SIR ISSAC NEWTON COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
NAGAPATTINAM 6111 02

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NAAN MUDHALVAN

SUBJECT CODE

SB8021

SUBJECT NAME

NETWORKING ESSENTIALS

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI – 600 025

NOV/DEC-2024
Experiment No: 1
Exploring various Network Devices
Date:

Aim:
To identify and configure basic networking devices like switches, routers,
and hubs.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices (Switch, Router, PC).
 Ethernet cables.
Theory:
Networking devices are hardware components used to connect computers,
peripherals, and other devices in a network to enable communication, data sharing,
and internet access. Below is a detailed overview of common networking devices:
1. Hub: A hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple devices in a
network, operating at the physical layer (Layer1)of the OSI model.
2. Switch: A switch is a more advanced device that connects devices in a network
and operates at the data link layer (Layer2),with some switches also working at
the network layer (Layer 3).
3. Router: A router connects multiple networks and operates at the
Network layer (Layer3).
4. Access Point(AP): An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to
connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi.
5. Modem: A modem (Modulator-Demodulator) is a device that connects a network
to the internet by converting digital signals to analog and vice-versa.
6. Gateway: A gateway is a networking device that connects two networks with
different protocols.
7. Firewall: A firewall is a security device that monitors and controls network
traffic based on predefined rules, operating at the network or transport layers.
8. Repeater: A repeater is a device that amplifies and retransmits signals to extend
the range of a network.
9. Bridge: A bridge connects two or more network segments and operates at the data
link layer (Layer 2).
10. Network Interface Card (NIC): ANIC is a hardware component embedded in
or connected to a device to enable network communication.

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Procedure:
1. Setup Devices:

o Place a switch and two PCs on the work space (physical or virtual).
o Connect PC1 and PC2 to the switch using Ethernet cables.
2. Basic Configuration on Switch:

o Access the switch using the console port via a terminal emulator (e.g.,
PuTTY or Packet Tracer CLI).
o Enter privileged EXEC mode:
enable
o Configure the hostname:
Configure terminal
hostname Switch1
3. IP Configuration on PCs:

o OnPC1,set an IP address:
IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
o OnPC2,set an IP address:
IP Address: 192.168.1.20
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
4. Test Connectivity:

o Use ping to check connectivity between PC1 and

PC2: ping 192.168.1.20

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Output:

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Result:
Thus the devices communicated successfully with the configured IPs.

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Experiment No.:2
Date: IP Addressing and Sub-netting

Aim:
To assign IP addresses to devices and perform sub netting.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices.
Theory:
IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing is the method of assigning unique numerical
identifiers to devices on a network to enable communication. An IP address serves
two main purposes:
 Identification : Identifies the host (device) on the network.
 Location Addressing: Specifies the location of the device in the network.
IP addresses are divided into two main types:
 IPv4: 32-bit address written in dotted decimal format (e.g.,192.168.1.1).
 IPv6: 128-bit address written in hexadecimal format
(e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
IPv4Addressing
An IPv4 address consists of four octets (8bitseach),separated by dots. Each octet can
have a value from 0 to255.
Structure of IPv4 Address:
 Network Portion: Identifies the network.
 Host Portion: Identifies the device within the network.
Classes of IPv4 Addresses:

Class Range Default Sub net Purpose

Mask
A 0.0.0.0–127.255.255.255 255.0.0.0 Large networks

B 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0 Medium-size d

networks
C 192.0.0.0–223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0 Small networks

D 224.0.0.0–239.255.255.255 N/A Multicast

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E 240.0.0.0–255.255.255.255 N/A Reserved

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Sub netting
Sub netting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller, manageable sub
networks (subnets). It optimizes the use of IP addresses and improves network
efficiency.
Purpose of Sub netting:
 Efficient IP Address Utilization.
 Network Performance Optimization.
 Enhanced Security and Isolation.
Subnet Masks
AsubnetmaskisusedtodeterminewhichportionofanIPaddressbelongstothe network and
which portion belongs to the host.
Example:
 IPAddress:192.168.1.1
 Subnet Mask:
255.255.255.0 In binary:
 IPAddress:11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
 SubnetMask:11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Procedure:
Step1: Open Packet Tracer
1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new file.

2. Drag and drop:

o Two Routers: Router1andRouter2.

o Two PCs: PC1andPC2.
o Two Switches: One for each subnet.
Step2: Connect Devices
1. Use cables to connect devices:

o Router1:
 ConnecttoSwitch1 using a cross over cable.
 Connect PC1 to Switch1 using a straight-through cable.
o Router2:
 Connect to Switch2 using a cross over cable.
 Connect PC2 to Switch2 using a straight-through

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cable.

