iw elj;jpr; nry;yy;
 nghJr; Nritf;fhf toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSk; mtw;wpd; mjpfhupfSk;> me;je;jr;
NritfSf;Fupa epWtdq;fs;> nghJ kf;fSld; neUq;fpr; nraw;gLk;
mjpfhupfs; mtu;fspd; Ntiyfs; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

6
  murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; NtW nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;>
me;epWtdq;fspy; nghJkf;fSld; neUf;fkhfr; nraw;gLk; mjpfhupfs; me;j
mjpfhupfshy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; Mfpatw;iwf; fw;whar; re;ju;gg
; kspfF
; f.
 $l;LwT njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fSld; neUq;fpr; nraw;gLk; mjpfhupfSk;
mtu;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; NritfSk;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 jkJ gpuNjrj;Jf;nfd murJiwapdhYk; jdpahu; JiwapdhYk; toq;fg;gLk;
nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd xspgg
; lq;fs;/ glq;fs;/ rpjj
; puq;fs;/ Rtnuhl;bfs;/
Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;
 tsthsu;fs;
nghJr;Nritfs; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila mjpfhupfis
tsthsu; f shf mioj; J (trjp cs; s jhapd; ) me; e pWtdq; f spd;
nghWg;Gf;fisr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ftjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 cj;Njr fw;ww; NgWfis milaj;jf;f tifapy;> nray; uPjpahd fw;wy; -
re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; Fwpj;j ghlg;gFjpfisf;
fw;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jp> nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

7
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.1.3 nghJr; Nri tfs; toq; F k; epWtdq; f spd;
flikfs;> nghWg;G f;f isg; gFj;j ha;t hu;.
ghlNtisfs; : - 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 nghJr; Nritfs; toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; flikfisAk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
 nghJr; Nritfis toq; F k; epWtdq; f s; jkJ
flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;WjyhdJ
kf;fs; tho;fi
; fapd; ey;y ,Ug;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 n gh Jr; Nr i tf S ld ; n jh lu ;Gi la m jpf hu pfs;
tpidj;jpwDld; Nritfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; mtrpaj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.)
• nghJr; Nritfis toq;Fk; epWtq;fs; rhu;e;j flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
mr; N ritia mg;n ghJr; Nritia toq;F k;
nghJr; Nrit toq;F k; epWtdk; epWtdj;j pd; flikfSk;
nghWg; G f; f Sk;
ePu; toq;fy; Njrpa eP u ; toq; f y; cjhuzk;:
tbfhyikg;Gr; rig  Rj;jkhd FbePu; toq;Fjy;
 njhlu;r;rpahf ePu; toq;Fjy;
 tPz;tpuakhjiyj; jtpu;jj ; y;
 mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; Nfs;tpia <L
nra;jy;
kpd;rhuk; ,yq;if kpd;rhu rig cjhuzk;:
 njhlu;r;rpahf kpd;rhuk; toq;Fjy;
 kpd ; tlj; n jh F jpi ar ;r Pu h f g;
guhkupj;jy;
 Efu;Nthupd; thbf;ifahsupd; Kiwg;
ghLfSf;F cupathW Jyq;Fjy;
 Nritia Kiwahf toq;Fjy;
Rfhjhuk; itj;jparhiyfs; cjhuzk;:
 NehahspfSf;Fr; rpfpr;iraspj;jy;
 njhw;WNeha;fs; guTtijj; jtpuj ; j
; y;
 Njitg;gLk; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;
jpYk; Nr itia K iwikah f
toq;Fjy;
fy;tp ghlrhiyfs; > cau; cjhuzk;:
fy; t p epWtdq; f s; >  cupathW fy;tp toq;Fjy;
gpupntdhf;fs;  khztuplj;Nj Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp
nra;jy;
 r%fj;Jf;Fg; gad;juj;jf;f gpuirfis
cUthf;Fjy;
 fy;tpapd; juj;ijg; NgzptUjy;
 Njitahd trjpfis toq;Fjy;

8
 mr; N ritia mg;n ghJr; Nritia toq;F k;
nghJr; Nrit toq;F k; epWtdk; epWtdj;j pd; flikfSk;
nghWg; G f; f Sk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J  ,yq;if Nghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;:
rig  Neuj;jtwhJ Nrit toq;Fjy;
 ,yq;if Gifapujj;  gazpfspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
jpizf;fsk; gLj;jy;
 jdpahu; g];Nrit  rl;lj;ij kjpj;J xOf;fk; Ngzp>
kjpahijAld; Nrit toq;Fjy;
 tpidj;jpwdhd Nrit toq;Fjy;

jftw; gupkhw;wk;  mQ;ry; mYtyfq;fs; cjhuzk;:

 Kftu; mQ;ry;  fhye;jtwhJ mQ;ry; gfpu;jy;
mYtyfq;fs;  me; juq; f j; j d; i kiaf; fhj; J r;
- =yq;fh Nrit toq;Fjy;
nuypnfhk;  tpidj;jpwdhfr; Nrit toq;Fjy;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 nghJr; Nritfs; rupahf fpilf;fhkw;Nghd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghJkf;fs;
vjpu;Nehf;fpa ,lu;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; xspgg
; lq;fs;/ nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;
 nghJr;Nritfis tpidj;jpwDila tifapy; toq;fg;gLtjd; tpisthfg;
nghJkf;fSf;F ed;ik fpilj;j re;ju;gg ; q;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpj;jhs;
mwpf;iffs;/ xspg;glq;fs;
(cjhuzk;: itj;jparhiyg; gzpazpapdu; tpidj;jpwdhd Nrit fhuzkhf
Nehahsupd; capu; fhg;ghw;wg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;f s;/ vjpu;ghuhj mdu;j;j
epiyikfspd;NghJ nghJr;Nritfs; %yk; epthuzk; fpilj;j re;ju;g;gq;fs;
gw;wpa jfty;fs;/ mwpf;iffs;/ xspg;glq;fs;)

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 ghlj;jpw;Fupa ghltplaq;fs; milag;ngw;Ws;sdth vd mse;jwptjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd epakq;fisj; jahupj;J> me;epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gl
P i
; l
elj;Jf.

9
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.1.4 n g h Jr ;Nr i t f i sg ; ga d ; g Lj; J tJ r h u ; e ; j
gpuirfspd; cupikfs;> flikfs; njhlu;g hf
mwpT+l;l k; ngw;W r; nraw;g Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : - 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 nghJr; Nritfisg; gad; gLj;JtJ njhlu;ghf gpuirfspd;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfis epiwNtw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;J
tj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
 nghJr;NritfSld; njhlu;Gila tifapy>; gpuirfs; jkJ
flikfis epiwNtw;WtjyhdJ Nritfis tpidj;jpw
Dilajhf toq;Ftjw;F VJthFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj;
njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.)
• me;je;j Nritapd; fPo ; ntt;Ntwhf cjhuzq;f hl;b tpsf;Ff.
- fpilf;Fk; Nritfisr; rpf;fdkhfg; gad;gLj;jy;
- NritfSf;Fupa fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jtjpy; Neu;ikahfr; nraw;gLjy;
- Nritfs; njhlu;ghd nrhj;Jf;fs;> cgfuzq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
- nghJr;Nritfs; njhlu;ghf ed;kdg;ghq;Ffs; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd;
mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; nra;jpj;jhs; mwptpj;jy;fs;/ fl;lzr; rpl;ilfs;
%yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; Nfhupf;iffs; (cjhuzk;: ePu;f; fl;lzr; rpl;il/
kpd;fl;lzr; rpl;il/ njhiyNgrpf; fl;lzr;rpl;il Nghd;wtw;iw nrYj;j
Ntz;ba fhy vy;iyia Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy;)
 nghJr;Nritfs; njhlu;ghd flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;whikahy;
me;epWtdq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fisf; fhl;Lk; nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;
(cjhuzk;: kpd;rhuj;i j Kiwikaw;w topfspy; ngWtjhy; Vw;gLk;
,og;Gf;fs;)
 nghJr;Nritfis Kiwikaw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jpaik njhlu;ghff;
Fw;wthspahfp jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FO xg;gil> jfty; Njbawpjy; Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp> Fwpj;j ghltplaq;fisf; fw;whAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jp>
epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> cj;Njr fw;ww;NgWfs; milag;
ngw;Ws;sikiaf; fzpg;gL P kjpg;gL
P nra;f.

10
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.1

Nju; r ; r p : - kf;fs; tho;f;ifapd; ed;ikf;fhf> fhzg;gLk; nghJr;

Nritfis tpisjpwDilajhfTk; rupahfTk;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.1.2 n g h J r ; N r i t f s ; t o q ; F k ; e p W t d q ; f i s
,dq;f z;L> kf;f s; tho;f ;i fapd; ed;i kf;f hf
mtw; i wg; gad;g Lj;J thu; .
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 jkJ gpuNjrj; J f; F f; fpilf; F k; nghJr; N ritfis
,dq;fz;L ngaupLthu;.
 nghJr;Nritfis toq;Fk; epWtdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila
tptuq;fis mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Vida nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd
tptuq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 nghJr; N ritfs; toq; F k; NtW epWtdq; f Sf; F
cjhuzq;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;.
 kf;fsJ tho;fi
; fapd; juNkk;ghl;Lf;fhf nghJr; Nritfs;
JizahFk; tpjj;ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : - nghJr;Nritfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;

juTs;s P L fs; :-
 gz;ila Fsq;fs;> ePu;g;ghrdf;fhy;tha;fspd; xspgg ; lq;fs;
 gazpfs; NgUe; J > kpd; tlq; f s; ,izf; f g; g l; l
kpd; k hw; w pnahd; W my; y J kpd; cw; g j; j p epiyak;
Mfpatw;wpd; xspg;glq;fs;> ePuf ; ;Foha; thapnahd;wpypUe;J
ePu;ngWtijf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glk;> tFg;giwapy; ,Uf;Fk;
khztu;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspgg ; lk;> itj;jparhiyapy; rpfpri
; f
ngWk; Nehahspfspd; xspg;g lk; (,tw; Ws; vspjhfg;
ngwj;jf;f rpy xspgg ; lq;fis; my;yJ tPbNahf; fhl;rpfisg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;f.)
 ,izg;G 01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfspd; fPoj; jug;gl;Ls;s xspg;glq;fs;>
tPb Nahf;f l;r pfs; rpytw;i w tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
mtw;iw ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 ,d;iwa jpdk;> mjpfhiy Kjy; khztu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa
Nritfs; Fwpj;J fye;JiuahLf.
 mf; f ye; J iuahlypd; topNa nghJr; NritfisAk;
mtw;wpd; mtrpaj;ijAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

11
  gz;ila Fsq;fs;> ePug ; g
; hrdf; fhy;tha;fspd; xspgg
; lq;fis
tPbNahf; fhl;rpfis Kd;itj;J>
- Fsq;fSk; ePu;g;ghrdKk;
- itj;jparhiyfs;
- %ypifg; G+q;fhf;fs;
- gpupntdhf;fs; Nghd;w fy;tp epWtdq;fs;
Nghd;w nghJr;Nritfs; fhzg;gl;likia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(10 epkplk;)

gbKiw II :  tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

 ,izg;G I ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij
FOTf;F xU gpujp tPjk; toq;Ff.
 Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gjw;F Nghjpa fhy mtfhrk;
toq;Ff.
 Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gjw;fhfj; Njitahd
MNyhridfis toq;fp topfhl;Lf.
 FO mwpf;ifia Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(20 epkplk;)

gbKiw III :  ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; epiwT ngWk; tifapy; kPll

; ha;T
elj;Jf.
 Njitahd gpd;D}l;ly; toq;Ff.
 kjpg;gl
P ;L epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gl P ;L
kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
(10 epkplk;)

kjpg; g Pl ;L epakq;f s;
 nghJr; Nritfis cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.
 nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fspd; mtrpak; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 nghJr; Nritfspd; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik njhlu;ghd jfty;fis vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
 gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l nghJr; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf VidNahUf;F
mwpT+l;lk; nra;thu;.
 xw;WikahfTk; Mu;tj;JlDk; FOr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

12
,izg;G 1
 gz; i lf; fhyj; j pYk; $lg; nghJr; N ritfs; fhzg; g l; l ikf; f hd rpy
cjhuzq;fs; fPNo ml;ltizapy; epuy; I ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd. mjw;fika
ml;ltizapd; II Mk; III Mk; IV Mk; epuy;fisg; G+u;jj
; p nra;f.
 cq;fsJ FOtpdhy; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l ml;ltizia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
epuy; I epuy; II epuy; III epuy; IV
gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy; Njitg;gl;likf;Ff; ehl; L kf; f Sf; F ehl;Lf;F mr;Nrit
fhzg;gl;l nghJr; fhuzk; mr; Nritfs; %yk; fs; %yk; fpilj;j
Nritfs; fpilj;j gad;fs; gad;fs;

Fsq; f Sk; eP u ; g ;
ghrdf; fhy;tha;
fSk;
itj;jparhiyfs;
%ypifg;
G+q;fhf;fs;
gpupntdhf;fs;
Nghd;w fy;tp
epWtdq;fs;

13
 8.2 rdehaf kf;fl; r%fk;

mwpKfk;
Rje;jpuj;ijAk; rkj;Jtj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> ngUk;ghyhNdhu;fs;
fUj;ij kjpj;Jr; nraw;gLk; kf;fl; r%fj;ij rdehaf kf;fl; rKfk; vdyhk;.
mt;thwhd xU kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;gpy; cWjpg;gLj;Jjw;fhf gpuirfsplj;jpYk;
mg;gz;Gfs; tpUj;jpailtJ mtrpakhFk;. FLk;g cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapYk;
ghlrhiy cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapYk; kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; Xu; cWg;gpduhf thOk;
NghJ Nkw;gb ,ay;Gfis xt;Nthu; cWg;gpdUk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ rdehaf
kf;fl; rKfj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;F mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,g;gz;Gfs; tpUj;jpailAk; tifapy;
,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s ghltplaq;fisg; gapYkhW khzt khztpaiu topg;gLj;JtNj
,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

Nju;r ;r p 8.2 : - rdehaf kf;fl; r%fnkhd;wpy; ew;gpuirahfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.1 jkJ FLk;gj;jpYk; ghlrhiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;

rdehaff; Fzhjpraq; f Sf;F ,irtilthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 FLk;g myfpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s rdehaf ,ay;Gfis
,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 FLk;g myfpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba rdehaf ,ay;Gfs;
FLk;gj;jpd; ey;tho;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 FLk;g myfpd; Xu; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; rdehaf
tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fzhjpraq;fis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s rdehaf
,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
 ghlrhiyr; r%fj; j py; rdehaf Fzhjpraq; f Sf; F
,irtile;J nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• jkJ FLk;gj;jpYk; ghlrhiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf ,ay;Gfs;
 fye;Jiuahly; %yk; rupahd jPuk; hdq;fis vLj;jy;
 FLk;gj;jpd; nghJthd Ntiiyfspd; NghJ jha;> je;ij> gps;isfs;>
%j;Njhu; midtUk; $l;lhff; fye;Jiahbj; jPuk
; hdq;fis vLj;jy;.
 jdpj;J epd;W ,yFthf epiwTnra;J nfhs;s Kbahj Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;
 r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;
cjhuzk;:
- NtisAzT jahupj;jy;
- Ntiyfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy;
- nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wjy;

14
  FLk; g j; j py; tpNrl epfo; T fspd; N ghJ FLk; g cWg; g pdu; $l; l hff;
fye;Jiuahbj; jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;
cjhuzk;:
- jpUkzk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;
- fhzp thq;Fjy;
- tPL fl;Ljy;
- cw;rtnkhd;wpid xOq;F nra;jy;
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;jy;
 FLk;gj;jpd; fUkq;fspd; NghJ FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fsJk; md;gu;fsJk;
fUj;Jf;fis tpdTjYk; jkJ Ra tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; jPU;khdnkLj;jijj;
jtpu;;j;jYk;
 jkJ fUj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis
rfpj;jYk; epiwtJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;jy; %yk; mtu;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis kjpg;gjd; %yk; ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;Jf;F
kjpg;gspj;jy;
 ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhupd; tpUg;gj;ijAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpdtpawpjYk;
,zf;fj;ijj; njuptpj;jYk;
 FLk;g eltbf;iffspd;NghJ rfy cWg;gpdu;fsJk; tpUg;gk; Fwpj;J ftdQ;
nrYj; jp ,zq; f j; njuptpj; jYk; ngUk;g hd; i kapdupd; tpUg; g j; jpw; F
kjpg;gspg;gjd; %yk; FLk;gj;jpy; ey;ypzf;fj;ij tsu;j;jYk;
 jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;

