NATIONAL POWER TRAINING INSTITUTE

POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
ELECTRICAL
[Link] LAW
Lenz's law states that when a magnetic field induces a current in a conducting
coil, the induced current also generates its own magnetic field that points opposite to
the inducing magnetic field.
2. FARADAY’S LAW
Faraday's First laws: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field,
an electromotive force is induced. If the conductor circuit is closed, a current is
induced, which is called induced current.
Faraday's Second laws: The induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkage.
ε ∝Ndϕ/dt
where, N is the number of turns, ϕ is the magnetic flux, and ε is the electromotive
force

[Link] LAW
Ohm's law states that the voltage or potential difference between two points is
directly proportional to the current and resistance of the circuit. The formula for
Ohm's law is V=IR.
[Link] LAW
[Link] CURRENT LAW
In a open circuit in a linear bilateral network the algebraic sum of
incoming current is equal to algebraic sum of outgoing current.
[Link] VOLTAGE LAW
In a closed circuit linear bilateral network the potential drop is equal to
the potential rise.
[Link] LEFT HANDLE RULE

Flemings left hand rule states that stretch out the forefinger, middle finger and
thumb of your left hand so that they are at right angles (perpendicular) to one
another if the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field, middle finger in the
direction of current in the conductor, then the thumb will point in the direction of force
on the conductor.
FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE
Flemings left hand rule states that stretch out the forefinger, middle finger and
thumb of your right hand so that they are at right angles (perpendicular) to one
another if the forefinger points in the direction of magnetic field, thumb in the
direction of motion of the conductor, then the middle finger will point in the direction
of induced EMF or current.

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Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical
circuit. Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
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Voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points. The SI unit
of voltage is volts(V).
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Current is the rate of flow of electric charge. The SI unit of current is
ampere(A).
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The measure of electric current changes at one ampere per second resulting
in an electromotive force of one volt across the inductor. The SI unit of inductance is
Henry(H).
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The ability of a system to store an electric charge. The ratio of the change in
an electric charge in a system to the corresponding change in its electric potential.
The SI unit of capacitance is Farad(F).
[Link] FACTOR
The power factor of an AC power system is defined as the ratio of the real
power absorbed by the load to the apparent power flowing in the circuit. Real power
is the average of the instantaneous product of voltage and current and represents
the capacity of the electricity for performing work.
Power factor=VI COSϕ
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Frequency means the number of cycles per second. The unit of frequency is
hertz (Hz).
[Link] CIRCUIT
Alternating current (AC) occurs when the electric current periodically inverts
its direction. AC is the method used to deliver electricity through power
transmission lines to homes and businesses.
[Link] CIRCUIT
Direct current (DC) occurs when the current flows in one constant direction. It
usually comes from batteries, solar cells, or from AC/DC converters. DC is the
preferred type of power for electronic devices.

15. MOTOR
An electric motor is a device used to convert electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

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An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy obtained
from an external source into electrical energy as the output.

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A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy.
The transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the
supply voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits.

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It is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed in an electrical
circuit. The rate of transfer of electrical energy by an electrical circuit per unit time is
called electrical power.

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A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch
for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts
current from flowing in the opposite direction.

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A thyristor is a four-layer semiconductor device, consisting of alternating P-
type and N-type materials (PNPN). A thyristor usually has three electrodes: an
anode, a cathode and a gate, also known as a control electrode. The most common
type of thyristor is the silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR).

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The total number of electric field lines passing a given area in a unit time is
defined as the electric flux. The SI unit of magnetic flux is the Weber (Wb). A flux
density of one Wb/m2 (one Weber per square metre) is one Tesla (T).

MECHANICAL

[Link] ZEROTH LAW

The Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that there is an energy form called
heat, which has the tendency to spread through a system, and a variable called
temperature that measures this tendency that heat flows from the regions of high
temperature to the regions of low temperature only.

23. THERMODYNAMICS SECOND LAW

 The second law of thermodynamics states that. any spontaneously occurring
process will always lead to an escalation in the entropy (S) of the universe.

24. THERMODYNAMICS THIRD LAW

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system at
absolute zero is constant or it is impossible for a process to bring the entropy of a
given system to zero in a finite number of operations.

[Link] CYCLE
The Rankine cycle, also called the Rankine vapor cycle, is a thermodynamic
cycle that converts heat into mechanical energy. The Rankine cycle makes practical
use of the increase in pressure that occurs when a condensed fluid is forced to
evaporate within a contained vessel.

26. CARNOT CYCLE

A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal reversible closed thermodynamic cycle.
Four successive operations are involved: isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion,
isothermal compression, and adiabatic compression.
[Link] CYCLE
The Brayton cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the operation of
certain heat engines that have air or some other gas as their working fluid.

[Link] CYCLE
The Otto cycle is a description of what happens to a gas as it is subjected
to changes of pressure, temperature, volume, addition of heat, and removal of
heat.

[Link] CYCLE
In the reheat cycle, the steam is first extracted from a suitable point in the
turbine and then is reheated to the original temperature by flue gases.

30. BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE AND EQUATION

Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in static pressure or the fluid's potential energy.

[Link] FRACTION
Dryness fraction is defined as the ratio of mass of dry steam (vapour) to
combined mass of dry steam (vapour) & mass of liquid in mixture. It is denoted by x.
Dryness fraction ( x ) = mass of vapour ( mv ) mass of vapour ( mv ) + mass of liquid
( ml ).

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Entropy is the degree of disorder or uncertainty in the system.
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Enthalpy is a central factor in thermodynamics. It is the total heat contained in
the system.

[Link] POINT
The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given
pressure is called the saturation temperature or boiling point.

[Link] TRANSFER
Heat transfer is the energy exchanged between materials (solid/liquid/gas) as
a result of a temperature difference. The thermodynamic free energy is the amount
of work that a thermodynamic system can perform. The different modes of heat
transfer include:

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

[Link] is defined as

The process of transmission of energy from one particle of the medium to

another with the particles being in direct contact with each other.

[Link] is defined as

The movement of fluid molecules from higher temperature regions to lower

temperature regions.

[Link] is defined as

It takes place through a vacuum or transparent medium which can be either

solid or liquid. Thermal radiation is the result of the random motion of molecules in
matter.