Step 3: Configure Router Interfaces

1. ClickonRouter1:
o Go to the CLI tab and configure the interface:
enable

Configure terminal
Interface Gigabit Ethernet0/0
ipaddress192.168.1.1255.255.255.192
no shutdown exit
2. ClickonRouter2:
o Go to the CLI tab and configure the interface:
enable
Configure terminal
Interface Gigabit Ethernet0/0
ipaddress192.168.1.65255.255.255.192
no shutdown exit
Step4: Assign IP Addresses to PCs
1. ClickonPC1:
o Go to the Desktop tab >IP Configuration.
o Set:
 IPAddress:192.168.1.2
 SubnetMask:255.255.255.192
 DefaultGateway:192.168.1.1

2. ClickonPC2:
o Go to the Desktop tab >IP Configuration.
o Set:
 IPAddress:192.168.1.66
 SubnetMask:255.255.255.192
 DefaultGateway:192.168.1.65

Step5:Test Connectivity
1. OpentheCommandPromptonPC1:
o Ping192.168.1.1(Router1'sIP).
o Expected output :Successful ping replies.

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 2. Open the CommandPromptonPC2:
o Ping 192.168.1.65(Router2'sIP).
o Expected output: Successful ping replies.
Step6: Verify Communication
 Devices within Subnet 1 (PC1 and Router1) and Subnet 2 (PC2 and Router2)
should communicate properly .Cross-sub net communication is not configured in
this setup.

Simulation Output:

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Page|11
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Result:
Thus the IP was configured for various networks devices like switches, routers
and the connectivity was verified from the end users.

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 Experiment No.:3
Date: Configuring VLANs

Aim:
To understand and configure VLANs on a switch.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices.
Theory:
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN)is a logical grouping of devices within a
physical network. VLANs allow devices to communicate as if they are on the same
network, even if they are physically separated. They enable the segmentation of a
network into smaller, isolated sections.

Purpose of VLANs
 Traffic Segmentation: Separate traffic between different departments
(e.g., HR, IT, Finance).
 Enhanced Security: Prevent unauthorized access by isolating sensitive
data.
 Improved Network Performance: Reduce broadcast domains ,limiting
unnecessary traffic.
 Flexibility: Devices can be grouped logically instead of physically.
 Simplified Administration: Easier to manage and reconfigure networks.

Procedure:
Step1: Open Packet Tracer
1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer and create an file.

Step2: Place Devices

1. Drag and drop:
o 1 Switch (e.g.,2960Switch).
o 3 PCs (PC1,PC2,andPC3).

Step3: Connect Devices

1. Use a straight-through cable to connect:
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 o PC1toFastEthernet0/1ontheswitch.
o PC2toFastEthernet0/2ontheswitch.
o PC3toFastEthernet0/3ontheswitch.
Step4: Assign IP Addresses to PCs
1. PC1:

o Go to the Desk to p tab >IP Configuration.

o Set:
 IPAddress:192.168.1.1
 SubnetMask:255.255.255.0
2. PC2:

o Go to the Desk to p tab >IP Configuration.

o Set:
 IPAddress:192.168.1.2
 SubnetMask:255.255.255.0
3. PC3:

o Go to the Desk to p tab >IP Configuration.

o Set:
 IPAddress:192.168.2.1
 SubnetMask:255.255.255.0
Step5: Configure VLANs on the Switch
1. Click on the switch and go to the CLI tab.

2. Enter the following

commands: enable
configure terminal
# Create VLAN 10 for HR
vlan10
name HR

#CreateVLAN20forIT
vlan 20
name IT
exit

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Step6: Assign Ports to VLANs
1. Assign Fast Ethernet 0/1 and 0/2 to VLAN 10:

interface Fast Ethernet 0/1 switch port

mode access
Switch port access vlan
10exit
interface FastEthernet0/2
switch port mode access
switch port access vlan
10exit
2. Assign Fast Ethernet 0/3 to

VLAN20: interface Fast

Ethernet 0/3 s Switch port
mode access switch port
access vlan 20 exit
Step7: Verify VLAN Configuration
1. Use the command show vlan brief to

verify: show vlan brief

Output should display:
o VLAN10 withportsFa0/1,Fa0/2.
o VLAN20withportFa0/3.
Step 8: Test Connectivity
1. OpentheCommandPromptonPC1:

oPingPC2(192.168.1.2).
o Expected: Ping successful(same VLAN).

2. OnPC1,pingPC3(192.168.2.1).

o Expected: Ping fails(different VLANs).