FLk;gj;jpy; ngw;whiuAk; %j;NjhiuAk; jiyikj;Jt epiyapy; itj;Jf;

fzpjj; y;> mtu;fsJ MNyhridfisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; gpsi ; sfs; ngWjy;>
FLk;g eltbf;iffspd; NghJ mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;WNthuhfr; nraw;gl;L cjtp
Gupjy;> FLk;gj; jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;j FLk;gj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfTk; r%f
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfTk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;

 FLk;gj;jpd; rfy eltbf;iffspd;NghJ FLk;gj;jpy; xj;Jiog;G mjpfupf;Fk;

tifapy; rfyUk; gq;Fgw;wpr; nraw;gLjy;
,t; t hwhf FLk; g j; j py; fhzg; g Lk; rdehaf ,ay; G fis khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf. mJ FLk;gj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; VJthFk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf ,ay;Gfs;

 fye;Jiuahly; %yk; rupahfj; jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;
 ghlrhiy eilKiwapy; cs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> ghuk;gupaq;fis Vw;W mtw;iwg;
ghJfhj;Jr; rupahd jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;.
 ghlrhiy eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfj; jPuk ; hdnkLf;Fk;NghJ> mjpgu;> jkJ
ghlrhiyapd; Vida Jiz mjpfhupfs;> Mrpuau; Mrpupiafs;> khztu;
gpujpepjpfs;> ngw;Nwhupd; gpujpepjpfs;> gioa khztupd; gpujpepjpfs; Nghd;Nwhupd;
gq;fspg;igg; ngw;W mtu;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisAk; tpdtpj;
jPuk
; hdnkLj;jy;
 FLk; gj; jpy; tpNrl epfo; Tfspd; N ghJk; cw;r tq;f spd; N ghJk; ghlrhiyr;
rKjhaj;Jld; fye;Jiuahbj; jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis kjpj;jy;

15
 ghlrhiy eltbf;iffspd;NghJ Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs;> ngw;whu;> gioa
khztu;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ghlrhiy Kfhikahsu;fs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sy; mjd; %yk; ghlrhiyapy; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; nrtpkLg;gjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jjy;> VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpg;gjd; %yk;
VidNahUf;F kjpg;gspf;fg;gLjy; ,jd; %yk; ghlrhiyf;F Kd;khjpupahf
mikar; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jy;.
 ngUk; g hd; i kapdupd; tpUg; g j; i jAk; fUj; J f; f isAk; tpdTjYk;
,zf;fe;njuptpj;jYk;
 ghlrhiyapd; fy;tp eltbf;iffs;> rq;fq;fs; fofq;fs; rhu;ej; nraw;ghLfs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd;NghJ ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhupd; fUj;Jf;fSld; ,zq;fpr;
nraw;gLjy; %yk; ghlrhiyapy; rdehafr; #o;epiiy cUthjy;
 jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jy;
- ghlhriyapy; mjpgupd; jiyikj; J tj; i j kjpj; J > VidNahu;
mj;jiyikj;Jtj;i jg; gpd;gw;WNthuhfr; nraw;gl;L ghlrhiapd;
Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
- ghlrhiyapd; Nehf; i fAk; gzpiaAk; epiwNtw; W tjw; f hfj;
jiyikj;Jtk; toq;Fjy;
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;
- ghlrhiy tshf epUthfk;> Mrpupau; Fohk;> khztu;fs;> ngw;whu;
giioa khztu;fsJ cjtpiag; ngw;W ghlrhiyapd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F
eltbf;if vLj;jy;

,t;thwhd ghlrhiyr; #oypy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf ,ay;Gfis khztUld;

fye;Jiuahb> mjidg; ghlrhiyapd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tpjj;ij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; md;whlf; fUkq;fspd;NghJ gu];guk; cjtp GupAk;
re;ju;gg
; q;fisf; fhl;Lk; tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fs;> rpj;jpuq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;
 FLk; g cWg; g pdu; f s; fye; J iuahly; %yk; jP u ; k hdnkLf; F k; xU
re;ju;gg; j;ijf; fhl;Lk; tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;/ rpwpa fij (FLk;gj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; rdehaf ,ay;Gfs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;)
 ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf ,ay;Gfs; vOjg;gl;l ml;ilfs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;> Kd;itj;jy; Nghd;w nray;uj P pahd fw;wy; re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
%yk;> Fwpj;j ghltplaq;f isf; fw;whAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;jp>
epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L> fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

16
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.2 r p W t u ; c u p i k f s ; > f l i k f s ; njhlu;ghf
tpsf;f j; J ld; nraw;g Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 rpWtu; cupikfis tpgupg;ghu;.
 rpWtu; cupikfisr; rupahf mDgtpgg; jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 rpWtu; cupikfis mDgtpj;jyhdJ rpWtupd; tpUj;jpfF ; f;
fhuzkhFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 rpWtu; cupikfSld; ,ize;j flikfis epiwNtw;W
tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 rpWtu; cupikfisg; ghJfhg; g jw; f hfr; nraw; g Lk;
epWtdq;fspd; gzpfis kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• rpWtu; cupikfs; - mwpKfk;
 1989 ,y; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd rhrdk;> If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpdhy;
ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 ngw;whupd; tpiykjpf;f Kbahj nry;tk; gps;isfshtNjhL mg;gps;isfs;
el;bd; vjpu;fhy tsq;fshtu;.
 gps;i sfisg; Nghrpj;jy;> guhkupj;J g; ghJfhj;jy;> fy;tp toq; Fjy;>
tpUj;jpailar; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy; Nghd;wit %j;Njhupd; nghWg;Gf;fshFk;.
 rpWtu; cupikfs; rhrdj; jpd; gb 18 tUl taJf; F k; FiwthNdhu;
gps;isfshff; fUjg;gLtu;. ,jd; %yk; ,t;taJg; gpuptpy; cs;s
vy;NyhUf;Fk; Mz; - ngz; vd;w Ngjkpdw ; p cupj;jhFk; cupikfs; cs;sd.
• gps;isfSf;F cupj;jhFk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspd;
fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
 ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;F cupa cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
 gq;Fgw;Wiff;F cupa cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
 tpUj;jpailtjw;F cupa cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
 ,Ug;Gf;F cupa cupikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;

rpWtu; cupikfSld; ,ize;j flikfs;

rpy cjhuzq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
cupikfs; flikfs;
fy;tp ngWjy;  ed;F fy;tp fw;wy;
 Mrpupau;fis kjpj;jy;
 ghlrhiyapd; xOf;fk;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> ghuk;gupaq;
fisg; ghJfhj;jy;
Rfhjhu trjpfs; ngWjy;  Ra Rfhjhuk; njhlu;ghf mwpt+l;lk; ngwy;
 ey;y Rfhjhu xOq;Ffisf; filg;gpbj;jy;
 Rfhjhug; gof;fq;fs; njhlu;ghf VidNahUf;F
mwpt+l;lk; nra;jy;
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; %yk;  r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
gpujpgyd; ngWk; cupik  r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhf VidNahUf;F mwpT+l;lk;
nra;jy;
rka ek;gpf;if cupik  VidNahupd; rkaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
 rkatop tho;jy;

17
• rpWtu; cupikfshy; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfr; nraw;gLk; epWtdq;fs;
 rpWtu; ed;dlj;ij rpWtu; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;
 ,yq;if nghypR
 rpWtu;> khju; gzpafk;
 njhz;lu; mikg;Gf;fs;
 ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; (UNICEF)

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 rpWtu; cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y; - gpujp
“cupikfisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L ehis mikjpf;F toptFg;Nghk;”
 rpWtu; cupikf; rhrdk; - gpujp
 rpWtu; f s; jkJ cupikfSld; ,ize; j flikfis epiwNtw; W k;
re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;
 rpWtu; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;nfdr; nraw;gLk; epwtdq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk;
Nritfisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;/ nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;/ tPbNahf;
fhl;rpfs;
 cyf rpWtu; jpdk; njhlu;ghfr; nra;jpj;jhs;fspy; ntspte;j fl;Liufs;/
xspg;glq;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 rpWtu; cupikfis mDgtpj;jy; kw;Wk; mJ njhlu;ghd flikfis
epiwNtw;Wjy; rhu;e;j Nju;r;rpfis khztuplj;Nj tsu;e;Js;sikia
mse;jwptjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL
P
kjpg;gL
P nra;f.

18
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.3 rdehaf kf;f s; r%fnkhd;wpd; ,Ug;G cWjp
ngWk; tifapy; kdntOr;rpfis ,irTgLj;jpf;
nfhs; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 Ml; f splj; N j Njhd; W k; gy; N tW kdntOr; r pfspd;
jd;ikfis cjhuzq; fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.
 kdpj elj;ijfs; kPJ kdntOr;rpfs; gy;NtW topfspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 rdehafg; gpuir vd; w tifapy; kdntOr; r pfis
cld; g hlhd tifapy; ifahs; j yhdJ> jdpahspd;
tho;fi
; ff;Fk; r%f eyDf;Fk; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• gy;NtW kdntOr;rpfs;
 ehshe; j tho; f ;i fapd;N ghJ gy; N tW kdntOr; r pfs; Njhd; WtJz; L
mjw;fikag; gy;NtW elj;ijj; jd;ikfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 kdntOr;rpfs; jpl;ltl;lkhf Gwr;#oypd; ,lj;ij> epfo;Tfs; my;yJ
fUj;Jf;fspd; ClhfNt jdpahspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
 kfpo;r;rp> ftiy> mr;rk;> rpdk;> md;G Nghd;w czu;Tfshf gy;NtW
kdntOr;rpfs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• kdntOr;rpfspd;gb elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fs; gy;tifg;gLk;.
kfpo;r;rp - MuthuQ; nra;jy;> rpupjj
; y;> Mde;jf; fz;zuP ; tbj;jy;> eldkhLjy;
ftiy - mOjy;> rg;jkply;> fz;fs; rptj;jy;> tpau;j;jy;> jhf;f Kidjy;
rpdk; - rj;jkply;> VRjy;> mOjy;> cly;eLq;Fjy;> jhf;fKidjy;> rthy;
tpLj;jy;
mr;rk; - cly; eLq;Fjy;> rg;jkply;> fz;fs; mfy tpupjy;> jpf;Fjy;>
thailj;Jg; Nghjy;
• kdntOr;rpfspd; ngWNgWfs;
kfpo;r;rp - kyu;r;rp ngwy;> nraY}f;fk; ngwy;> epk;kjp ngwy;
ftiy - tpuf;jpailjy;> Nrhk;gpapUj;jy;
• kdntOr;rpfis cld;ghlhdthW ,irTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 ghjfkhd kdntOr;rp epiyikfs; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;gLtjhy; xUtu;
cly;> cs> r%f uPjpapy; rPu;Fiyfpd;wikahy; ghjfkhd kdntOr;rp
epiyikfisj; jzpg;gjw;fhd toptiffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;.
 xUtuplj;Nj Njhd;Wk; kdntOr;rpfisj; jtpu;g;gJ fbdkhdjhifahy;
mjidr; rhjfkhd tifapy; ifahs; t jw; f hd eltbf; i ffis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
 ghjfkhd kdntOr;rpfisj; jzpg;gjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
- #oiy khw;wpaikj;jy;
- Mspd; Jyq;fy;fis khw;wpaikj;jy;
- kdij mikjpg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpfs;
- neUq;fpa ez;gu;fSld; fye;Jiuahly;

19
 - ghjfkhd kdntOr;rpfs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fr; rhjfkhd jdpahs; kw;Wk;
#oy; epiyikfis khw;wpaikj;jy;
- kdntOr;rp epiyfspd; Clhf Gj;jhf;fk; Gupjy;
- mofpaw; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLjy;
- tpisahl;Lr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy;
- cly; rhu;e;j mg;gpahrq;fspYk; csg; gapw;rpfspYk; <LgLjy;
- #oiy eaj;jy;
- nry;yg;gpuhzp tsu;j;jy;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 Kfghtidfs; %yk; ntt;NtW kdntOr;rpfis ntspf;fhl;Lk; rpj;jpuq;fs;/
xspg;glq;fs;/ tPbNahf;fhl;rpfs;
 kdntOr;rpfis cld;ghlhd tifapy; ,irTgLj;jpf; nfhz;likahy;
jdpahs;fsJk; r%fj;jpdJk; eyDf;F VJthf mike;j re;ju;g;gq;fs;/
epfo;Tfs;
 kdntOr;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhj epiyapy; nraw;gl;ljd; tpisthf ghjfkhd
tpisTfs; Vw;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;f isf; fhl;lj;jf;f
rk;gtq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;iffs;
 kdntOr; r pfis ed; F fl; L g; gLj; j pf; nfhs; tjw; f hfg; nghUj; jkhd
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLk; Ml;fisf; FOf;fisf;fhl;Lk;/ xspgg ; lq;fs;/ glq;fs;/
tPbNah fhl;rpfs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 kdntOr;rpfis ed;F fl;Lg;gLj;jp ,irT gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Mw;wy;fis
khztuplj;Nj tsu;gg ; jw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gL
P nra;f.

20
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.4 jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,dq;fz;L>
j i y i k j;J t g ; g z ;Gf i s t p U j ;j p n r a ;J
nfhs; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
 r%fnkhd;wpd; ey;y ,Ug;Gf;F ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
 jiytu; f splj; N j fhzg; g l Ntz; b a rdehafj;
jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.
 rdehaf jiyikj;J tg; gz;G fis tpUj; jp nra;J
nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 r%fj; j pd; ey; y ,Ug; G f; f hf jiyikj; J tj; i jg;
gpd;gw;Wgtu; vd;w tifapy; tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• xU FLk;gj;i j my;y J Ml;f s; rpyiu my;y J FOkj;jpidg; nghJ
Nehf;fnkhd;wpid miltjw;fhf xU FOthf newpg;gLj;jy; jiyikj;Jtk;
vdyhk;.
• r%fj;jpy; jiyikj;Jtj;ij mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f rpy re;ju;g;gq;fs;
ghlrhiyapy; - ngw;whu;> tsu;e;j gps;isfs;
ghlrhiyapy; - mjpgu;> gpujp mjpgu;> cjtp mjpgu;> gpupTj;jiytu;> ghlg;
nghWg; G j; jiytu; > tFg; g hrpupau; > khzt jiytu; >
tFg; G j; j iytu; > tpisahl; L j; jiiytu; > ghlrhiy
mgptpUj;jpf; FOj;jiytu;fs;> Kfhikf;FOj; jiytuf;s;
r%fj;jpy; - rkaj;jiytu;fs;> rKjhaj;jiytu;fs;> murpay; jiytu;fs;>
epWtdj; jiytu;fs;> njhz;lu; mikg;Gj; jiytu;fs;
 r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- rdehafj; jiytu;fs;
- ru;thjpfhuj; jiytu;fs;
- RahjPdj; jiytu;fs;
• jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; mtrpak;
 xU Fwpj;j FOtpdiu mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ,yf;Ffspd;ghy; ,l;Lr;
nry;tjw;fhf mtu;fis topg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; jiyikj;Jtk; mtrpakhFk;.
 jhNk jkf;Fj; jiytuhtjd; mtrpak;
 jdpahs; FOf;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfspd; %yk; nghJf;
Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhff; FOit newpg;gLj;JtJ jiyikj;Jtj;jpd;
gpujhdkhd Njitg;ghlhFk;.
• jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs;
 jd;dk;gpf;if  Mspilj; njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzy;
 cWjpg;ghL  njhiyNehf;F Qhdk;
 nrtpkLf;Fk; jd;ik  mu;gg
; zpg;G
 rkj;Jtk; Ngzy;  rupahfj; jPu;khdnkLf;Fe; jd;ik

21
  el;Gzu;T  rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;Wjy;
 VidNahUf;F cjtp Gupjy;  Mf;fpay; rpe;jid
 gf;fr;rhu;gpd;ik  kdpj Neaj;jd;ik
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis  Neu;ik
kjpj;jy;

• jiyikj;JtKk; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; gpd;gw;WjYk;

 jiytu; jkJ FOit newpg;gLj;Jthu;. mtiug; gpd;gw;WNthNu mtuhy;
newpg;gLj;jg;gLthu;fshtu;.
 jiytu; jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; FOit newpg;gLj;Jk; NghJ mjw;fikar;
nraw;gLtjw;F> jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgtuhf Maj;jkhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 jiytiur; rupahd ghijapd; topNa ,l;Lr; nry;yYk; nrhe;j ,yhgj;ijf;
fUjhJ nraw;gLjYk; jiytiug; gpd;gw;Wgtupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
 xU ey;y jiytupd;fo P ; mtiug; gpd;gw;Wgtuhfr; nraw;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;.
 jiytUk; mtiug; gpd;gw;WgtUk; gu];guk; nghWg;Gf;fshy; fl;Lz;bUj;jy;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 cyfg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w jiytu;fs; gw;wpf; $Wk; tho;f;ifr; rupijfs;/
jpiug;glq;fs;/ tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;/ ehlfq;fs;
 ntt;NtW rkaj;jiytu;fspd; tho;f;ifr; rupijfs;/ tpNrl rk;gtq;fs;/
rhjff; fijfs;
 gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; rpwe;j jiytu;fspd; tho;f;ifr; rupjq;fs;
 ghlrhiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpwe;j jiytu;fs; gw;wpa tptuq;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 gy;NtW rpwe;j jiytu;fspd; tho;f;ifr; rupjq;fs;> ehlfk;/ tfpghfNkw;W
ebj;jy; Mfpatw;iwj; Jizahff; nfhz;L fw;wy; re;ju;gg ; q;fis cUthf;fp>
epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gL
P nra;f.

