Studies in Infrastructure and Control

Series Editors
Dipankar Deb, Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure
Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Akshya Swain, Department of Electrical, Computer & Software Engineering,
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Alexandra Grancharova, Department of Industrial Automation, University of
Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
The book series aims to publish top-quality state-of-the-art textbooks, research mono-
graphs, edited volumes and selected conference proceedings related to infrastruc-
ture, innovation, control, and related fields. Additionally, established and emerging
applications related to applied areas like smart cities, internet of things, machine
learning, artificial intelligence, etc., are developed and utilized in an effort to demon-
strate recent innovations in infrastructure and the possible implications of control
theory therein. The study also includes areas like transportation infrastructure,
building infrastructure management and seismic vibration control, and also spans
a gamut of areas from renewable energy infrastructure like solar parks, wind farms,
biomass power plants and related technologies, to the associated policies and related
innovations and control methodologies involved.

More information about this series at [Link]

Pravin Jadhav · Rahul Nath Choudhury
Editors

Infrastructure Planning
and Management in India
Opportunities and Challenges
Editors
Pravin Jadhav Rahul Nath Choudhury
Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Indian Council of World Affairs
Research And Management (IITRAM) New Delhi, India
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

ISSN 2730-6453 ISSN 2730-6461 (electronic)

Studies in Infrastructure and Control
ISBN 978-981-16-8836-2 ISBN 978-981-16-8837-9 (eBook)
[Link]

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Foreword

Infrastructure sector is one of the key drivers of an economy. The sector helps an
economy to boost the overall growth and development. It attracts an intense focus
from the government and policymakers while formulating any economic policy. Poli-
cies would ensure time-bound creation of world-class infrastructure in the country.
The infrastructure sector includes power, bridges, dams, roads, and urban infrastruc-
ture development. In this modern era, along with the physical infrastructure, digital
infrastructure also plays a vital role. In fact, in some sectors digital infrastructure has
superseded the requirements of physical infrastructure.
Like any other economy, India realizes the significance of developing a world-
class infrastructure. Now, the infrastructure sector has become one of the primary
focus areas for the Government of India. India plans to spend US$ 1.4 trillion on
infrastructure during 2019–2023 to have a sustainable development of the country.
The government has suggested investment of US$ 750 billion for railways infrastruc-
ture from 2018 to 2030. Government’s deep commitments towards the development
of this sector are reflected in its mega projects like Bharatmala Pariyojana and Sagar-
mala which aim to rejuvenate India’s transportation and logistics landscape. The
book is a timely publication, considering all the development taking place in Indian
infrastructure sectors.
This book attempts to discern the prevailing ideas on the infrastructure policy
management system in India. This book, in a very articulate manner, combines the
issues faced by different sectors in managing their infrastructure facilities. This book
is an attempt to identify some of the critical risks and challenges in the planning and
management of infrastructure in India. This book analyses the diverse management
solutions that can offer support for better infrastructure management across sectors.
I sincerely believe that this book will be an invaluable addition to the existing
literature on infrastructure management in India. It promises to be of major benefit
to readers with a general interest in this topic. Policymakers will also profit from
in-depth research on infrastructure management and related policies. I am confident
that this book will greatly serve as a ready reference for the students, academics,
researchers, and policymakers. Plaudits are owed to the editors, Dr. Pravin Jadhav and
Dr. Rahul Nath Choudhury, for their efforts in producing this comprehensive volume

v
vi Foreword

and offering such an in-depth analysis of a topic of such immense importance. It is

my hope that the authors will continue to work on the many and varied aspects of
infrastructure management in India as well as in other countries. I wish them every
success in their future efforts, including contributions to the study and examination
of these and related issues to the benefit of all concerned.