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Simulation Output:

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Page|18
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 Ping with in the same VLANs (Ping Successful)

Ping with different VLANs (Ping fails)

Result:
Thus, the VLANs on a switch was configured and the data transmission has
been tested within the VLANs and with different VLANs.

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Experiment No.:4
Date: DHCP Configuration

Aim:
To configure and verify a DHCP server.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices.
Theory:
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network management
protocolusedtoautomaticallyassignIPaddressesandothernetworkconfiguration
parameters (like subnet masks, default gateways, and DNS servers) to devices on
a network. This eliminates the need for manual configuration, making network
administration more efficient.

How DHCP Works

1. DHCP Discovery:

o The client broad casts a DHCPD is cover message to locate

available DHCP servers.

2. DHCP Offer:

o The DHCP server responds with a DHCP Offer, including an

available IP address and other configuration details.

3. DHCP Request:

o The client requests the offered IP address by sending a DHCP

Request message.

4. DHCP Acknowledgment (ACK):

o The server confirms the assignment with a DHCP Acknowledge

message, finalizing the configuration.

DHCP Lease Process

 Lease Duration: The time for which an IP is assigned to a client. Clients must
renew the lease before it expires.
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Procedure:

Step1: Open Packet Tracer

1. Launch Cisco Packet Tracer and create a new file.
Step2: Configure DHCP on the Router

1. Access the router's Command Line Interface

(CLI): enable

Configure terminal

2. Create a DHCP pool named

STUDENTS: ip dhcp pool

STUDENTS

3. Define the network range for the DHCP

pool: network 192.168.2.0

255.255.255.0

4. Specify the default gateway (router IP address) for the network:

default-router 192.168.2.1

5. Set the DNS server for the

clients: dns-server 8.8.8.8

Step3: Configure the Router Interface

1. Exit DHCP configuration mode to configure the router interface:

exit

2. Assign an IP address to the router's Gigabit Ethernet interface (this will

serve as the default gateway):

Interface Gigabit Ethernet0/0

ipaddress192.168.2.1255.255.255.0

no shut down

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 3. Exit interface configuration mode:

exit

Step4: Connect the PC to the Network

1. Connect the PC to the router using a switch or directly via a cable.

2. On the PC ,set the IP settings to DHCP:

o Open Control Panel>Network and Sharing Center>Change

Adapter Settings.

o Right-click on the network adapter and select Properties.

o Select Internet Protocol Version4 (TCP/IPv4)and click Properties.

o Choose Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS

server address automatically.

3. Save the settings.

Step5:Verify DHCP Functionality

1. On the PC, open a command prompt and type:

Ip config

o Confirm the PC has dynamically received an IP address in the

192.168.2.0/24range.

o Verify the Default Gateway and the DNS Server.

2. Test network connectivity:

o Ping the router:

ping192.168.2.1

o Ping an externals it to verify internet connectivity(if connected):

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Simulation Output

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Page|25
Page|26
Pinging the router from PC1

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 Pinging external site to check the internet connectivity

Result:

Thus ,the DHCP server was configured and pinged with DHCP server and
external server for checking the connectivity.

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Experiment No.:5
Date: Static and Dynamic Routing

Aim:
To assign IP addresses to devices and perform sub netting.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices.
Theory:
Routing is a critical component of networking, determining how data packets travel
from a source to a destination a cross interconnected devices and networks.To achieve
this, routers maintain a routing table, which stores information about available paths.
Routing can be implemented using Static Routing or Dynamic Routing ,each serving
distinct needs and use cases.

Static Routing

Static routing is a method where routes are manually configured and added to the
routing table by a network administrator. It is predefined and remains constant
unless explicitly modified.
Static Routing Configuration Example:

1. Network: Assume two networks,192.168.1.0/24and192.168.2.0/24,

connected through two routers.

2. Command on Router1:

Ip route 192.168.2.0255.255.255.0192.168.1.2

o This route specifies that packets destined for192.168.2.0/24should

be forwarded to the next-hop address, 192.168.1.2.

Dynamic Routig

Dynamic routing involves the use of protocols that automatically discover and
maintain routes in the network. Routers exchange routing information and adjust
their tables based on network changes.

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Dynamic Routing Configuration Example (RIP):

1. Network :Assume two networks,192.168.1.0/24and192.168.2.0/24,

connected through two routers.

2. Command on Router 1:

router rip

version2

network192.168.1.0

network192.168.2.0

Procedure:

ConfigureRouter1

1. AccessRouter1viaCLI:

o Use console access or SSH.

enable

configure terminal

1. Assign IP Address to Interfaces:

o Assign IP addresses to Router1's interfaces connected to the LAN and

the link to Router2.