22
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.5 rdehaf tho;f;iff;F j; Njitahd gz;Gfis
tsu;j;J f; nfhs;t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 rdehaf tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd gz;Gfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 rdehaf tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; r%fj;jpd; ey;y ,Ug;Gf;Ff;
fhuzkhfpd;wikia Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• rdehaf tho;T vd;gJ nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fis Kd;dpWj;jp> Rje;jpuk;
rkj;Jtk; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l xU tho;f;if
Kiwg;gb nraw;gLtjhFk;.
• mjw;Fj; Njitahd gz;Gfs;
 gu]guk; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;
 rupahd ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
 gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;jy;
 fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;
 Rafl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gly;
 ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAld; nraw;gly;
 Neu;ik
 rl;lj;ij kjpj;jy;
• rdehaf tho;f;iff; NfhykhdJ> r%fj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;F VJthFk; tpjk;
 kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; ey;ypzf;fk; tpUj;jpailjy;
- xt;nthU kf;fl; gpuptpdiuAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy; kw;Wk; nfsutpj;jy;
fhuzkhf gu];gu njhlu;Gfs; tpUj;jpailjy;
- jkJ Njitfs;> vjpug ; hu;ff
; g;gl;l kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtWfpdw
; ikahy; kdpju;
jpUg;jpailjy;
- vy;yhf; fUkq;fspd;NghJk;> midtuJk; gq;fspg;Gg; gpujpepjpj;JtKk;
fpilj;jy;
• Kuz;ghLfs; ,opthFk; r%fnkhd;W cUthjy;
 ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;ij kjpj;jy;
 ngUk;ghd;ikf; fUj;ijAk; rpWghd;ikg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sy;
 rfy kf;fl; gpuptpdUk; rfy gz;ghLfSf;Fk; kjpg;gspj;jy;

23
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.2

Nju; r ; r p : - rdehaf kf;fl; r%fnkhd;wpy; ew;gpuirahfr; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.2.1 jkJ FLk;gj;jpYk; ghlrhiyapYk; fhzg;gLk;
rdehaf Fzhjpraq;f Sf;F ,irtilthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 FLk;g myfpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s rdehaf ,ay;Gfis
,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 FLk;g myfpy; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba rdehaf ,ay;Gfs;
FLk;gj;jpd; ey;tho;Tf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 FLk;g myfpd; Xu; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; rdehaf
tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Fzhjpraq;fis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpy; eilKiwapy; cs;s rdehaf
,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
 ghlrhiyr; r%fj; j py; rdehaf Fzhjpraq; f Sf; F
,irtile;J nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw; g hL : - xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLNthk;
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;
juTs;s P L fs; :-
 ,izg;G 01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk;
 ,izg;G 02 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk;
 ,izg;G 03 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s fijapd; xspg;glg;gpujpfs;
FOTf;F xd;W tPjk;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  tFg;Gj;jiytu; ghlj;jiytu; fofnkhd;wpd; jiytu;
Nghd; w njhd;W f; f hf ,uz; L ngau; f s; Kd; n khopag;
gl; L s; s NghJ ngUk; g hd; i kapdupd; tpUg; g pd; N gupy;
mg;gjtpf;F xUtu; njupT nra;ag;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fis
epidT+l;b khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
 ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; tpUg;gj;jpd;Ngupy; jPuk
; hdnkLj;jy;
 VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis kjpj;jy;
 fye;Jiuahbj; jPuk ; hdnkLj;jy;
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;
Nghd;wit rdehafj;jpd; ,ay;GfshFk; vd;gij khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.
(10 epkplk;)

gbKiw II :  tFg;igg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

 FO 1> FO 2 Mfpatw;Wf;F ,izg;G I ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s
fijapd; xspg;glg; gpujp tPjk; toq;Ff.
 FO 3> FO 4 Mfpatw;Wf;F ,izg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s
fijapd; xspg;glg;gpujp tPjk; toq;Ff.
 me;je;jf; FOTf;Fr; nraw;ghl;Lg;gbtk; tPjk; toq;Ff.

24
  Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy mtfhrk;
toq;Ff.
 me;je;jf; FO jahupj;j mwpf;ifia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(20 epkplk;)

gbKiw III :  Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fs; ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; tifapy;

kPll
; ha;T elj;Jf.
(10 epkplk;)

kjpg; g Pl ;L epakq;f s;
gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL
P > kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
 FLk;gj;jpYk; ghlrhiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; rdehaf uPjpahd ,ay;Gfis
,dq;fz;L Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 rdehaf uPjpahd ,Ug;ghdJ r%fj;jpd; ed;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 FLk;gj;jpYk; ghlrhiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd rdehaf ,ay;Gfisg;
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
 rdehaf uPjpahd ,ay;Gfisf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; rhjfkhd
tpisTfs; gw;wp VidNahUf;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;thu;.
 FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fspy; Mu;tj;Jld; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

,izg;G 1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; (FO ,y. 01> 02 ,w;fhf)
 cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s “vkJ tpUg;gk; epiwNtwpa ehs;” fijiaf; ftdkhf
thrpAq;fs;.
 mf;fijapd; %yk; ntspfn ; fhzug;gLtijAk; FLk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gLgitAkhd
rdehaf ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
 eP q ; f s; NkNy Fwpg; g pl; l xt; N thu; ,ay; G k; ntspf; n fhzug; g Lk;
re;ju;g;gj;Jf;fhff; fijapypUe;J cjhuzq;fhl;Lf.
 mwpf;ifg;gLj;jpa jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itAq;fs;.

,izg;G 2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; (FO ,y. 03> 04 ,w;fhf)
 cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s “xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLNthk;” vDk; fijiaf;
ftdkhf thrpAq;fs;.
 mf;fijapd; %yk; ntspf;nfhzug;gLtijAk; ghlrhiyapy;
fhzg;gLgitAkhd rdehaf ,ay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
 eP q ; f s; NkNy Fwpg; g pl; l xt; N thu; ,ay; G k; ntspf; n fhzug; g Lk;
re;ju;g;gj;Jf;fhff; fijapypUe;J cjhuzq;fhl;Lf.
 mwpf;ifg;gLj;jpa jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itAq;fs;.

25
,izg;G 3
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; (FO ,y. 03> 04 ,w;fhf)
“vkJ tpUg;gk; epiwNtwpa ehs;”
Mf];l; tpLKiwf; fhyj;jpy; xU Rw;Wg;gazk; NghNthk; vd mg;gh tUlj;
njhlf;fjpNyNa $wpitj;jpUe;jhu;. Mf];l; tpLKiwAk; neUq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
toikNghd;W xU ehd; ,uT czT cz;gjw;fhf mg;ghTk; ghl;ldhUk; mz;zDk;
jk;gpAk; jhuzpAk; mku;e;jpUe;jdu;. mk;kh czT gupkhwpdhu;. midtUk;
cz;L Kbj;j gpd;G jhuzp Rw;Wg;gaz tplaj;ij mg;ghTf;F Qhgf %l;bdhu;.
“mg;gh> ... Mf];l; tpLKiwapy; Rw;Wg; gazk; $l;bg;Nghtjhff; $wpdPu;fs;
my;yth?”
“Mkhk; ... ” mg;gh gjpyspj;jhu;.
“vq;Nf mg;gh ehq;fs; Nghfg; NghfpNwhk;”;
“mDuhjGupf;;F ehq;fs; NghNthkh?” mg;gh Nfl;lhu;.
jhuzp kfpo;r;rpaile;jhs;.
“ahs tpyq;Ffs; ruzhaj;ijg; ghu;ff ; g; NghNthk; mg;gh. gpuhzpfisAk;
ghu;ff
; yhk;> nghOJk; Nghf;fyhk;” jhuzpapd; mz;zd; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jhd;.
“ehq;fs; mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fg; NghNthk; mg;gh! ehq;fs; mq;F NghdNj fpilahJ.
tuyhW ghlj;jpy; gbf;Fk; gy ,lq;fs; mDuhjGuj;jpy; jhd; cs;sJ vd uPr;ru;
nrhd;dhu; mg;gh vdf;Fk; me;j ,lq;fisg; ghu;ff; g;Nghf Mirahf ,Uf;fpwJ
mg;gh”
jhuzpapd; jk;gp jkJ NjitfisAk; MirfisAk; njuptpj;jhd;.
“jk;gpapd; fUj;ijj; jhuzpAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;
“mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fk; NghtJ ey;yJ” mk;khTk; fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jhu;.
“mDuhjGuj;Jf;F ehd; gy jlit NghapUf;fpNwd; kPz;Lk; mq;F Nghtjpy;
mu;jjkpyi; y ehd; ngupak;kh tPl;Lf;Fg; Ngha; mq;F jq;fp ,Uf;fpwd;” mz;zz;
$wpdhd;.
mg;gh midtiuAk; Gd;difald; Nehf;fpdhu;. gpd; Ngrj;njhlq;fpdhu;.
“kfd; ... ehd; nrhy;tijf; nfhQ;rk; NfSq;fs;. vy;NyhUk; mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fg;
Nghtij tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. jk;gpf;Fk; jq;iff;Fk; mJ ghlrhiy NtiyfSf;Fg;
ngupJk; cjTk; mjdhy; ,e;j jlit ehk; mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fg; NghNthk;. mLj;j
tpLKiw fhyj;jpy; ahs tpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaj;Jf;Fg; NghNthk; ... rupjhdh”
mz;zd; vjpupg;Gj; njuptpf;ftpy;iy.
gaz xOq;Ffs; gw;wp midtUk; $bf; fye;Jiuahbj; jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;.
mz;zd; khj;jpuk; mikjpahf ,Ue;jhd;.
“kfd; ... ,e;j tpLKiw ehk; mDuhjGuj;Jf;Fg; NghNthk; ... mLj;j tpLKiw
fhyj;jpy; ahs ruzhyaj;Jf;Fg; NghNthk; ...” jhahu; kfidg; ghu;j;Jf; Nfl;lhu;.
vy;NyhUk; mz;zdpd; Kfj;ijg; ghu;j;jdu;.
midtuJk; Ntz;LNfhis mz;zd; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. mDuhjGuk; Nghf
tpUg;gk; njuptpj;jhd;.
vy;NyhuJk; tpUg;gk; epiwNtwpaJ midtUk; kfpo;r;rpaile;jdu;.
*****

26
,izg;G 4
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; (FO ,y. 01> 02 ,w;fhf)
“xj;J ioj;J r; nraw;g LNthk;”
md;W fhiyapy; toikNghd;W tFg;Gg; nghWg;ghrpupia tFg;giwf;F te;jhu;.
khztu; midtUk; tzf;fe;njuptpj;J mku;ej
; du;. gpd;du; tFg;Gj; jiytu; vOe;J>
xU Ntz;LNfhis Kd;itj;jhu;.
“vq;fs; tFg;igr; #oTs;s epyg;gFjp myq;Nfhykhf ,Uf;fpwJ uPr;ru;. ehq;fs;
mjid moFgLj;JtJ ey;yJ my;yth”
tFg;Gj; jiytupd; Nahridia tFg;ghrpupau; kfpo;r;rpAld; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;.
tFg;G khztu;fs; midtUk; mf;fUj;ij MNkhjpj;jdu;.
rup> ehq;fs; tFg;Gr; #oiy moFgLj;JNthk;. midtUk; Nru;eJ
; fye;Jiuahb
mjw;fhd xU jpl;lj;ijj; jahupj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. Mrpupia $wpdhu;.
“tFg;giwia vg;gb moFgLj;j vjpug
; hu;f
; f
; pwuP f
; s;” tFg;Gj; jiytu; khztu;fsplk;
tpdtpdu;.
“kioePupy; kz; fOtpr; nry;yg;gLk; Nklhd ,lj;jpy; xU rpW fy;Ntyp
mikg;Nghk;”
“Mkhk; .. fy;Ntyp mikj;J kz;epug;gNthk;” tFg;G khztu;fs; mf;fUj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.
“rup> epyj;ij moFgLj;j jhtuq;fs; tsu;f;f Ntz;Lky;yth? mjw;F vd;d
nra;ayhk;?” tFg;Gj; jiytu; kPz;Lk; tpdtpdhd;.
“G+r;nrbfs; tsu;g;Nghk; mofhf ,Uf;Fk;” xU rpyu; $wpdu;.
“fha;fwpfs; tsu;gN
; ghk;. mofhTk; ,Uf;Fk;> czthfTk; gad;gLk;” ,d;Dk;
rpyu; $wpdu;.
“gokuq;fs; tsu;f;fyhk;. moFk;> epoYk; fpilf;Fk;> gok; cz;zyhk;;” NkYk;
rpyu; $wpdu;.
gyUk; jj;jkJ fUj;Jf;fisf; $wpdu;.
,Wjpapy; tFg;Gj; jiytUk; gpd;tUkhW fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jdu;.
“ey;yJ> cq;fsJ NahridfSf;F ed;wp $wpdhu;. ehq;fs; Kw;wj;jpy; xU
khq;fd;W ehl;LNthk;. mJ tsu;e;J epoy;jUk;. Rw;wptug; G+r;nrbfs; tsu;g;Nghk;.
mofhf ,Uf;Fk;”
“eLg;gFjpapy; ghj;jpaikj;Jf; fha;fwpr; nrbfs; eLNthk;”
“mJ xU ey;y Nahrid;”; MrpupiaAk; fye;Jiuahlypy; fye;J nfhz;lhu;.
rup ehl;Ltjw;Ff; fd;Wfs; vg;gbg; ngWtJ?
“ehd; kpsfha;f; fd;Wfs; nfhz;L tUfpNwd;;” xUtu; $wpdu;.
“ehd; khq;fd;W nfhz;L tUfpNwd;” ,d;DnkhUtu; $wpdu;.
“ntz;bf;fha; tpj;Jg; igf;fw; xd;W ehd;; nfhz;L tUfpNwd;” ,d;DnkhUtu;
$wpdu;.
NkYk; gy khztu;fs; g+q;fd;W tpj;Jf;fs; nfhz;L tUtjhff; $wpdu;.
“rup mLj;j thuk; Ntiyfisj; njhlq;FNthk;”;
midtUk; mf;fUj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.
*****
27
 8.3 gy;gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fk;

mwpKfk;
rkfhy kf;fl; r%fkhdJ ntt;NtW ,dq;fisr; Nru;ej ; ntt;NtW rkaq;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;w> ntt;NtW nkhopfspy; NgRfpd;wd. ntt;NtW tof;fhWfs;>
ghuk;gupaq;fis kjpf;fpd;w cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ. mt;thwhd
kf;fl; r%fk;> gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fs; r%fk; vdg;gLk;.

gu]; g uk; xt; n thUtuJk; cupikfis kjpj; j y; > rkj; J tf; Nfhl; g hl; i l
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gly;> rftho;T tho;jy;> VidNahupd; gz;ghLfis
kjpj;jy;> jkJ gz;ghl;bd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; Nghd;wit gy;gz;ghl;Lr;
r%fj;jpd; rPuhd ,Ug;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfj; jdpahsplj;Nj tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,ay;GfSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. khzt-khztpauplj;Nj
,e;j ,ay;Gfs; tpUj;jpailaj;jf;f tifapy; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjw;Fr;
re;ju;g;gkspg;gNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