Rajan Sudesh Ratna

Deputy Head and Senior Economic
Affairs Officer, United Nations ESCAP
South and South-West Asia Office
New Delhi, India
Acknowledgements

The editing process for this book began in October 2020. Because this is our first
edited book, we were excited when we received the publisher’s final clearance.
Without our close association with a number of people, this edited book would
not have been possible. We would like to take this opportunity to express our heart-
felt gratitude and appreciation to everyone who helped make our first edited book a
reality.
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the Institute
of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM) for giving us
all the necessary support and resources to work on this edited book. We are very
much thankful to Prof. Shiva Prasad, Director General, IITRAM, for his inspiring
mentorship. We are also thankful to Dr. A. U. Digraskar, Director, IITRAM, for
continuous support and advices which have greatly helped towards the successful
organization of this event.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Deepankar Deb, Series Editor,
Studies in Infrastructure and Control, for overall technical guidance from time to
time to improve the quality of book. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewers
for keeping their faith on us since the proposal stage and pushing us to complete the
task.
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all of the authors for their
contributions to this edited volume. We appreciate their timely submission of their
chapters.
Last but not least, we extend our sincere thanks to almighty God and others who
have helped us directly or indirectly at every stage to complete this edited book.

vii
Introduction

Importance of Quality Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a crucial role in any nation’s economic development as it

increases the nation’s productivity and competitiveness by decreasing the overall
cost of production. Infrastructure growth also leads to inclusive growth of a nation.
One of the primary aspirations of any country and its citizen is to have a good quality
of roads for better transportation, a home where electricity under no circumstances
fails, adequate tap water supply for each family, good quality of schools, hospitals,
parks, etc. Availability of superior quality of physical infrastructure can also increase
the rate of return from the investment. Ushering the changing requirements of indi-
viduals and businesses, nations have shifted their priority towards developing infras-
tructure. Along with the physical infrastructure, economies have started investing
heavily on the digital facilities. In a nutshell, infrastructure plays a significant role in
choosing the destination by multi-national corporations (MNCs) while making over-
seas investment decisions. Modern infrastructure combined with efficient manage-
ment is a key to business and economic development. Sahoo and Dash argue that
infrastructure development plays a crucial role in the economic growth of India
[6]. A large body of the literature claims that infrastructure development increases
economic activities and production facilities while reducing the trade and production
cost. According to Pradhan and Bagchi, rail and road transportation infrastructure
enhanced India’s economic growth [5]. Most of these studies suggested that policy
intervention is needed to boost infrastructure development and sustainable economic
growth in India. Global Competitiveness Report, 2019, publishes annually by the
World Economic Forum arguing that infrastructure is the second important pillar for
improving its competitiveness [8].
Infrastructure is a crucial component while evaluating a nation’s competitive
advantage by the foreign investor. Like India, most of the world’s developing coun-
tries are consistently dynamic and proactive to create a favourable policy regime to
attract more infrastructure investment. Being one of the fastest growing developing
countries with several states, India has accorded continuously greater significance

ix
x Introduction

to the infrastructure division and gained extensive consideration from the legislature
and private venture capitalists. An enormous spotlight has consistently accorded on
accomplishing allied ventures employing public–private partnerships (PPPs), finan-
cial impetuses, tariff schemes, and fiscal incentives. Indian infrastructure segment
mostly incorporates the improvement of roads, air terminals, transporting, and ports
that have significantly supported the Indian economy in the course of the most recent
years. However, India is not able to create significant development in the infrastruc-
ture sector. India’s government plans to spend the US $ 1.4 trillion on infrastructure
during 2019–2023 as a part of the National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP). The NIP is
India’s attempt to bring private sector for forging partnerships via effective models
for co-working between public and private sectors. India recognizes that lack of
robust infrastructure is a serious impediment to the development of an economy1 . In
addition, the outcome of India’s ambitious Make in India plan to revive the manufac-
turing sector depends largely on the development of required infrastructure. There is
a constant need for government intervention, solid funding, and constant monitoring
of projects. Better planning and management are crucial to sustainable infrastruc-
ture development. Realizing the importance of the infrastructural development, India
allocated a budget of Rs. 233,083 crore (US$ 32.02 billion) to enhance the trans-
port infrastructure 2021, in the Union Budget 2020–2021. Further, the government
expanded the NIP to 8158 projects from 7400 projects.