Interface Gigabit Ethernet0/0

ipaddress192.168.1.1255.255.255.0

no shut down

interface vlan10/0/0

ipaddress10.0.0.1255.255.255.252

no shut down

1. Static Routing:

o Configure a static route to reach the 192.168.2.0/24 network via Router2.

Ip route 192.168.2.0255.255.255.010.0.0.2
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 2. Exit Configuration Mode:

end

Write memory

ConfigureRouter2

1. AccessRouter2viaCLI:

o Use console accessor SSH.

enable

configure terminal

2. Assign IP Address to Interfaces:

o Assign IP addresses to Router 2's interfaces connected to the LAN and the
link to Router1.

Interface Gigabit Ethernet0/0

ipaddress192.168.2.1255.255.255.0

No shutdown

interfaceSerial0/0/0

ipaddress10.0.0.2255.255.255.252

no shutdown

1. Static Routing:

o Configureastaticroutetoreachthe192.168.1.0/24networkvia Router1.

iproute192.168.1.0255.255.255.010.0.0.1

2. Exit Configuration Mode:

end

network192.168.1.0

network 10.0.0.0 end

write memory

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 1. Enable RIP on Router2:

enable

configure terminal router

rip

version2

network192.168.2.0

network 10.0.0.0 endwrite

memory

3. Test Static Routing

 Usepingfromahostin192.168.1.0/24toahostin192.168.2.0/24toverify connectivity.

 Example:

ping192.168.2.2

4. Configure Dynamic Routing (RIP)

2. Enable RIP on Router1:

enable
configure terminal router
rip
version2

5. Test Dynamic Routing

1. Check the RIP Routing Table:

o On both routers ,verify that the routes are learned dynamically

show ip route

2. Ping End-to-End:

o Use ping to test connectivity between the two LANs.

ping 192.168.2.2

ping192.168.1.2

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Simulation Output:

Configuration at Router1

Configuration at Router2

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IPRoutesatRouter1

IPRoutesatRouter2

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Result:

Thus, the static and dynamic routing was performed using packet tracer and the
connectivity was verified between the hosts.

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Experiment No.:6
Date: LAN Configuration

Aim:
To configure the Local Area Network using packet tracer.
Tools Required:
 Cisco Packet Tracer/Physical Devices.
Theory:
A Local Area Network (LAN)is a network of computers and other devices that
are connected with in a limited geographical rea, such as a home, office or campus
.LANs are typically used to share resources like files, printers, and internet access
among connected devices.

The primary characteristic of a LAN is that it operates in a relatively small area

compared to other types of networks like Wide Area Networks (WANs)or
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).

LAN Topologies

1. Bus Topology:

o In bus topology ,all devices are connected to a single central

cable(the bus).

o It is less common now due to issues like data collisions and network
failures affecting all devices if the bus cable is damaged.

2. Star Topology:

o This is the most common LAN topology. In star topology, each

device is connected to a central device, such as a switch or hub.

o This topology allows for easy management and trouble shooting ,as
the failure of one device does not affect others.

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 3. Ring Topology:

o In ring topology, each device is connected to two other devices,

forming a closed loop.

o Data travels in one direction around the ring. While it is reliable, it can
be prone to network failure if one device or connection is broken.

4. Mesh Topology:

o In mesh topology, each device is connected to every other device in the

network.

o It provides high redundancy but is more expensive and complex to

maintain.

Procedure:

1. Create a Topology

1. Open Cisco Packet Tracer.

2. Drag and drop the following devices in to the workspace:

o 1 Switch(e.g.,2960switch).

o 2 or more PCs(e.g.,PC0,PC1).

3. Connect the devices using Copper Straight-Through cables:

o Click on the cable icon, select Copper Straight-Through, and

connect:

 PC0→SwitchPortFastEthernet0/1

 PC1→SwitchPortFastEthernet0/2

2. Assign IP Addresses to PCs

1. Click on a PC(e.g.,PC0):

o Go to the Desktop tab.

o Open the IP Configuration tool.

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 o Set the following:

 IPAddress:192.168.1.10

 SubnetMask:255.255.255.0

 Leave the Default Gateway empty.

2. RepeatforPC1:

o IPAddress:192.168.1.11

o SubnetMask:255.255.255.0

3. Verify Connectivity

1. Test the connection between the PCs using the ping command:

o Go to PC0, open the Command Prompt from the Desktop tab.

o Type

: ping

192.168.1.11

o If the connection is successful ,you should see replies like:

Reply from 192.168.1.11: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=128

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Simulation Output:

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 Change the Default Gateway (in all the PC’s)

Ping the PC’s from one network to the another

Result:

Thus, the LAN network was created and the data was pinged from one PC to
an another.

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