Nju;r ;r p 8.3 : - gy; - gz;g hl;L kf; f l; r%fj;jpy; mikjp Neakhd

ew;gpuirahf tho;thu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.3.1 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;f s; r%fnkhd;w pd; ,ay;G

fisg; gFj;j ha; t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis
tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• gy;-gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fk; - mwpKfk;
 ahNjDk; kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; rkak;> nkhop> ,dk;> fiyfs;> epwk;> ek;gpfi
; ffs;>
topghLfs; vd;wthwhf gy;tifia fhzg;gLkhapd; mr;r%fk; gy;gz;ghl;Lr;
r%fk; vdg;gLk;.
 rkfhyj;jpy; cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiw> njhopy;> fy;tp eltbf;iffs;> tzpfk;>
mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nghd;wit fhuzkhf ,lk;ngwk; Gyk;ngau;Tfs;
fhuzkhf gz;ghl;Lg; gy;tifikahdJ Nkd;NkYk; rpf;fhu;ej ; J nry;tijf;
fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
 gy; gz;ghl;Lr; r%fnkhd;wpd; ,ay;Gfs;
- r%fk; gy ,d kf;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;
- gy rkaq;fs; fhzg;gLjy;
- gy nkhopfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLjy;
- gy;NtW gof;ftof;fq;fSk; tof;fhWfSk; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLjy;
- gy;NtW gz;ghl;L mUq;nry;tq;fs;/ nghf;fprq;fs; fhzg;gLjy;

28
jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -
 ntt;NtW gz;ghLfspd; ,ay;Gfis cs;slf;fpa glq;fs;/ rpj;jpuq;fs;/
xspg;glq;fs;
 ,yq;ifapd; ,dthupahd> rkathupahd rdj;njhiff; fl;likg;igf; fhl;Lk;
tiuGfs;
 ntt;NtW gz;ghLfisr; Nru;ej rkaf; FwpaPL ,yl;rpidfs;/ rka
topghl;Lj;jyq;fs; mlq;fpAs;s Rtnuhl;bfs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 gy;gz;ghl;Lr; r%fnkhd;wpy; ntt;NtW rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; rpjj ; puq;fs;>
Rtnuhl; b fs; > tiuGfs; Nghd; w tw; i w Mf; F tjw; F khztu; f ; F r;
re; j u; g ; g kspf; F f. mtw; i w tFg; g py; Kd; i tj; J f; fye; J iuahlr;
re;ju;g;gkspj;J> ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;f isf; ftdj;jpw;n fhz;L>
epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gLP nra;f.

29
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.3.2 gz; g hl; L g; gy; t ifi kA s; xw; W i kah fTk;
rftho; T lDk; nraw;g Lthu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ,yq;if ehL gy; - gz;ghl;L> kf;fs; r%fj;ijf; nfhz;lJ
vd;gij cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,yq;if kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gz;ghL
fisr; Nru;ej
; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpguq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; Xu; cWg;gpdu; vd;w
tifapy; rftho;T tho;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jj;ij kjpj;Jf;
fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 NtW ehLfspd; gy;g z; ghl;L ,ay; Gfs; njhlu; ghd
tptuq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ,yq;ifapd; gz;ghl;Lg; gy;tifik
 gy;NtW ,dq;fs;> NrhdfUk; kyhaUk;
cjhuzk;: rpq;fstu;> jkpou;> ,];yhkpau;> gwq;fpau;> NtW ,dq;fs;
 ntt;NtW nkhopfs; : jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;
 ntt;NtW rkaq;fs;: ngsj;jk;> ,e;J> ,];yhk;> fj;Njhypf;fk;> fpwpj;jtk;
 gy;NtW gz;ghl;Lg; ghuk;gupaq;fs;
cjhuzk;:
- me;je;j ,d kf;fs; rhu;e;j tof;fhWfs;
cjhuzk;: gpwg;Gf;F Kd;du; njhlf;fk; gpwg;Gf;Fk; gpd;du; tiuapyhy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLk; tof;fhWfs;
 ntt;NtW rkaq;fs; rhu;e;j tof;fhWfs;> ghuk;gupaq;fs;> rkaq;fs; rhu;e;j
cw;rtq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
cjhuzk;:
ngsj;jk; - ntrhf; gz;bif> nghrhd; gz;bif
,e;J - ijg;nghq;fy; gz;bif> jPghtspg; gz;bif
fpwp];jtk; - ej;jhu; cw;rtk;> ngupa nts;sp cw;rtk;
,];yhk; - `[;[_g; ngUehs;> Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; (wkohd;)
 ,yq;if kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; me;je;jg; gz;ghl;bd; jdpj;jtk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;
gl;bUj;jy;
- ntt;NtW gz;ghLfis kjpj;jy;
 gy;tifikapd; Clhf xw;WikahfTk; rfthho;TlDk; nraw;gLjy;
cjhuzk;:
- xU Fwpj;j gpuNjrj;jpy; ntt;NtW ,dkf;fSk; ntt;NtW rkaq;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fSk; tho;jy;
 NtW gy ehLfspy; gy;gz;ghl;Lr; fofq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
cjhuzk;: ,e;jpah> fdlh> If;fpa mnkupf;ff; FbauR

30
jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -
 rfy gz;ghLfspYk; fhzg;gLk; ,ay;Gfis cs;slf;fpa glk;
 ,yq;ifg; gz;ghl;bd; gy;tifikiaf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;
 ntt;NtW kf;fs; ,dq;fSld; ,ize;j tof;fhWfisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 ,yq;if xU gy;gz;ghl;Lr; r%fk; MFk; vd;gijAk; mt;thwhd xU
r%fj;jpy; rPu hf ,Ug;i g cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nju;r ;rpfis khztuplj;Nj
tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sikia mse;jwptjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gL P nra;f.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.3.3 Ra gz; g hl; L j; jdpj; J tj; i jg; Ngzp Njrpa
xw; W ikf; F k; Ngz; j F rkhjhdj; i jf; fl; b
naOg; G tjw;F k; gq;f spg; g hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 rkhjhd Neakhd kf;fl; r%fnkhd;wpd; ey;y ,Ug;Gf;F>
gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;T Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj;
njuptpg;ghu;.
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; gz;ghl;L xd;wpizg;Gf;
fhf Nkw;nfhs;sj; jf;f eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fthu;.
 jkJ gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgzpathW Vida
gz; g hLfis kjpj; J tho; t jd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; Ngz;jF rkhjhdj;ij
fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
 Ngz;jF rkhjhdk; Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• gu];gu Gupe;Jzu;T fhuzkhf> Kuz;ghLfs; ,ad;wsT Fiwtjhy;> ntt;NtW
,d kf;fspilNa xw;Wik tYg;ngWjy;.
 ntt;NtW gz;ghLfSf;F ,ilNa gu];guk; mwpT+l;lKk; el;Gk;
• gz;ghl;Lg; gy;tifikAs; ehl;il mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf xw;Wikahf
If;fpag;ghl;Lr; nraw;gLjy;
cjhuzk;:
 xt;nthU gz;ghl;Lf; FOTf;FKupa kf;fs; ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
(Nation Building) vDk; vjpu;ghu;gG
; ld; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ciog;ig
mu;g;gzpj;jy;.
• gz;ghl;L xd;wpizg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs;
cjhuzk;:  ntt;NtW gz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd mwpit tsu;j;jy;
 ntt;NtW nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy tsu;j;jy;
 gz;ghl;Lg; gupkhw;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

31
• tpisjpwdhd nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
 ,d> kj> nkhop Ngjq;fspd;wp ntt;NtW njhopy;fspy; <Lgly; ehlbd;
mgptpUj;jpf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;.
• gz;ghl;Lg; gy;tifikia kjpj;J jkJ flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
epiwNtw;wy;
cjhuzk;: - Vida gz;ghLfis kjpj;jy;
- gz;ghl;Lg; gy;tifikia kjpj;jy;
• gy;gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpy; Ngz;jF epiyapy; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
 rkfhyj;jpy; gy ehLfspy; gy;gz;ghl;Lr; r%fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
 Vida gz; g hLfs; njhlu; g hd Gupe; J zu; T lDk; kupahijAlDk;
nraw;gLjyhdJ Ngz;jF rkhjhdj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
 gu];guk; xw;Wik> xj;Jiog;G> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Nghd;wit Ngz;jF rkhjhdk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtjw;F VJthFk; tpjk;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;
 rQ;rpiffs;
 tsthsu;fspd; ciufs; (gy;gz;ghl;Lr; r%fj;jpd; rPuhd ,Ug;Gf;F gu];gu
ey;ypzf;fjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa)

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 cupa fw; w w; NgWfis khztuplj; N j milj; J s; s dth vd; g ij
mse;jwptjw;fhf epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gL
P
nra;f.

32
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.3

Nju; r ; r p : - gy; - gz;g hl;L kf; f l; r%fj;jpy; mikjp Neakhd

ew;gpuirahf tho;thu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.3.1 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;f s; r%fnkhd;w pd; ,ay;G
fisg; gFj;j ha; t hu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fk; vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 gy; - gz;ghl;L kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis
tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw; g hL : - gy;tifikAs; If;fpaj;ijf; fhz;Nghk;
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;
juTs;s P L fs; :-
 ,izg;G 8.3.1 ,yq;ifapd; ,dq;fspd;gb rdj;njhif
rjtPjk;
 ,izg;G 8.3.2 ,yq;ifapd; rkaq;fspd;gb rdj;njhifr;
rjtPjk;
 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 8.3.1.1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 8.3.1.2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 8.3.1.3
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 8.3.1.4
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 8.3.1.5

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  ,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fs; kw;Wk; rkaq;fspd;gb rdj;njhif
rjtPjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; ,izg;G 8.3.1.1> ,izg;G 8.3.1.2
Mfpatw; i wf; fhl; r pg; g Lj; j p> ghlj; i j mZFf.
gy;gz;ghl;Lr; r%fj;jpd; jd;ikia tpsf;fp> khztupd;
ftdj;ij mjd; kPJ <u;f;Ff.
(10 epkplk;)
,izg;G 1
,dq;f spd;gb ,yq;i fapd; rdj;n jhifr; rjtPjk;
 rpq;fstu; 74%
 ,yq;ifj; jkpou; 12.6%
 ,e;jpaj;jkpou; 5.5%
 Nrhdfu; 7.1%
 VidNahu; 0.8%
rkaq;f spd;gb ,yq;i fapd; rdj;n jhifr; rjtPjk;
 ngsj;ju; 73.7%
 ,e;Jf;fs; 10.9%
 fpwpj;jtk; 6.2%
 K];ypk;fs; 7.6%
 VidNahu; 1.6%

33
nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 8.3.1.1 FO 01
 ,yq;if ntt;NtW ,dq;fisf; nfhz;l xU ehL vd;gij Mf;fG+u;tkhf
Kd;itg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 8.3.1.2 FO 02

 ,yq;if ntt;NtW rkaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wk; kf;fl; gpuptpdu;fisf; nfhz;l
xU ehL vd;gij Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 8.3.1.3 FO 03

 ,yq;if ntt;NtW nkhop NgRk; kf;fl; gpuptpdiuf; nfhz;l xU ehL
vd;gij Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 8.3.1.4 FO 04

 ,yq;if gy;NtW ghuk;gupaq;fisAk; tof;fhWfis kjpf;Fk; gpd;gw;Wk;
xU ehL vd;gij Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;gNj cq;fsJ FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.

nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk; 8.3.1.5 FO 05

 gy;tifikr; r%fkhd ,yq;ifapy; midtUk; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLtjd;
mtrpaj;ij cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;LtNj cq;fsJ FOtpd;
nghWg;ghFk;.

34
 8.4 rkfhyg; gpur;rpidfs;

mwpKfk;
kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; ghJfhg;ghd ,Ug;Gf;Fg; ghjfkhditahff; fhzg;gLgitahf
,aw;if mdu;jj ; q;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs;> ghjfkhd tho;fi
; fg; gof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. Gtpr;#oy; njhFjpapy; mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOtJ xU nghJthd
Njhw;wg;ghlhtNjhL mJ ,aw;ifahd #oy; njhFjpfspd; rkdpiyf;Ff; fhuzkhf
mikAk;. vdpDk; kdpjdpd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
mt;thwhd mdu;j;jq;fs; jw;fhyj;jpy; cf;fpukilj;Js;sikahdJ #oypdJk;
$lNt kdpjdpdJk; ,Ug;Gf;Fr; rthyhf mike;Js;sJ.

,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpgj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;jj

; q;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
fhuzpfis ,ad;w msT Fiwg;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;> mjw;fhf
cjtp ngwj;jf;f epWtdq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;>
jdJ VidNahuJk; capiug; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> rkNahrpjkhfr; nraw;gly;>
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk; Mfpa mk;rq;fspd; ghy; tpNrl ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mj;NjhL> ghjfkhd gof;fq;fs;> kUe;Jg; gad;ghL> tPjp tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;jj ; y;>
,urhad tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;jj ; y; Mfpad njhlu;ghfTk; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
NkYk; jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;fjhd tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;Jf;F ,irtiljy;> Ngz;jF
mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd mwpT> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> jpwd;fis
vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapduplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;gp> ghJfhg;ghd kf;fl; r%fnkhd;wpidf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzpia cUthf;FtNj ,e;j mj;jpahak;
%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

Nju;r ;r p 8.4 : - kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; ghJfhg;ghd ,Ug;Gf;fhfr; nraY}f;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.1 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw

,opthf;F tjw; f hfr; nraw;g Lthu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
 ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fis
,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffisg; gpNuupgg ; hu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;gg; jw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis
cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
 ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fspd;NghJ cjtp ngwj;jf;f epWtdq;
fisg; ngaupLthu;.
 ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fspd; NghJ cjtp toq;Fk; epWtdq;fshy;
toq;fg;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

35
ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;
(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ,aw;if mdu;jj
; q;fs; kw;Wk; kdpj nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
• ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; - mwpKfk;
 GtpapYk; mjd; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypYk; Vw;gLk; ,aw;ifahd epge;jidfspd;
mjPjj;jd;ikfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd epiyikfNs ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fshFk; vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzk;: epyeLf;fk;/ Rdhkp/ nts;sg;ngUf;F/ #whtsp
,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fs;
- capupog;Gf;fs;
- Mjd ,og;Gf;fs;
• ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; cf;fpukiltjw;Fk;
VJthFk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfs;
cjhuzk;:
 fhlopg;G
 MWfspy; kzy; mfo;jy;
 KUiff;fw;ghiwfis cilj;jy;/ mfo;jy;
 Ruq;fkfo;jy;
 jho; epyq;fis (KiwNflhf) epug;Gjy;
 flw;fiufspy; kzy; mfo;jy;
 cf;Fk; jd;ikaw;w nghUs;fis KiwNflhd tifapy; ntspNaw;Wjy;
• tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fis ,ad;w msTf;Ff;
Fiwg;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj ; q;fs; njhlu;ghf Fwpj;j epWtdq;fs; %yk; nra;ag;gLk;
mwpT+l;ly;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;JjYk; mt;thW toq;fg;gLk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;WjYk;
 tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpuj; j; y; kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fis ,ad;w msTf;Ff; Fiwg;gjw;fhf>
mJ Fwpj;Jr; nraw;gLk; epWtdq;fSf;F mwptpj;jy;
 tpgj;Jf;F MshNdhiuf; fhg;ghw;Wjy;
 rupahd Kiwapy; KjYjtp toq;Fjy;
 tpgj;Jf;F MshNdhiu ,ad;w msT tpiuthf itj;jparhiyf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;yy;
 tpgj;J/ mdu;j;jk; njhlu;ghf itj;jparhiyf;Fk; nghyp]; gpupTf;Fk;
mwptpj;jy;
 tpgj;Jf;F cs;shNdhu; njhlu;ghf kdpj Neaj;Jld; nraw;gly;
• tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs;
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfoj;jf;f tpjk; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk; ngWjy;
 Fwpj;j epWtdq;fs; %yk; toq;fg;gLk; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
 Fwpj;j epWtdq;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; Kd;dwptpg;Gfs; (Kd;ndr;rupf;iffs;)
njhlu;ghf epjKk; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;
 ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; epfoj;jf;f> ,lk; rhu;e;j tpgj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdQ;
nrYj;jpr; nraw;gly;
cjhuzk;: - tPl;bd; kpd; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;/ ifahsy;
- ftdaPdkhfr; nraw;gLtijj; jtpu;jj ; y;
- ghJfhg;G xOq;F tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;