Necessity of Infrastructure Management

Having developed the standard infrastructure facilities, the challenge is to maintain

the same with proper management and efficient planning. In transport infrastructure,
well-managed and functional facilities such as airports and seaports enable us to
connect with the other parts of the world; an efficient IT and digital infrastructure
equips us with advance communication system, while schools and hospitals ensure
well-being, including a healthy and well-equipped workforce. Better infrastructure
facilities are also necessary to have higher productivity. Studies have established
the positive link between higher infrastructural spending and economic develop-
ment in a country. Scholars have estimated that infrastructure resources must be
well spent to achieve high-quality infrastructure. The World Bank, 1994, finds that
higher infrastructural spending leads to the higher GDP growth. However, the growth
varies with countries [7]. Aschaue, studying samples from the countries like UK,
Germany, Japan, Mexico, Sweden, and the USA, concludes that higher infrastruc-
tural spending positively impacts the productivity growth in a nation [1]. Some other

1National Infrastructure Pipeline. Report of the Task force, Department of Economic Affairs.
Ministry of Finance. Government of India. Available at: [Link]
ort%20of%20the%20Task%20Force%20National%20Infrastructure%20Pipeline%20%28NIP%
29%20-%20volume-i_1.pdf Accessed on 17.9.21.
Introduction xi

important studies are making similar arguments [2,3,4]. We need to develop mecha-
nisms that ensure that infrastructure is of high quality and is sustainable over the long
run. Further, with the rapid increase in urbanization and population, there is greater
demand for adequate and sustainable infrastructure in transportation, electricity,
water and sanitation, social and economic infrastructure, etc. Therefore, planning
and management of infrastructure are the vital policy agendas for any nation.

About This Book

Realizing the importance of the subject, we are making an attempt to combine ideas
from some of the established scholars and practitioners in various fields of infras-
tructure policy and management. This book presents those ideas into a structured and
systematic manner. This book is an attempt to contribute to this sector by addressing
the opportunities and the challenges faced by the industry. The primary objective
of the book is to critically analyse sectoral Infrastructure planning and manage-
ment from an Indian perspective. As discussed above, it is imperative to understand
different planning and management practices, their significance, and issues to have
sustainable infrastructure development. This book tries to identify empirical risks
and challenges in the planning and management of infrastructure in India. This book
also analyses diverse management solutions that can support better infrastructure
management across sectors and critically discuss the different ways to overcome
these risks related to infrastructure planning and management in India. This book
also covers real-world case studies related to infrastructure management from various
stakeholders involved in the management of infrastructure.
This book covers four crucial sectors, viz. transportation, power, smart cities, and
IT/digital infrastructure. Accordingly, this book has four sections. There are eleven
chapters in the book of which four are under the first section covering transport
infrastructure. In the second section of the book, we have three chapters discussing
various issues in the energy and power infrastructure sector. Third section of the
book explores the three important urban infrastructure issues, while the final section
focuses on the growing digital infrastructure in India.
In the existing literature, there is no book available that has attempted to address
comprehensive issues of infrastructure management at the sectoral level in India.
The available books have discussed infrastructure management at the macro-level or
focusing on only one sector. Hence, this is an essential book considering the lacuna in
the literature. Sustainable infrastructure is very much crucial for world development.
Therefore, the current research is critical in this perspective. The book will be a
primary and pioneering attempt to address this vital issue.
xii Introduction

