“ Brain Stroke ”

Under supervision:
Dr. Noha Ibrahim
Dr. Rehab Shaban
 Prepared by

1) Abdallah Tareq Eweis

2) Abdalla Mostafa Hassan
3) Abdelruhman yasser Mohmed Abdulsalam
4) Abduallah Ali Mohammed
5) Abdelrhman Mahmoud Ahmed
6) Abdullah Shaban Abdullah
7) Abdullah Ismail Yassin
8) Abdullah Rabie Hamdy
9) Ali Ahmed Ali Shafey
10) Abdel Moneim Mohamed Abdel Moneim
11) Alaa Atef Ahmed
12) Abdullah Hamdy Eid
13) Abdullah Hussain sayed Mohammed
14) Abdel Fatah Fatouh Abdel Fatah
15) Abdullah Othman Ahmed
16) Abdalla Mohammed Ahmed
17) Abdelaziz mohamed Abdalaal
18) Abdul Rahman Muhammad Muhammad Abdul Rahman
19) Abdallah Waheed Zain
20) Abdullah Mahrouse Mabrouk
 Outline
1- introduction
2- definition
3- pathophysiology
4- diagnosis
5- Clinical picture [Signs& Symptoms]
6- causes
7- risk factors
8- complications
9- Treatment [ Medical or Surgical]
10- Prevention
11- Nursing Role
12- reference
 Introduction
Brain stroke, also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a critical medical
condition that occurs when there is a sudden disruption in the blood supply to the brain.
This interruption may result from a blood clot blocking a blood vessel (ischemic stroke) or
the rupture of a blood vessel causing bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). The
consequences of a brain stroke can be severe, leading to various neurological deficits and
impairments.

Understanding the underlying factors, pathophysiology, and risk factors associated with
brain strokes is crucial for effective prevention, diagnosis, and management. This
introduction delves into the intricate nature of brain strokes, emphasizing the importance of
prompt medical intervention and comprehensive care to mitigate the potential long-term
consequences of this neurological emergency.

Definition
Brain stroke is often categorized into two main types: ischemic stroke, which occurs when a
blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, and hemorrhagic stroke, which occurs when a
weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the brain.
 Pathophysiology
In ischemic stroke, the lack of blood flow deprives brain cells of oxygen and glucose,
leading to cellular dysfunction and death. In hemorrhagic stroke, blood leakage into the
brain tissue causes direct damage and increases pressure on surrounding structures, leading
to further injury.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of stroke involves a thorough neurological examination, assessment of vital

signs, and imaging studies such as CT scan or MRI to confirm the type and location of the
stroke. Time is critical in diagnosis, as early intervention can minimize brain damage.
 Clinical Picture (Signs & Symptoms)

Signs and symptoms of a stroke can include

1-sudden weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body.
2- trouble speaking, or difficulty understanding speech.
3- sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
4-sudden trouble walking.
5-sudden confusion.
6-dizziness.
7- loss of balance.
8- lack of coordination.
9-sudden severe headache with no known cause.
10-Nausea or vomiting
11-Fatigue or drowsiness
12-Convulsions or seizures.
13-Coma and other disorders of consciousness.
14-Change in sleep habits
These symptoms can vary depending on the type and location of the stroke
 Causes

1- Blockage of arteries in the brain duo to buildup of fat

2- Rupture of blood vessels inside the brain duo to high blood pressure
3- Congenital malformations of blood vessels
4- Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
5- Heart disease
6- Unhealthy lifestyle
7- Unhealthy nutrition and lack of physical activity

Risk factors

1- Diabetes
2- High cholesterol levels
3- Family history of stroke
4- Age (risk increases with age)
5- Smoking
6- Illegal drug use, such as cocaine
7- Stress and depression
8- hypertension
9- obese people
10- Men are more susceptible than women
 Complications

complications of a brain stroke can vary depending on the severity and location of the
stroke. Some common complications include

1- Paralysis or weakness
2- Speech and language difficulties leading to difficulty speaking and understanding
speech
3- Cognitive impairments
4- Emotional and psychological changes
5- Spasticity
6- Difficulty with balance and coordination
7- Pain
It's important for stroke Survivors to receive comprehensive rehabilitation and ongoing
medical care to address these complications and maximize recovery.

Treatment (Medical or Surgical)

1-Emergency IV medicine. An IV medicine that can break up a clot.

2-Emergency endovascular procedures.

3-Medicines delivered directly to the brain.

4-Removing the clot with a stent retriever.

5-Carotid endarterectomy.

6-Angioplasty and stents.

7-Surgical clipping.

8-Coiling, also known as endovascular embolization.

9-Surgical removal of a tangle of thin-walled blood vessels, known as an AVM.

10-Stereotactic radiosurgery.
 Prevention

Prevention of stroke involves lifestyle modifications and medical interventions aimed at

reducing modifiable risk factors.

- This includes maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, smoking cessation,

managing hypertension and diabetes, controlling cholesterol levels, and avoiding
excessive alcohol consumption.
- Healthy living.
- Choose healthy foods and drinks.
- Keep a healthy weight .
- Get regular physical activity .
- Don't smoke .
- Limit alcohol.

Nursing Role
Nurses play a vital role throughout the continuum of stroke care, from acute management
to rehabilitation and long-term support. This includes conducting comprehensive
assessments, monitoring neurological status and vital signs, administering medications,
coordinating interdisciplinary care, educating patients and families about stroke prevention
and self-management strategies, and providing emotional support and counseling. Nurses
also play a key role in stroke research, quality improvement initiatives, and community
education programs aimed at raising stroke awareness and improving outcomes.
 References
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