36
• Fwpj;j epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk; ngWjYk; me;epWtdq;fs; toq;Fk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;WjYk;
• tpgj;J/ mdu;j;j epiyikfspd; NghJ Nrit/ cjtp toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;
 tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk;
 Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; Ruq;fkfo;Tg; gzpkid
 itj;jparhiy
 nghyp];
 jPaizf;Fk; gil/ jPaizf;Fk; myF
 Mgj;jhd mTljq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;L epWtdk;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 ,yq;ifapy;/ Vida ehLfspy; epfo;e;j ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk;
mit fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fisf; fhl;Lk; nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;>
xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf cyfpd; ntt;NtW ehLfspy; ,yq;ifapy;
epfo;e;j mdu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; mit fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l ,og;Gf;fisf;
fhl;Lk; nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;> xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 tsp kz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk; Gtpr;rupjtpay; Ma;T kw;Wk; Ruq;fkfo;Tg;
gzpkid> nghyp];Jiw Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; %yk; tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s mwptpj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa mwpf;iffs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj ; q;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; NghJ ntt;NtW epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk;
mit njhlu;ghd mjpfhupfs;> nghJkf;fs; Mw;Wk; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk;
nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;> xspg;glq;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 xg;gilfs;> FOr; nraw;ghLfs;> Njbaha;Tfs; Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfspd; fPo; tplaq;fisf; fw;wha topgg ; Lj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

37
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.2 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fspd;NghJ rkNahrpjkhfr;
nraw; g Lthu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fspd;NghJ jdJk; VidNahuJk;
capu;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfr; nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj; J f; f s; > mdu; j ; j q; f spd; N ghJ rkNahrpjkhfr;
nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• tpgj;Jf;f s;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfo;e;Js;s re;ju;g;gq;fspy; rkNahrpjkhfTk;
RaGj;jpAlDk; nraw;gLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cjhuzk;:
 tpgj;J epfo;e;Js;s ,lj;ij Mgj;jhd tifapy; mZFtijj; jtpu;jj ; y;>
rhtjhdkhfr; nraw;gLjy;
 cjtp ngWtjw;fhf> Fwpj;j epWtdq;fSf;F cldbahf mwptpj;jy;
 tpgj;Jf;F MshfpAs;Nshupd; capupog;gijj; jtpu;gg; jw;fhf ,aYkhd vy;yh
eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 tpgj;Jf;F MshfpAs;NshUf;F rupahdthW KjYjtp toq;Fjy;
 czu;r;rp trg;gl;Ls;s epiyapy; nraw;gLtijj; jtpu;jj ; y;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfo;e;j re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ntt;NtW epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghd mjpfhupfs;/ jdpahl;fs;> tpgj;Jf;F MshfpNahiuf;
fhg;ghw;WtjpYk;/ epthuzkspg;gjpYk; <LgLtijf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;/
nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 khztu; fw; w ha; e ; j ghltplaq; f spd; %yk; fw; w w; N gWfs; milag;
gl;Ls;sikia mse;jwptjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

38
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.3 mdu;j ;j Kfhik nra;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 tpgj;J f;f s;> mdu;j ; jq; f s; epfoj; j f; f re;j u;g ; gq; f s;
njhlu; ghff; ftdQ; nrYj; Jtjd; Kf;f paj; Jtj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj; q;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhfg;
nghUj;jkhd toptiffisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
 Fwpj;j ,lq;fspy; epfoj;jj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs; jtpu;ej ; tplj;J
NtW tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L
mtw; w pypUe; J ghJfhg; G g; ngWtjd; mtrpaj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 czT> kUe; J fs; Mfpad fhuzkhf epfoj; j f; f
tpgj;Jf;f is ,dq;f z;L> mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj
; q;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F ghjfkhd tho;fi ; fg;
gof; f q; f s; fhuzkhfpd; w ikia cjhuzq; f hl; b
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj; Jf; f s;> mdu; j; j q; f spypUe;J jtpu;e ; jpUg; gjw; F r;
rhjfkhd tho;f;ifg; gof;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tij
kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOk; tha;gG; s;s ,lq;fs;
cjhuzk;:  tPL
 Rw;Wg;Gwr;#oy;
 ghlrhiy
 Ntiyj;jsq;fs;
 ngUe;njUf;fs;
 ePu;epiyfs; (fly;> ePuhly;)
• Nkw;gb ,lq;fspy; tpgj;Jf;fs; epfof;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
epfof;$ba topfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;.
• mt;tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
cjhuzk;:  tdtpyq;Ffs;
 eha;
 er;Rg;ghk;Gfs;
• ,t;thwhd tpgj;Jf;fs; epfof;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fhzy;
• mt;tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
•
• czT> xsrjq;fs; (kUe;Jfs;) njhlu;ghf epfoj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 czT eQ;rhjy;
 czT fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; xt;thikfs;
• me;epiyikfs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk; me;epiyikfisj; jtpu;gg
; jw;fhf
vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffSk;

39
• xsrjq;fs; njhlu;ghf epfOk; tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk;
cjhuzk;:
 mghafukhd xsrjq;fspd; ghtid
 xsrjq;fs; er;rhjy;
 itj;jpa MNyhridapd;wp xsrjq;fs; gad;gLj;jy;
 rupahd xsrj Cl;il mDrupf;fhJ xsrjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
• xsrjq;f s; rhuhj tpgj;Jf;f s; epfOtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;f hf vLf;f j;jf;f
eltbf;iffs;
• ghjfkhd gof;fq;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk;
cjhuzk;:
 kJghdkUe;jp (kJNghijapy;) thfdNkhl;Ljy;
 kdntOr;rpfis rhjfkhdthW fl;Lg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kbahik fhuzkhf
rz;il rr;ruTfs; Vw;gly;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 tPl;by;/ Ntiyj;jsj;jpy;/ ghlrhiyapy;/ Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; epfo;e;j tpgj;Jf;fs;>
mdu;jj; q;fs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fis cs;slf;fpa mwpfi ; ffs;> xspg;glq;fs;>
tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 tdtpyq;Ffs;> eha;> ghk;G Nghd;wit fhuzkhf epfo;e;j tpgj;Jf;fs;
njhlu;ghd tplaq;fslq;fpa nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;/ xspg;glq;fs;
 czTfs;> kUe;Jfs; Nghd;wit fhuzkhf epfo;ej ; tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghd
tptuq;fslq;fpa nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;/ xspg;glq;fs;
 kJghdk; mUe;Jjy; Nghd;w jPqf ; hd gof;fq;fs; fhuzkhf epfOk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
njhlu;ghd mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 ghlj;Jf;Fupa ghltplaq;fs; xg;gilfs;/ Njbawpjy;fs;/ tptfhu Ma;T
(Case Study) Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs; %yk; ghltplaq;fisf;
fw;whar; re;ju;g;gkspj;J> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P
kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

40
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.4 t P j p x O q ; F t p j p f i s m D r u p j ; J > tPjp
tpgj;J f;f is ,opthf;f r; nraw;g Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 jw;f hyj;jpy; epfOk; tPjp tpgj;Jf;f s;> mdu;j;jq;f s;
njhlu;ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
 tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; epfOtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj; J f; f isj; jtpu; g ; g jw; f hfg; gpd; g w; w Ntz; b a
toptiffis cjhuzq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tPjpr; rl;ljpl;lq;fis FwpaPLfs;> rkpf;iQfs; %yk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
 Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;gg ; jw;fhfg; gpdg
; w;w Ntz;ba
toptiffis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
 tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs;> Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fspd;NghJ nraw;gl
Ntz;ba tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; - mwpKfk;
 thfd tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fs;
(rkfhyj; jfty;fspd; JizAld; thfd tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf ehshe;jk;
Vw;gLk; capupog;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfis vLj;Jf;fhl;b>
tpgj;Jf;fs; njhlu;ghf jw;fhy epiyik Fwpj;J khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk;
nra;thu;.)
• tPjp tpgj;Jf;fSf;F VJthFk; fhuzq;fs;
 rhujpfs; tpLk; jtWfs; - ghjrhupfs; tpLk; jtWfs;
 tPjpfspd; ngsjpfepiy - thfdq;fspd; epiy
Nkw;gb fhuzq;fis cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
• tPjp tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
 tPjp xOq;Ftpjpfisr; rupahf mDrupj;jy;
 rhujpfSf;Fk; gazpfs; - ghjrhupfSf;Fk; mwpt+l;lk; nra;jy;
 tPjpfisr; rPuhfg; guhkupj;jy;
 rhujpg; gapw;rp Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij Kiwikg;gLj;Jjy;
 Xl;lj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w thfdq;fis ePf;Fjy;
 thfd tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpug ; g
; jw;fhf rhujpfspd; tpNrl ftdj;ij <u;gg
; jw;fhd
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;
• tPjp tpgj;J epfo;e;Js;s re;ju;g;gj;jpy; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;
 rhujp nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;
 nghJkf;fs; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;
 nghypR Jiwapdu; nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;

41
• Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fs;
Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fSf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;
 Gifapujg; ghijapy; (jz;lthsj;jpy;) ghjrhupfs; gazpj;jy; tpgj;Jf;fs;
epfof; fhuzkhFk;
 Gifapuf; flitfspy; ftdaPdkhf/ tPjpr; rkpf;iQfisg; Gwf;fzpj;J
thfdNkhl;Ljy;/ gazpj;jy;
 Gifapujg; ghijr; rkpf;iQfs;/ tPjpr; rkpf;iQfspy; Vw;gLk; NfhshWfs;
• Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
 kpjpgyifapy; gazQ; nra;tijj; jtpu;jj ; y;
 Gifapujg; ghijapy; fhy;eilahf nry;tijj; jtpu;jj ; y;
• Gifapuj tpgj;J epfo;e;Js;s NghJ nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk;
cjhuzk;: fhaKw;Nwhiu itj;jparhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs;> Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; mit fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l
,og;Gf;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;> tPbNahf;
fhl;rpfs;
 tPjpg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; iriffisf; fhl;Lk; glq;fs;
 tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs;> Gifapuj tpgj;Jf;fs; epfo;eJ
; s;s re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; ntt;NtW
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahs;fs;> tpgj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F nray;
uPjpapy; cjtp nra;j re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;
mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wy; Kiwapy;> Fwpj;j ghltplaq;fisf; fw;wha;tjw;F
khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;gg ; kspj;J> nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

42
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.5 ,urhadg; nghUl; gad;ghL fhuzkhf epfOk;
tpgj; J f; f is ,opthf; F tjw; F g; gq; f spg; G r;
nra; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ,urhadg; nghUl; gad; ghL fhuzkhf Vw;glj; jf;f
tpgj;Jf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 ,urhadg; nghUs; rhu;e;j tpgj;jpd;NghJ vLf;f Ntz;ba
eltbf;iffis tpgupg;ghu;.
 ,urhadg;nghUs;fs; rhu;e;j tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;gg
; jw;fhf
vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf epfOk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
• ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
 G+r;rpfis xopg;gjw;fhf
 cldyg; ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffSf;fhf
 tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf
 tPl;Lj;Njhl;lr; nra;iff;fhf
 njhopw;rhiyfspy; %yg;nghUs;fshf
• ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; fhuzkhf tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fs;
 ghJfhg;gw;wthW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; fhuzkhf
czTg;nghUs;fSld; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; fhuzkhf
 ngau;r;Rl;bfs; rupahfg; GydhfhjthW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
 rpWtu;fspd; iff;nfl;lf; $bajhff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
 gad;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghf toq;f g; gl; Ls;s mwpTWj; jy;f isr; rupahfg;
gpd;gw;whik
 tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l rupahd nrwptpy; gad;gLj;jhik
 ghtidapd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;stw;iw ePu;epiyfspy; Nrfupj;jy;/ ntWk;
Nghj;jy;fs;/ ghj;jpuq;fis ePupy; ,ly;
• ,urhadg; gjhu;jj
; q;fs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;J epfo;eJ
; s;s re;ju;gg
; j;jpy; ifahsj;jf;f
eltbf;iffs;
 tpgj;Jf;fhd fhuzj;ijr; rupahf ,dq;fhzy;
 nghUj;jkhdthW KjYjtp toq;Fjy;
 ,ad;w msT tpiuthf itj;jpa cjtpia ehLjy;
 er;rhjYf;Ff; fhuzkhfpa ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jk; mlq;fpapUe;j Nghj;jiy
(,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;) itj;jpauplk; Kd;itj;jy;
• ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; rhu;e;j tpgj;Jf;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f
eltbf;iffs;
 ghJfhg;ghff; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;
cjhuzk;: rpWtu;fsJ iff;nfl;lhjthW fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

43
  gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ Njitf;Nfw;g ghJfhg;G mzpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;
cjhuzk;: ifAiw/ Kf%b/ ghjzp
 gad;gLj;j Kd;du; jug;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fis thrpjJ
; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 G+r; r p nfhy; y p ,urhadq; f s; > cldyg; g hJfhg; G Nghd; w tw; W f; f hfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghUs;fspd; nghjpAiwfspy; my;yJ Rl;bfspy; jug;gl;Ls;s
mwpTWj;jy;fs;
(cjhuzk;: nrwpT> gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba tpjk;> fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;> ghJfhg;G
Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;)
 ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; fhuzkhf epfo;ej ; tpgj;Jf;fs;> mghaq;fs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 vjpu; g hu; f ; f g; g Lk; fw; w w; N gWfs; milag; ngw; W s; s dth vd; g ij
mse;jwptjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

44
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.6 jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;f tho;f;iff; Nfhynkhd;Wf;F
,irtile;J> Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpf;Fg;
gq; f spg; g hu; .
ghlNtisfs; : - 02
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;f tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; vd;gJ ahJ vdf;
fye;JiuahLthu;.
 ehshe; j Njitfis epiwNtw; w pf; nfhs; t jw; f hf>
jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;f Efu;Tf; Nfhyj;ijg; gofpf; nfhs;tjd;
mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;f Efu;Tf; Nfhyj;ijg; gofpf; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;ayhk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• jhf;Fg;gpbf;fj;jf;f Efu;Tf; Nfhyj;Jf;F ,irtiljy;
 jw;fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; NjitfSk; tpUg;Gf;fSk; rpf;fhu;eJ
; fhzg;gLfpdw
; ik
 ,j; N jitfis epiwNw; w pf; nfhs; t jw; f hf fhzg; g Lk; tsq; f s;
tiuaiwg;gl;lJ.
 mt;tsq;fis vjpu;fhyr; re;jj;jpapdUf;F kPjg;gLj;jp itg;gJ jw;Nghija
jiyKiwapd; nghWg;ghFk;.
• Nkw;gb tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L jkJ nghUshjhu kl;lj;Jf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhdthW Njitfs; tpUg;Gf;fis epiwT nra;J nfhs;s Kw;gLjNy
jhf;Fg;gpbf;f j;jf;f Efu;Tf; Nfhyj;Jf;F ,irtiljy; vdr; RUf;fkhf
tptupf;fyhk;.
Njitfs;
 czT> cil> ciwtplk;
 ePu;> kpd;rhuk;
 rf;jp tY
 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Njitfs;
 Xa;Tk; nghOJNghf;Fk;
 RfhjhuKk; cldYk;
• vjpu;fhyr; re;jj;jpapdu; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpy; jlq;fy;
Vw;glhj tifapy; jw;Nghija re;jjpapdu;. jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhz;lthW mgptpUj;jpailtNj Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jp vdg;gLfpwJ.
• xU ehl; bd; gpuirfs;> jhf; Fg; gpbf; fj;jf;f tho;f ;iff; Nfhyj;J f;F
,irtiljyhdJ jdf;Fk;> r%fj;Jf;Fk;> ehl;Lf;Fk; gadspf;Fk;. $lNt
mjd; %yk; Ngz;jF mgptpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;J> gpuir vd;w tifapy;
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wTk; tha;gG ; k; fpilf;Fk;.