Prelude to the Chapters

Chapter 1 of the book discusses the road infrastructure system in India focusing on
the road safely and road transport management in India. The chapter is contributed by
Jiten Shah, Khushbu Bhatt, Priyank Trivedi, and Said Easa. The authors observe that
due to poor road safely measures, there has been a manifold increase in road accidents
in India. The authors find India among the worst-performing countries in the world in
terms of road safety measures. The chapter identifies and analyses the challenges of
potential hazards related to the road transport safely. The authors make an assessment
of the existing safety measures and their performance. The chapter suggests a set of
remedial measures which would be helpful to make the road transport system safer.
The authors argue that these proposed measures will be helpful for policymakers in
the implementation of road safety, infrastructure, and its management in India.
Chapter 2 titled ‘Port Development: History, Present and Future Challenges’ is
articulated by Abhijit Singh. As the title suggests, this chapter offers a scholarly
narration of the history about Indian port along with depicting the current scenarios
of the same. The author also points out the crucial challenges that exist in the Indian
port and its management practice. Analysing the port management in India from
various perspectives, the author comments that ports are far from satisfactory level
in terms of their efficiency, and the ports consume much higher span of time in custom
clearance and many other trade-related issues compared to other ports in the region.
Infrastructures of Indian ports are also in a very poor stage. The chapter stresses the
need to upgrade the port system with digital infrastructure and modern technology
to bring efficiency in the port management.
Taking the discussion forward about the transport infrastructure, the third chapter
written by Manish Yadav and Tarun Dhingra enlists the importance of airport infras-
tructure in the Indian economy enrooted from operational, planning, and management
outlook. This chapter describes the operational aspect of airport, including classifica-
tion, i.e. kerbside, terminal, and airside operations. The authors attempt to pen down
the fundamentals of airport infrastructure planning, including capacity planning,
master planning, facility and layout planning. They also illustrate the management
perspective of airport infrastructure and evaluate commercial revenues, including
aeronautical and non-aeronautical revenues with financial sustainability. The chapter
also explores the public–private partnerships and its impact on airport competition,
growths, and sustainability contributing to the Indian economy and its sustainability
in the aviation sector.
The final chapter of the section authored by Tarun Dhingra and Sanjeev Sharma
outlines the journey of Indian railway. Indian railway is the largest cargo and
passenger service providers in India at the lowest price. It is also the biggest public
sector employer in the country. Indian railway has got immense economic impor-
tance because of these features. In this chapter, the authors attempt to review the
current status and the important milestones achieved by Indian Railway since the
independence. The chapter finds maintaining the lower rate of tariffs is the major
challenge for Indian Railway at the current stage. Due to other modes of transport
Introduction xiii

at a reasonable price, railways are also struggling to maintain a high number of

passenger. The authors suggest, to remain competitive vis-à-vis other transportation
modes and provide optimum service to passengers/freight, Indian Railways needs to
upgrade its current infrastructure. Greater private sector engagement in this sector
by creating a conducive policy and regulatory environment is the need of the hour.
Part II of the book inquires about the management of Indian power and energy
infrastructure. This section starts with the debate on issues and challenges in the
power sector infrastructure management in India. The first chapter in this section is
contributed by Anil Kumar and Avishek Ghosal. In this chapter, the authors argue
that Indian power sector is in transition phase and shifting the focus from conven-
tional resources to non-conventional resources. Several measures have taken to bring
reforms in this sector, and revival of the power distribution infrastructure is underway.
This chapter tactfully analyses various issues of concern in this sector along with
the various policy variables. Policies undertaken in enhancing competition in power
market are some of the highlights of this chapter. The chapter also extends sugges-
tions to bring reforms to ensure a secured, affordable, and reliable sustainable energy
future of India.
Nikita Das in Chap. 6 explores the status quo of Indian renewable energy manage-
ment system. In this chapter, the authors highlight the governmental, institutional,
and regulatory infrastructures in place for renewable energy management in India.
The chapter makes further attempts to identify the various issues and challenges
that pertain to such management and proposes suggestions to circumvent the same.
The author argues that renewable energy cannot be deemed as a silver bullet at the
outset, but we can pave the way for establishment of meaningful infrastructure and its
effective management in the long run. Research and development to introduce new
green technologies as alternatives to fossil fuel-based technologies must be consid-
ered in tandem with pushing for economies of scale that can make these technologies
competitive.
The section of the book ends with a chapter articulated by Shailly Kedia and
Nivedita Cholayil. This chapter assesses the issue of climate change and its linkages
with the sustainable development in India. This chapter critically examines recent
narratives in India on energy in the context of climate change and sustainability.
They argue that attaining energy security is essential for human development and
economic growth. The chapter finds the discourse on sustainability at the domestic
level in India is also very much driven by diversifying fuel share in electricity mix and
not diversification in primary energy mix. They also comment that energy security
still remains crucial as India relied on imports for about 40% of fuel needs in terms
of primary energy.
India has witnessed massive growth in its urban population over the last few
decades. Governments and policymakers are facing challenges such as increasing
urban population and huge infrastructure gaps to meet various demands. To provide
modern and better facilities and to raise the quality of life in Indian cities, the concept
of smart city has been devised. The concept of smart city is increasingly considered
a new paradigm of sustainable growth. To understand this issue in depth, Chap. 8
of this book focuses on the key issues and the challenges faced in developing new
xiv Introduction