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 irf;fps;> ,uz;L rf;fu coT ,ae;jpuk;> tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tpwfLg;G
Nghd;wtw;wpd; xspg;glq;fSk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; fpilf;Fk;
gpujpgyd;fSk; mlq;fpa ml;ilfs;
 Fiwe; j nrytpy; Nghrhf; f hd NtisAznthd; w pidj; jahupj; J f;
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f nghUs;fspd; gl;bay;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l fw;ww;NgWfs; milag;gl;Ls;sikia mse;jwptjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gl
P ;il
elj;Jf.
45
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.4

Nju; r ; r p : - kf;fl; r%fj;jpd; ghJfhg;ghd ,Ug;Gf;fhf nraY}f;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.4.3 mdu;j ;j Kfhik nra;thu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 tpgj;J f;f s;> mdu;j ; jq; f s; epfoj; j f; f re;j u;g ; gq; f s;
njhlu; ghff; ftdQ; nrYj; Jtjd; Kf;f paj; Jtj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj ; q;fspypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg; ngWtjw;fhfg;
nghUj;jkhd toptiffisg; gpNuupg;ghu;.
 Fwpj;j ,lq;fspy; epfoj;jj;jf;f tpgj;Jf;fs; jtpu;ej ; tplj;J
NtW tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fis ,dq;fz;L
mtw; w pypUe; J ghJfhg; G g; ngWtjd; mtrpaj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 czT> kUe; J fs; Mfpad fhuzkhf epfoj; j f; f
tpgj;Jf;f is ,dq;f z;L> mtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;Gg;
ngWtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;jj; q;fs; Vw;gLtjw;F ghjfkhd tho;fi ; fg;
gof; f q; f s; fhuzkhfpd; w ikia cjhuzq; f hl; b
tpsf;Fthu;.
 tpgj; J f; f s; > mdu; j ; j q; f spypUe; J jtpu; e ; j pUg; g jw; F
rhjfkhd tho;f;ifg; gof;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tij
kjpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
nraw; g hL : - ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Nthk;
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;
juTs;s P L fs; :-
 tPl;by;/ ghlrhiyapy;/ Ntiyj;jsj;jpy; epfo;e;j ,uz;L
tpgj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;>
xspg;glq;fisg; Njbg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
 bik fljhrp/ gpup];ly; ml;il> /ngy;w; Ngidfs;
 ,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfspd; fPo;j; jug;gl;Ls;s nra;jpj;jhs;
mwpf;iffisAk; xspg;glq;fisAk; tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
tPl;by; ghlrhiyapy;> Rw;Wg;Gwj;jpy; epfOk; tpgj;Jf;fs;>
tdrPtuhrpfs;> eha;fs;> er;Rg; ghk;Gfs; Nghd;wd fhuzkhf
epfOk; tpgj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
NkYk;> czT> xsrjq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;>
ghjfkhd gof;fq;fs; fhuzkhf epfOk; tpj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J
khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
(FWq; fye;Jiuahly;)

46
gbKiw II :  tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
 FOf;fis mtjhdpj;J Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd cjtpfis toq;Ff.
 FO mwpf;ifia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(20 epkplk;)

gbKiw III :  khztu;fs; Kd;itj;j tplaq;fisAk; fw;ww;NgWfs;

milag; ngWk; tifapy; kPll ; ha;T elj;Jf.
 Njitahd gpd;D}l;liy toq;Ff.
 kjpg;gl
P L
; epakq;fisj; jOtp fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gPli
; l elj;Jf.
(10 epkplk;)

kjpg; g Pl ;L epakq;f s;
gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL
P > kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfoj;jf;f tpjq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOk; topfisf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fis jtpu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;j;jf;f eltbf;iffis
vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j
; j
; q;fisj; jtpu;ff
; j;jf;f tpjk; gw;wp VidNahUf;F mwpt+l;lk;
nra;thu;.
 FO czu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

nraw; g hl; L g; g j; j puk;

FO ,y. 01
 gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f. (jug;gl;Ls;s bikj;jhis> gpup];ly;
ml;ilag; gad;gLjJf)
 G+u;j;jp nra;j ml;ltizia tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.

tPl;by; epfof; $ba tpgj;Jf;F VJthFk; tpgj;Jf;fis jtpu;g;gjw;fhf

tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzpfs; vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;






ghlrhiyapy; epfof; tpgj;Jf;F VJthFk; tpgj;Jf;fis jtpu;g;gjw;fhf

$ba tpgj;Jf;fs; fhuzpfs; vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;






47
 8.5 gpur;rpid jPu;j;jYk; jPu;khdnkLj;jYk;

gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

mwpKfk;
nrhe; j tho; f ;i fapYk; r%f tho; f ; i fapYk; xt; n thUtUk; gy;N tW
gpr;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLtJz;L. gpur;rpidfisAk;
rthy;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;tjw;nfdpd;> xt;nthUtUk; jkJ nrhe;j
tho;f;if mDgtq;fspd; Clhf tYT+l;lk; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. rkfhyr; r%fj;jpy;>
gpsi; sfsplj;Nj gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fis vjpun
; fhs;tjpy; gy;NtW FiwghLfs;
,Ug;gijf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mit fhuzkhf rpyu; tho;fifapy; Njhy;tpapd;
ghw; nry;y ,lkspg;gu;. rpy NghJ capiu kha;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Kw;gLtu;. vdNt
khztu;fsplj;Nj> ve;jnthU gpur;rpidAk; rupahf ,dq;fz;L Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;W
topfisg; gpwg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; rupahd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;Fk;
rthy;f is ntw;wpnfhs;t jw;F k; Njitahd Mw; wy;f is tsu;g;g Nj ,e;j
mj;jpahaj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;. fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfisj;
jpl;lkpLk; NghJ nrad;Kiw rhu;e;j fw;wy; mDgtq;fspd; ghy; tpNrl ftdQ;
nrYj; j p ,e; j mj; j pahaj; i jf; fw; g jw; F khztu; f ; F r; re; j u; g ; g kspg; g J
gad;kpf;fjhFk;.

Nju;r ;r p 8.5 : - tho;f;ifr; re;ju;gg

; q;fs; kw;Wk; miw$ty;fspd; Kd;dpiy
apy; tpisjpwDilathW jPuk ; hdnkLg;ghu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.5.1 ehshe;j tho;f ;i fapy; vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;b Naw;

glj; j f; f gpur; r pidfs; > miw$ty; f s; gw; w p
Muha; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis vspikahf tiutpyf;fzg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 ehshe; j tho; f ; i fapy; vjpu; N ehf; F k; gpur; r pidfs; >
miw$ty;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;jpr; nraw;gLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ehshe; j tho; f ; i fapy; vjpu; Nehf;F k; gpur; r pidfis
ntw;wpfukhf vjpun ; fhs;Sk; jpwid tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk; vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;
 nrhe;j tho;f;ifapYk; r%f tho;f;ifapYk; nraw;gLk; NghJ gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLtJz;L.
 gpur;rpid vd;gJ> fhzg;gLfpdw
; epiyikf;Fk; vjpug
; hu;ff
; g;gLk; epiyikf;Fk;
,ilapyhd NtWghlhFk; vdyhk;.

48
 cjhuzk;:
fhzg;gLk; epiy vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; epiy
fy;tp eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf fy;tp eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbahjthwhf ,yf;F Nehf;fp topg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;
nghUshjhu ,lu;ghLfs; fhzg;gLjy;

fhzg;gLk; epiy gpur;rpid vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; epiy

jPu;T(fs;)

 fhzg;gLk; epiyapypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhfj; jPuT ; fisj; NjLtJ mtrpakhFk;.

 gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;Tfisj; Njl Kd;du; fhuzq;fisj; Njbawpjy;
 gpur;rpidiag; gFj;jha;T nra;J fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpayhk;
 fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;d %yk; jPu;T Njlyhk;
 tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis ntw;wp nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;Ak; NghJ vjpu;Nehf;f
NeupLk; gy;NtW epiyikfSk; re;ju;g;gq;f SNk rthy;f shFk; vd
vspikahf tpsf;fyhk;.
 Njhd;Wk; epiyikfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;tjd; %yk; rthy;fis
ntw;wp nfhs;syhk;.
 ehshe;j tho;fi; fapy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis vjpuN; ehf;f NeupLjy;
 FLk;g eltbf;iffspd; NghJk;> ghlrhiy eltbf;iffspd; NghJk;
,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLtJz;L.
 mt;thwhd gpur;rpidfspd; NghJk; rthyhf mikAk; re;ju;gg ; q;fspd; NghJk;
Neu;tifapy; Jyq;Ftjw;fhf jkJ Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s
Kidjy;
 jkJ MSikia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sYk; cstypikia tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tJk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghd
rpy rk;gtq;fs; mlq;fpa nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FOr; nraw;ghLfs;> jftw; gj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w fw;wy; Kiwfspy; <Lgly;>
ghltplaq;fisf; fw;wwptjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l
fw;ww;NgWfs; milag; ngw;Ws;sikia mse;jwptjw;fhf epakq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

49
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.5.2 tho;f;ifapy; ntt;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> miw$ty;
fis ntw;w pfukhf vjpu;n fhs;t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 03

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;wikahdJ
nghJthd tho;fi ; fAld; ,ize;j epfo;TfshFk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ve;jnthU gpur;rpidf;Fk; rthYf;Fk; jPuT ; cz;L vd;gij
cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.
 tho ; f ; i fapy; n tw;wp n gWtjw; f hf r; rthy ; f s;>
gpur; r pidfis Mf; f G+u; t khfj; jP u ; j ; J f; nfhs; t jd;
mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ntt;NtW gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhf Mf;fG+u;tkhd
Kiwfisf; ifahsy;
• gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk; jUzj;Jf;Nfw;g NtWgly;
• tho;jy; vd;gJ gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;syhk;.
• gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk; Gjpait my;y khwhf mit nghJthd tho;fi
; fj;
Njhw;wg;ghLfshFk;.
• gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPuT
; fs; cz;L> rthy;fSk; ntw;wpnfhs;sg;gl Ntz;bait.
• gpur; r pidfisf; fz; L xJq; f pr; nry; t ij tho; f ; i fg; gof; f khf; f pf;
nfhs;shjpUg;gjd; mtrpak;
• rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;siy tho;f;ifapy; Xu; mk;rkhf Mf;fpf;
nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• gpur; r pidfSf; F j; jP u ; T fshtjw; F k; rthy; f is ntw; w pnfhs; t jw; F k;
Mf;fg+u;tkhd Kiwfisf; ifahs Kbjy;
• gpur;rpidfisAk; rthy;fisAk; tho;f;ifapd; ntw;wpf;fhfj; Jizahff;
nfhs;sj;jf;f tpjk;
 kNdhjplj;ij tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
 gpur;rpidfis tho;f;ifapd; mDgtq;fshf;fpf; nfhs;sy;
 vjpu;N ehf; F k; rthy; f is> Mf;f G+u; tkhd Mf;f q;f s; gilg; gjw;f hfg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;
 Gjpa fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngwy;
 jtWfisj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;s Kw;gly;
 MNyhridfs; ngwy;
 khw;Wj; jPuT; fSf;fhf MNyhridr; Nritia ehLjy;

50
jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -
 gy;NtW rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhz;L to;fi ; fia ntw;wp nfhz;l jdpahs;fs;
rpyupd; tho;f;if njhlu;ghd RUf;fkhd nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs; rpy.

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FO xg;gilfs;> jfty; Njbawpjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fw;wy;
Kiwfisf; ifahz;L ghltplaq;fisf; fw;wha;tjw;F khztUf;Fr;
re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww;NgWfs; milag;gl;Ls;sikia
mse;jwptjw;fhf epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il
elj;Jf.

51
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.5

Nju; r ; r p : - tho;f;ifr; re;ju;gg

; q;fs; kw;Wk; miw$ty;fspd; Kd;dpiy
apy; tpisjpwDilathW jPuk ; hdnkLg;ghu;.
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.5.2 tho;f;ifapy; ntt;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> miw$ty;
fis ntw;w pfukhf vjpu;n fhs;t hu;.
ghlNtisfs; : - 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;wikahdJ
nghJthd tho;fi ; fAld; ,ize;j epfo;TfshFk; vd;gij
tpsf;Fthu;.
 ve;jnthU gpur;rpidf;Fk; rthYf;Fk; jPuT ; cz;L vd;gij
cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupg;ghu;.
 tho;fi ; fapy; ntw;wp ngWtjw;fhf rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfis
Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jPuj; J
; f; nfhs;tjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw; g hL : - ve;jnthU gpur;rpidf;Fk; jPuT
; cz;L
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;
juTs;s P L fs; :-
 ,izg;G 8.5.2.1
 ,izg;G 8.5.2.2

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  ,izg;G 8.5.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s rk;gtj;ij tFg;gpy;
thrpf; F khW xU khztid my; y J khztpia
topg;gLj;Jf. mr;rk;gtj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s
jfty; f Sf; f ika> ve; j xUtUf; F k; tho; f ; i fapy;
gpur;rpidfisAk; rhty;fisAk; vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLk;
vd;gijAk; mtw;iwj; jPug
; g
; jw;fhd jPuT
; fis Njbawptjd;
%yk; tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhdjhf;fpf; nfhs;syhk;
vd;gijAk; tpsf;fp> ghlj;ij mZFf.
(10 epkplk;)

gbKiw II :  tFg;G khztiu nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

 ,izg;G 8.5.2.1> 8.5.2.2 Mfpatw;wpd; gpujp xt;nthd;W
tPjk; FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
 nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf Nghjpa Neu mtfhrk; toq;fp> ngw;w
jfty;fisAk; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwAk; tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
(20 epkplk;)

gbKiw III :  khztu; f s; FOepiyapy; Njbawpe; J Kd; i tj; j

jfty;fisAk; Jizahff; nfhz;L gpd;D}l;ly; toq;Ff.
 fw;ww;NgWfis milaj;jf;fthwhff; fye;JiuahLf.
 fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fzpg;gLP kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf. (10 epkplk;)

52
kjpg; g Pl ;L epakq;f s;
gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL
P > kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfoj;jf;f tpjq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLtu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; epfOk; topfisf; fye;JiuahLtu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;gg ; jw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f eltbf;iffis
vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j
; j
; q;fisj; jtpu;ff
; j;jf;f tpjk; gw;wp VidNahUf;F mwpt+l;lk;
nra;thu;.
 FO czu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

,izg; G 8.5.2.1

\u;kpyh> ehfGup tpj;jpahya gpujhd khzt jiytp Mthu;. nraY}f;fKs;s

nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLfpd;w xU khzt jiytp vd;w tifapy; mtu; mjpgu;
cl;gl Mrpupau; Fohj;jpd; ed;kjpg;igg; ngw;Ws;shu;. khztu; jiytu;fspd;
$l;lj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l xU jPuk
; hdj;jpd;gb> ghlrhiyapy; xU gpur;rpidahff;
fhzg;gLfpd;w> khzt khztpau; fhy jhkjkhfpg; ghlrhiyf;F tUif jUjy;
njhlu;ghfj; NjbawpAk; nghWg;ig mjpgu; mtu;fs; \u;kpyhtplk; xg;gilj;jhu;.

mjw;fika \u;kpyh> ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;Fk; Neuk; neUq;Fk;NghJ ghlrhiy

Eiothapypd; mUNf epd; W> jhkjkhfp tUk; khztu;f s; ahtu; vd
mtjhdpj;jhu;. Vwj;jho ,uz;L thu fhy mtjhdpg;gpd; gpd;du; jpdrup
jhkjkhfp tUk; vl;L khzt khztpau; cs;sdu; vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;jhu;.
\u; k pyh ghlrhiy xOf; f f; fl; L g; g hl; L f; F g; nghWg; g hd Mrpupaupd;
MNyhridapd; Ngupy; mk;khzt khztpau; njhlu;ghfj; jfty;fisj; Njbawpaj;
jPuk
; hdpj;jhu;. mLj;j rpy ehs;fspy; mk;khzt khztpaiur; re;jpj;J \u;kpyh
ciuahbdhu;. mtu;fs; jpdKk; jhkjkhfp tUtijr; Rl;bf;fhl;ba \u;kpyh
mjd; %yk; mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;Gf;fisAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;. gpd;du;>
mk;khzt khztpaupd; jhkjkhfp tUtjw;F VJthFk; fhuzq;fis vOjpj;j
jk;kplk; jUkhW mtu;fsplk; $wpdhu;. mk;khzt khztpau;fs; njuptpj;j
fhuzq;fis jkJ khzt khztpaUld; FwpgN ; gl;by; gpd;tUkhW gjpT nra;jhu;.

 vq;f sJ ghijapy; xNunahU g]; tz;b Na cs;sJ. mJ xU

kzpj;jpahyaj;jpw;F xU jlitNa Nritapy; <LgLfpwJ. fhiy 6.15
kzpf;Fg; gpd;du; fhiy 7.15 kzp jhz;bj;jhd; tUk;. 6.15 kzp g];i]g;
gpbf;f vk;khy; tu KbahJ.
 fhiyapy; epj;jpiutpl;nlOk;g jhkjkhfpwJ.
 cilfis mOj;jp Gj;jfg;igia xOq;FgLj;j mjpf Neuk; nry;Yk;
 fhiy czT jhkjkhfpj;jhd; fpilf;Fk;

jhk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisj; jtpu;jJ

; f; nfhs;tjw;fhd Nahridfisj;
jkJ Fwpg;Ngl;by; vOjpf; nfhz;L tUkhW \u;kpyh mk;khzt khztpaUf;F
mwpTWj;jy; toq;fpdhu;. mk;khzt khztpau;fs; mj;jpdj;jpNyNa jkJ
Nahridfis vOjp \u;kpyhtplk; xg;gilj;jdu;. me;j Nghridfis ehis
njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;JkhW $wpa \u;kpyh mjw;fhd ,zf;fg;ghl;ilAk;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. \u;kpyh mLj;jLj;j rpy jpdq;fspy; mk;khzt khztpaupd;

53
 tUifia mtjhdpj;jhu;. mtu;f s; jpdKk; Ntisf;F g; ghlrhiyf;F
tUfpd;wikiag; ghuhl;bdhu;. mLj;J ,lk; ngw;w khzt jiytu;fs; $l;lj;jpy;
mjpgu;> \u;kpyhitg; ghuhl;b ed;wp njuptpj;jhu;.

nraw; g hL

jhkjkhfp tUtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf mk;khzt khztpau; Kd;itj;jpUg;gu;

vd ePq;fs; fUJk; Nahridfisf; Fwpg;gpLf. mtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

• vy;yhf;FOf;fSf;Fk; ,r;nraw;ghl;il toq;Ff.

54
 8.6 NtiyAyF

mwpKfk;
r%fj;jpy; ntt;NtW njhopy;Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; vy;yhj;njhopy;fisAk;
$l;lhf Ntiy cyF vdyhk;. rkfhyr; r%fj;jpy; Kd;dupYk; ghu;ff ; rpf;fhu;e;j
NtiyAyF cUthfpAs;sJ. vjpu;fhyj;jpy; jkJ njhopiyj; njupT nra;J
nfhs;Sk; NghJ jkJ jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;gG ; f;fspd;gb ,j;njhopYyfj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;Ftjw;fhf khztu;f;F
njhopy; topfhl;ly; toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;. mjw;fika ciog;gpd; kfj;Jtj;ij
kjpj;jy;> gapw;wg;gl;l ciog;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> gapw;wg;gl;l ciog;ghspahtjw;fhf
ehl Ntz;ba ghlnewpfs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;> njhopw;re;ijapd; Kd;Dupikfs;
Nghd;w Jiwfs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk; ngWtJ mtrpakhFk;.

NkYk; ey;yNjhu; ciog;ghspf;Fupa gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;>

flikfs; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wy;> njhopy; nra;Ak; ,lj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;> Copaupd; cupikfs;> flikfs;
gw;wpa tpsf;fk; Nghd;wit Fwpj;J ,q;F ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk;
njhopy;rhu;e;j gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sf;$ba Kiwfs;> jk;ik
ehbtUk; NritngWeiuj; jpUj;jpailar; nra;aj;jf;f tpjk; kw;Wk; jkJ njhopypd;
Clhfr; rpwe;j tho;f;iff; Nfhynkhd;wpidf; fl;baOg;gpf; nfhs;sy; Mfpad
Fwpj;J ,e;j myfpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd;
NghJ Nkw;gb mk;rq;fs; njhlu;ghf eilKiw uPjpapYk; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapYk;
mwpT+l;lk; nra;J rupahfj; njhopy; topfhl;ly; toq;f Mtd nra;jNy ,q;F
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nju;r ;r p 8.6 : - NtiyAyFf;Fg; gupr;rakilthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.1 Ntiy cyfpd; gy;tifikia kjpg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 Ntiy cyfpd; gy;tifikia cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.
 Ntiy cyfpd; gy;tifikapd; fPo; gy;NtW njhopy;
tha;gG
; f;fis tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• NtiyAyF mwpKfk;
 r%fj; j py; cs; s ntt; N tW njhopy; Jiwfisr; Nru; e ; j vy; y hj;
njhopy;fisAk; thz;ikfisAk; cs;slf;fpaNj NtiyAyF MFk; vd
tpsf;Ff.
 mjw;fika NtiyAyfhdJ gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; <LgLk; ciog;ghspfs;
ngUe;njhifahNdhiuf; nfhz;lJ.
 NkYk; ngUe;njhifahNdhUf;F NtiyAyfpy; njhopy;tha;g;G toq;Fjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

55
• NtiyAyfpy; fhzg;gLk; njhopy; Jiwfs;
 tptrhak;
 ifj;njhopy;
 njhopDl;gk;
 Nritfs;

• Nkw;gb Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j njhopy;fis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• ,j;Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j njhopy;fs; mur JiwapYk; jdpahu; JiwapYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ra njhopyhfTk; mtw;iwr; nra;ayhk;.
• me;je;jj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j njhopy;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;
• NtiyAyfpd; gy;tifik kPJ nry;thf;fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
cjhuzk;:
 gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ,aw;if tsq;fSk; ngsjpf tsq;fSk;
 kdpj tsk;
 r%fj;jpd; Njitfs;
• NtiyAyfpdJ njhopy; Jiwfspd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;
cjhuzk;:
 jfty; njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Gjpa njhopy;fs;
 gapw;rp ngw;w ciog;ghspfSf;F ntspehLfspy; Ntiy tha;gG
; f;fs; ,Uj;jy;
 fl;ll epu;khzj;Jiwj; njhopy;fs;

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 tptrhak;> njhopdl;gk;> ifj;njhopy;> Nritfs; Mfpa Jiwfspy; ekJ
ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; fhzg;gLk; ntw;wplq;fs; gw;wpa nra;jpj;jhs;
mwptpj;jy;fs;.
 tptrhak; > ifj; n jhopy; > njhopDl; g k; > Nritj; J iwfspy; njhopy;
tha;gG
; f;fisf; fhl;Lk; mwpf;iffs; (,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp mwpf;iffs;
%yk;)
 mur> jdpahu; njhopy;fs; Ra njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s njhopyhsu;fisf;
fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FOr; nraw;ghL> xg;gil> jfty; Njbawpjy; Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfspd; fPo; tplaq;fisf; fw;wha topgg ; Lj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

56
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.2 ciog;gpd; kfpikia czu;e ;J nraw;gLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ciog;gpd; kfj;Jtj;ij czu;e;J Nritapy; <LgLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ciog;gpd; kfj;Jtj;ij czu;eJ ; nraw;gLjyhdJ njhopy;
jpUg;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vd;gjw;Fr; rhu;ghf tplaq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
 ciog; g pd; kfj; J tj; i j czu; e ; J nraw; g Ltjhy;
fpilf;Fk; gad;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ciog;gpd; kfpik
 xt;Nthu; ciog;ghspapdJk; ciog;G kjpg;Gkpf;fJ vd kjpg;gNjhL jkJ
ciog;Gk; kfpikahdJ vDk; czu;Nt> ciog;gpd; kfpik vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
• xt;Nthu; ciog;ghspAk; ciog;gpd; kfpikia czu;e;J nraw;gLtjhy;
fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
 jkJ Nrit/ ciog;G r%fj;jpy; kjpf;fg;gLjy;
 Nrit jUdUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
 Nrit toq;FdUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
 Nritiag; ngWtUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 mur njhopy;fs;> jdpahu; njhopy;fs;> Ranjhopy;fs; Mfpa Jiwfspy;
njhopy;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s jdpahl;fspd; Nrit fzpg;Gf;F cs;shfpa rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd nra;jpj;jhs; mwpf;iffs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd; fPo; tplaq;fisf;
fw;wha topg;gLj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpgg
; L
P kjpg;gl
P i
; l
elj;Jf.

57
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.3 xt; n thU njhopYk; r%f Kd; N dw; w j; J f; F
fhuzkhFk; tpjj;i j EZfpaha;t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 xt;nthU njhopYk; r%fj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ij cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.
 xt;nthU njhopYk; r%f Nkk;ghl;Lf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• xt;nthU rl;lg+u;tkhd njhopYk; r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
cjhuzk;:
fkf;fhuu;/ tptrhap - czT cw;gj;jp
itj;jpau; - Neha; jPuj
; ;jy;
Mrpupau; - fy;tp toq;Ftjd; %yk; ehl;bd; ew;gpuirfis
cUthf;Fjy;
fl;ll Ntiyahs; - tPLfs; cl;gl fl;llq;fs; fl;Ljy;
moFf;fiy epGzu; - xg;gid
 gy;NtW njhopy;fs;> r%fj;jpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;tjd; %yk; r%fj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fk; fhuzkhjy;
 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ntt;NtW njhopy;fspdhy;
Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs;

jutpUj;j p cs;s PL fs; : -

 r%fj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw; fhf ntt;NtW thz;ikahsu;fs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpuq;fs;/ xspg;glq;fs;/ mwpfi
; ffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 xt;nthU njhopyhsUk; ciog;ghsUk; r%f;jpd; mgptpUj;jpfF ; g; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;tu; vDk; kdg;ghq;F tsu;r;rpailAk; tifapy; ghltplaq;fisf;
fw;wha;tjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;jp> epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
fzpg;gL
P kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

58
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.4 gapw; r p ngw; w ciog; g pd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jj;
Njbaha; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 Xu; ciog;ghsp vd;w tifapy; jkJ njhopy;Jiwf;Fupa
gapw;rpfisg; ngWtjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
 ciog;ghsp xUtUf;Fg; gapw;rpfs; ngWtjw;fhf fhzg;gLk;
tha;gG; f;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 ciog;gpd; tpisjpwdhdJ gapwr ; papdk
; J
P jq;fpAs;sikia
cjhuzq;fhl;b tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• njhopy; rhu;e;j eltbf;iffSf;fhfr; rhu;gstpy; ciog;igr; nryT nra;Ak;
tpjj;Jf;F Vw;w clYiog;G> cs ciog;G vd ciog;ig tifg;gLj;jyhk;
vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
cjhuzk;:
 mjpfstpy; clYiog;igr; nryT nra;Ak; - fkf;fhuu;
njhopy;fs; fl;ll Ntiyahsu;
kuNtiyahsu;
...........................
 mjpfstpy; csTiog;igr; nryT nra;Ak; - itj;jpau;
njhopy;fs;; Mrpupau;
Kfhikahsu;
.........................

gapw; w g; g l; l ciog; G
 tpidj;jpwdhd Xu; ciog;ghsuhtjw;nfdpd; jkJ njhopy;Jiw njhlu;ghd
gapw;rpiag; ngWtJ mtrpakhFk;.
 gapw;wg;gl;l ciog;Gf;F vkJ ehl;bYk; ntspehLfspYk; njhopw;re;ijapy;
ngUksTf;F Nfs;tp (fpuhf;fp) cs;sJ.
 njhopw;gapw;rp toq;Fk; mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epwtdq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
cjhuzk;:
mur Jiw - njhopw;gapw;rp mjpfhu rig
,isQu; Nrit kd;wk;
jdpahu; Jiw - jhjpau; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}upfs;
jdpahu; rhujpg; gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;

59
jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -
 njhopw; gapw;r pg; ghlnewpfs; elj;Jk; epWtdq;f s; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy;
eilKiwapYs;s ghlnewpfs; njhlu;ghd tptuq;fslq;fpa nra;jpj;jhs;
mwpf; i ffs; > mwptpj; j y; f s; / ,izak; Nghd; w tw; w pd; JizAld;
tpisjpwd;kpf;f ciog;ghspfs; fzpg;Gf;F cs;shfpa re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpa
mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FOr; nraw;ghL> xg;gil> jfty; Njbawpjy; Nghd;w fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfspd; fPo; tplaq;fisf; fw;wha khzt khztpaiiu topg;gLj;jp>
fw;ww;NgWfs; milag;ngw;wik njhlu;ghf epakq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

60
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.5 ey;y ciog;g hsu; xUtupd; Fzhjpraq;f is
cs;thq;f pf; nfhs;t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ey;y ciog;ghsp xUtupd; Fzhjpraq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
 Nrit epiyaj;jpy; ey;y Fzhjpraq;fisg; Ngzp tUjiy
kjpg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;jp> elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf
Copag;gilapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ.
• mjw;fika mu;gg
; zpgG
; ld; jkJ njhopYf;Fupa Nritfis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xU ey;y ciog;ghspapd; Fzhjpraq;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 Neuk; jtwhJ flikf;F tUif juy;
 mu;gg
; zpg;Gld; nraw;gly;
 flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;wy;
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLjy;
 jiyikj;Jtj;ij kjpj;jy;
 jpUg;jpAld; Nritapy; <LgLjy;
 epWtdj;jpd; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;> ghuk;gupaq;fis kjpj;jy;

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 ey;y fUkq;fspy; jkJ ciog;igg; gpuNahfpjJ ; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j jdpahl;fs;
njhlu;ghd fijfs;
 tho;fi; fapy; ntw;wpaile;Js;s gpugy;ak; tha;ej; jdpahl;fsplj;Nj fhzg;gl;l
ew;gz;Gfs; mlq;fpa Mtzq;fs;
 Copag;gilapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpj;jhs;
mwpf;iffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> fl;Liufs;> mwpf;iffs;
 Copau; xOf;ff;Nfhitfs;
cjhuzk;: Mrpupau;> itj;jpau;> jhjpau; kw;Wk; Vida njhopy;fs; nra;Nthu;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 ehl;bd; Copagg;gilapdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf mitf;
fye;Jiuahly; (Panel Discassion) xd;wpid xOq;F nra;J elj;jp> nghUj;jkhd
epakq;fisf; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;glP ;il elj;Jf.
 rpwe;j ciog;ghspapd; ew;gz;Gfs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; rpj;jpuk;/ Rtnuhl;b/
ftpij/ ciuahly; xd; w pid Mf; F khW topg; g Lj; j p> epakq; f is
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

61
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.6 Ntiy ,lj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis EZfpaha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ciog;ghsp vd;w tifapy; Ntiyaplj;jpd; vjpu;gg
; hu;gG
; f;fs;
njhlu; g hf czu; ; j d; i k fhl; L tjd; mtrpaj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 Ntiyaplj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fis epiwNtw;Wjy;> Nrit
toq;Fgtupd; flikAk; nghWg;GkhFk; vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
Nritfs; toq;F k; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;f s;
• nghJ kf;fSf;F Nrit toq;Fk; ve;j xU epWtdj;Jf;Fk; rpwg;ghd vjpug; hu;gG
; f;fs;
cz;L vd;gij cjhuzq;fspd; Clhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sr; re;ju;gg ; kspf;Ff.
• ciog;ghspfs; vd;w tifapy; jkJ Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs;
njhlu;ghf czu;jd;ik fhl;Ltjd; mtrpak;
• Nrit toq;F k; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis epiwT nra;tJ Nrit
toq;Fgtupd; flikAk; nghWg;GkhFk; vdf; fUJtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• ciog; g hspfs; midtUk; Nrit epiiyaj; j pd; vjpu; g hu; g ; G f; f is
miltjw; f hfr; nraw; g LjyhdJ mr; N rit epiyaj; j pd; ,Ug; G f; F k;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; VJthFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
• Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk;:
 jkJ ntspj; Njhw;wj;ijr; rPuhfg; NgzptUjy;
 Neuk; jtwhJ Nritf;F tUif jUjy;
 fhye; jtwhJ flikahw;wy;/ Ntiy nra;jy;
 Nrit nra;Ak; epiyaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhf mu;gg ; zpj;jy;
 tpidj;jpwdhfr; nraw;gly;
 cr;r msT Nrit toq;Fjy;
 Nrit nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

Nkw;gb vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;f is epiwNtw;Wtjw;f hf Copau;fs; mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij ,dq;fhzr; re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 tpisjpwdhd> tpidj; jpwdhd Nritfs; toq; Fk; epWtdnkhd; w pd;
jd;ikiaf; fhl;Lk; xspg;glq;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 ntt;NtW epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;Ff;$w;W> gzpf$; w;W> ntt;NtW epWtdq;fshy;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s xOf;ff; Nfhitfs;
 tpidj;jpwd; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fs; mlq;fpAs;s Mtzq;fs;
 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s xU Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG ; f;fs;> Nrit
toq;FNthupd; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; gl;bay;

62
fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -
 tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy;fs; %yk; tpidj;jpwdhd - tpidj;jpwdw;w Nrit
toq;Fk; epWtdq;fspd; jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;lr; re;ju;gg ; kspj;J mjw;fika
nghUj;jkhd epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL P kjpg;glP ;il elj;Jf.
 tpidj; jpwd; k pf; f Nrit epWtdnkhd; w py; fhzg; glNtz; b a ntspj;
Njhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; rpjj
; puq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> xspgg
; lq;fs; khjpupAUf;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp> FOepiy Kd;itg;Gf;fis xOq;F nra;J nghUj;jkhd
epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
 Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG ; f;fis epiwNtw;wtjw;fhf> Nrit
toq;Fgtupd; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; fhl;Lk; Xu; ml;litziaj; jahupf;f
topg;gLj;Jf. nghUj;jkhd epakq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P
kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.

63
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.7 cio g; g hsupd; cupikfs; n ghWg; G f; f i sg;
guprP y pg; g hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 Copaupd; cupikfisAk; flikfisAk; ml;ltizg;
gLj;Jthu;.
 CopaUf;Fupa cupikfis mDgtpj;jthW flikfisAk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wk; tpUg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• Copaupd; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;glyhdJ Copauplj;Nj njhopy; jpUg;jp
Vw;gLtjw;Fk; Nritapd; tpisjpwd; mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; VJthFk;.
• Nkw;gb cupikfSld; ,ize;j flikfis epiwNtw;WjyhdJ Nritahw;Wk;
,lj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;Fk; cw;gj;jp/ tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhFk;.
• NkYk; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fisr; rupahf epiwNtw;Wk; Copau;fs; epjKk;
fzpg;Gf;F cs;shtu;.
• ciog; g hspfs; midtUk; Nrit epiiyaj; j pd; vjpu; g hu; g ; G f; f is
miltjw; f hfr; nraw; g LjyhdJ mr; N rit epiyaj; j pd; ,Ug; G f; F k;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; VJthFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fjy;.
cupikfs; :  ghJfhg;G> Rj;jkhd kyu;r;rpahd #oypy; Ntiy nra;jy;
 njhopYf;Fupa fUtpfs;> cgfuzq;fs;
 czT mUe;Jtjw;fhd ,ilNtis
 yPT (xU tug;gpurhjk; vd;w tifapy;)
 gapw;rp
 njhlu;r;rpahd njhopy;rhu; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tha;gG
; f;fs;

flikfs; :  Neue;jtwhJ flikf;Fr; r%fkspj;jy;

 jkJ ntspj;Njhw;wj;ij kyu;r;rpahdthW NgzptUjy;
 xOf;fj;JlDk; fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; nraw;gly;
 mzpapd; Xu; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; ntw;wpfukhfr;
nraw;gly;
 Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;gG
; f;fis ,dq;fz;L
tpsq;fp mtw;Wf;F mikar; nraw;gly;
 Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; trjpfs; tsq;fs;> fUtpfs;>
cgfuzq;fis kjpj;jy;
 xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gly;

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 Copau; cupikfs;> flikfs; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fs;>
Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> Rtnuhl;bfs;> Rw;WepUgq;fs;> rl;ljpll
; q;fs; kw;Wk; jhgdf;
NfhitapypUe;J vspikahd cjhuzq;fs;

64
fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -
 Copau;fspd; cupikfs; njhlu;ghfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l rpy tpdhf;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.
 Copau;fspd; flikfisf; fhl;Lk; vz;zf;fUg;gbtnkhd;wpis mikf;f
topg;gLj;jp kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.8 jdpg;gl;l njhopy;rhu; Fzhjpraq;f is tpUj;jp

nra;Jnfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 02

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 ciog;ghsp vd;w tifapy; jdpg;gl;l nrayhw;Wifia
caupa kl; l j; j py; NgzptUtjd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j
tpsf;Fthu;.
 jkJ jpwd;fs;> Mu;tq;fs; Fwpj;J njhopy;rhu; MNyhrfu;
xUtUld; fye;JiuahLthu;.
 njhopy;rhu; tpUj;jpf;fhf ntt;NtW fw;wy; Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
• Xu; ciog;ghsp vd;w tifapy; jdpg;gl;l njhopy;rhu; gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• Ra nrayilT
 fy;tpj;jifikfis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;
 njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;rhu; jifikfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
 Gjpa njhopDl;gj;Jld; ,irtile;J nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd gaprr
; piag;
ngWjYk; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;JjYk;
 jkJ Nrit toq;Fk; epiyaj;jpd; ,yf;Ffis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sYk;
mit epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tifapy; nraw;glYk;
 Nrit ngWeu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;gG; f;fis epiwNtw;Wjy;
 jiyikj;Jtg; gz;gfisAk; MSikiaAk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;
 Gj;jhf;fk; Guptjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ly;
 $l;lhf xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd nkd;ikahd gz;Gf;
$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• tpisjpwd;kpf;f Xu; ciog;ghsp vd;w tifapy; nrayilit Nkk;gLj;jpg;
NgzptUtjhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 cw;gj;jp tpisj;jpwd; mjpfupj;jy;
 jkJ njhopy;rhu; KbTg; nghUs;fspd;/ Nritfspd; juk; cau;;j;jy;
 Nrit toq;Feu;> Copau; Mfpa ,uz;L jug;gpdUk; jpUg;jpailjy;
 Nrit ngWeUf;F jukhd Nrit fpilj;jy;
 Nrit epiyaj;jpdJk;> ehl;bdJk; mgptpUj;jpf;F cld;ghlhd tifapy;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;

65
• jdpgg
; l;l jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
 jk;kplKs;s jpwd;fisAk; jkJ tpUg;Gf;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;
 jkJ jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhd ,yf;Ffisj; jhgpjJ ; f;
nfhs;sy;
 jkJ jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ly;
 njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;glj;jf;f jdpahl;fs;
kw;Wk; epwtdq;fis ,dq;fz;L me;epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpahs;fspd;
Nritfisg; ngWtjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;ly;
 njhopyf ; s; gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW fw;wha;T
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Kw;gly;
• fw;wha;T Kiwfs;
 mDgtq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
 rk; g pujha G+u; t khd El; g Kiwfisg; Ngzp tUjYk; mtw; i w
jw;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW GJikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sYk;
 Gj;jhf;fk; gilj;jypy; ftdQ; nrYj;jy;

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 njhopy;rhu; topfhl;ly; njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;
kw;Wk; ,Wtl;Lf;fs;> tPbNahf; fhl;rpfs;
 Nju; r ;r p tpUj; jp mikr; R > ,isQu; Nritfs; rig Ngd; wtw;w pdhy;
ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s njhopy; topfhl;ly; njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;> Mtzq;fs;
 ghuk; g upakhd njhopy; E l; g q; f s; > njhopy; f s; njhlu; g hd jfty; f s;
cs;slq;fpa fpuhkpaf;fiyfs; ikak;> rpW ifj;njhopy; jpizf;fsk;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; ntspaPLfs;
 kdpjj; Njitfis epiwNtw; w pf; nfhs; tjw; f hfg; gad; gLj; jpa Ra
gilg;ghf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd jftyfs;
 ,izaj;jpd; Clhfg; ngw;w njhopy; tofhl;ly; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 ciog;ghsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l njhopy;rhu; gz;Gf;$Wfis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf xU rpw;Wiu epfo;j;jr; re;ju;g;gkspj;J
kjpg;gL
P nra;jy;
 kdpjj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gjpa
Mf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;> Gj;jhf;fk; gilg;Nghu; Mfpad
njhlu;ghd jfty;fisr; nra;jpjj ; hs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;> ,izak; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; fw;wha;eJ ; xU rpwN; wL jahupff
; topgg ; Lj;jp> mg;gilg;igg; nghUj;jkhd
epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kjpg;gL P nra;f.

66
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.9 thbf; i fahsu; f isj; jpUg; j pg; g Lj; J tjw; f hd
ntt;NtW cj;j pfisg; gFj;j ha;t hu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 thbf;ifahsiu jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;Nfw;w cj;jpfisg;
gpNuupg;ghu;.
 thbf;ifahsUld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgZk;NghJ mtu;fis
ed;F ,dq;fz;L nraw;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
Nritfs; toq;F k; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;f s;
• Nrit ngWeiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• Nrit ngWeiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ifahsj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
cjhuzk;:
 Nrit ngWefu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;gG; f;fis ed;F ,dq;fhzy;
 Nrit ngWeu;fs; jpUg;jpailAk; tifapy; jukhd cau;thd Nrit
toq;Fjy;
 Nrit ngWeu;fSld; el;Gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;sy;
 jkf;Fg; gupr;rakhd> jkJ Nrit epiyaj;Jf;Fg; gupr;rakhd Nrit
ngWeu;fisj; njhlu;e;Jk; gw;wp itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
• Nrit ngWeu;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 Copau; vd;w tifapy; jhk; toq;Fk; NritahdJ Nrit ngWeupd; fzpgG
; f;F
cs;shjy;
 jkJk; jkJ Nrit epiyaj;jpdJk; Nritfisg; ngWtjpy; mtu;fs; mjpf
tpUg;Gf; fhl;ly;
 jkJk; jkJ Nrit epiyaj;jpdJk; ew;ngaiu caupa kl;lj;jpy; Ngzp
tuf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
 Copau; vd;w tifapy; Nrit toq;Ftjd; %yk; jpUg;jp fpilj;jy;
 ey;y tUkhdk; <l;Ltjw;F topfs; gpwj;jy;

jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -

 gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; rpytw;wpy; Nrit
ngWNthupd; vjpu;g;ghu;Gfslq;fpa gl;bay;
 Nrit ngWNthiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fslq;fpa
gl;bay;
 Nrit ngWNthu; jkJ jpUg;jp njhlu;ghf ntspapl;l mwpf;iffs;

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 Nrit ngWNtiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jtjd; %yk; Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;Fr;
fpilf;Fk; gad;fis> FOthf Kd;itf;fr; nra;J fzpg;gl
P ;L kjpg;gl
P ;il
elj;Jf.

67
Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.10 tUkhdkPl;LjyhdJ tho;f ;i ff; Nfhyj;jpd;kPJ
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij EZfpaha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : - 01

fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 tUkhdj;ij mjpfupjJ ; f; nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w toptiffisg;
gpNuupg;ghu;.
 jkJ tU kh dj; i j mjpf upj;Jf ; nf hs; t jw; f hf >
Gj; j prhypj; j dkhfTk; r%f Neakhd tifapYk;
nraw; g Ltjd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i j kjpj; J f; fUj; J j;
njuptpg;ghu;.
 ey;y tUkhdk; fpilj;jyhdJ tho;fi ; fj; juNkk;ghl;Lf;Ff;
fhuzkhFk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj; i jj; j pl; l kpLjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y;f s;

(gpd;tUk; ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;)
Nritfs; toq;F k; epiyaj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;f s;
• ey;y tUkhdk; fpilg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 nghUshjhuk; cWjpngWjy;
 jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; mjpfupj;jy;
 vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhfr; Nrkpf;Fk; mw;wy; mjpfupj;jy;
 tho;fi; fia ed;F fopgg ; jw;Fj; Njitahd nghUshjhug; gpdd
; zp cUthjy;
• Nghjpa tUkhdk; fpilf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
cjhuzk;:
 eypthd nghUshjhu kl;lk;
 jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd gz;lq;fs; Nritfisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; Mw;wy; fpilahik
 tho;f;ifj; juk; Fiwtiljy;
 Nrkpg;G Fiwtiljy;
• r%f Nea eltbf;iffspd; topNa tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhff;
ifahsj;jf;f eltbf;iffis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cjhuzk;:
 NtiyAyfpd; njhopy;Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWjy;
 mjw;fika jhk; njupT nra;J nfhs;s vjpu;ghu;fF
; k; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd
fy;tpjj; ifikfisAk; njhopy; jifikfisAk; epiwT nra;J nfhs;tjpy;
Mu;tk; fhl;ly;
 njupT nra;j njhopypy; jkJ kdr;rhl;rpf;F ,zq;fr; nraw;gLtjd; %yk;
rpwe;j Nrit toq;Fjy;
 njhopy;rhu; tpUj;jp kPJ Mu;tk; fhl;ly;
 Ranjhopy;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;

68
jutpUj;jp cs;s PLfs; : -
 ey;y tUkhdk; fpilg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; gad;fs;> NghjpasT tUkhdk;
fpilf; f hikahy; Vw; g Lk; tpisTfs; Mfpatw; i w cs; s lf; f pa
ml;ltiznahd;W.
 tUkhdj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhff; ifahsj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;
mlq;fpa gl;banyhd;W

fzpg;g PL> kjpg;g Pl;L f;F upa mwpTWj;j y;f s; : -

 FO xg;gil> ml;ltizfs; kw;Wk; gl;bay;fs; jahupj;jy; njhlu;ghf
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; Fwpj;j ghl tplaq;fisf; fw;whAkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf. fw;ww; NgWfis mile;Js;sik njhlu;ghd epakq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fzpg;gL P > kjpg;gl P ;il elj;Jf.

69
 vLj;Jf;f hl;L r; nraw;g hL 8.6

Nju; r ; r p : - NtiyAyFf;Fg; gupr;rakilthu;.

Nju;r ;r p kl;l k; : - 8.6.1 Ntiy cyfpd; gy;tifikia kjpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :-
 NtiyAyfpd; gy; t ifikia cjhuzq; f s; %yk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw; g hL : - NtiyAyif ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Neuk; : - 40 epkplk;
juTs;s P L fs; :-
 ,izg;G 8.6.1.1
 ,izg;G 8.6.1.2

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;K iw

gbKiw I :  ,izg;G 8.6.1 ,id tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J nraw;gl;il
mZFf. jhk; mwpe;J itj;Js;s rpy njhopy;fisf;
Fwpg;gplr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW njhopy;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;
Jiwfs; vy;yhtw;wpdJk; Nru;khdNk Ntiy cyF MFk;
vd tpsf;Ff.
(10 epkplk;)

gbKiw II :  tFg;G khztiu nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

 ,izg;G 8.6.2 ,d; gpujp xt;nthd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F
toq;Ff.
 khztiur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
 NghJkhd Neu mtfhrk; toq;Ff.
 nraw;ghl;ilg; G+u;jj
; p nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy
toq;Ff.
(20 epkplk;)

gbKiw III :  FO mwpf;iffis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;gg ; kspf;Ff.

 f U j;Jj; n ju ptpg;gjw;F vy ;y h f ; F Of ;f S f ;F k;
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
 vjpug; hu;ff
; g;gLk; tplaq;fis ntspfn
; fhzuj;jf;f tifapy;
kPll
; ha;T nra;f.
(10 epkplk;)
kjpg; g Pl ;L epakq;f s;
gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gL
P > kjpg;gl
P ;il elj;Jf.
 NtiyAyF vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
 NtiyAyfpy; fhzg;gLk; njhopy;Jiwfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
 ntt;NtW njhopy;Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; njhopy;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
 jhKk; NtiyAyfpw;F Maj;jkhFk; xUtu; vd;gij Vw;W> fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
 $l;lhf xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLthu;.

70
,izg;G 8.6.1

gpup];ly; mlilnahd;wpy; vOjpj; jahupj;j njhopy;fs; gl;bay; (MrpupauJ

tpUg;gg;gb Njitahd msT njhopy;fis ,l;Lj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.)

 Mrpupau;
 itj;jpau;
 fkf;fhuu;
 rpw;W}opau;
 jhjp
 nghyp];
 ebfu;
 ghlfu;
 fzpdp nkd;nghUs; ve;jpupau; (Engineer)
 moFf;fiy epGzu;
 kPdtu;

,izg;G 8.6.2

nraw;g hl; L g; gbtk;

FO 1

tptrhaj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j njhopy;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;JtNj cq;fsJ FOtpd;

nghWg;ghFk;.
1. ................................ 2. ........................................ 3. ......................................

4. ................................ 5. ........................................ 6. ......................................

7. ................................. 8. ....................................... 9. ......................................

10. .............................................

nraw;g hl; L g; gbtk;

FO 2

ifj;njhopw; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j njhopy;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;JtNj cq;fsJ

FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
1. ................................ 2. ........................................ 3. ......................................

4. ................................ 5. ........................................ 6. ......................................

7. ................................. 8. ....................................... 9. ......................................

10. .............................................

71
nraw;g hl; L g; gbtk;

FO 3

njhopDl;gj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j njhopy;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;JtNj cq;fsJ

FOtpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
1. ................................ 2. ........................................ 3. ......................................

4. ................................ 5. ........................................ 6. ......................................

7. ................................. 8. ....................................... 9. ......................................

10. .............................................

72