cities or improves the infrastructure facilities in existing cities in India. This chapter
is contributed by Vinay Kandpal, Vikas Tyagi, and Harmeet Kaur.
With the development of the city infrastructure, the modes of transportation are
also changing. A transition is noticed in the vehicles. Electric vehicles are replacing
the old petrol- and diesel-run vehicles. They are transforming the mobility experience
across the world. Electric vehicle is considered to be sustainable mode of transporta-
tion. It consumes less energy and reduces less carbon. India has potential to achieve
electric mobility future by utilizing existing conditions, and government programmes
and policies. To upscale adoption of electric vehicles and for its management in
India, issues such as charging infrastructure, research and development, financing
of electric vehicles, battery and cell manufacturing, and proper regulatory frame-
work need to be revamped immediately. Shikha Juyal analyses this vital issues in
Chap. 9 of Section III. She tries to explain that the electric mobility pathway would
provide clean, low-cost mobility, create new jobs, reduce oil imports, improve health
of people, and would have positive economic impact. The chapter highlights the
policies and number of incentives provided by the Government of India. Finally,
she outlines the major challenges which need to be addressed to boost adoption of
electric vehicles in future in India.
The last chapter in the section authored by Muhammadriyaj Faniband, Kedar
Vijay Marulkar, and Pravin Jadhav explores the issues of the sustainable development
Indian context. They examine the drivers and the barriers to sustainable development
in India. This chapter reviews multiple projects launched in India to bring sustainable
development in various sectors.
The final section of the book focuses on the digital infrastructure facilities and
their management. India has been in the forefront in developing digital infrastructure
system. Several policies have been devised to develop and popularize digital services
ranging from the financial sector to health sector. Public schemes such as Digital
India and creating National Optical Fibre Network are some of the commendable
steps taken in India. Stressing the need of developing a world-class digital infrastruc-
ture, Krishna Teja Perannagari and Vineet Gupta in Chap. 11 discuss India’s digital
transformation, highlighting various programmes and initiatives taken by the Indian
government to foster the goal of Digital India. They also shed light on recent tech-
nological trends influencing the development of digital infrastructure and suggest
measures to encourage the adoption of latest technology and promote investments in
digital infrastructure projects.
The book ends with an editorial summary and conclusion.

Rahul Nath Choudhury

Pravin Jadhav
Introduction xv

References

1. Aschauer, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure productive? Journal of Monetary Economics,

23, 177–200.
2. Berndt, E. and B. Hanson. (1992). Measuring the contribution of public infrastructure capital
in Sweden. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, 151–S168.
3. Conrad, K. and H. Seitz. (1994). The economic benefits of public infrastructure. Applied
Economics, 26, 303–311.
4. Nadiri, I. and T. Mamuneas. (1994). The effects of Public Infrastructure and R&D capital on
the cost structure and performance of U.S. manufacturing industries. Review of Economics
and Statistics, 27, pp. 22–37.
5. Pradhan, R. P., & Bagchi, T. P. (2013). Effect of transportation infrastructure on economic
growth in India: The VECM approach. Research in Transportation Economics, 38(1), 139–
148. [Link]
6. Sahoo, P., & Dash, R. K. (2009). Infrastructure development and economic growth in India.
Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 14(4), 351–365. [Link]
69340
7. World Bank (1994). The World Development Report: Infrastructure and Development. The
World Bank. Washington D.C.
8. World Economic Forum (2019) Global Competitiveness Report, 2019. World Economic
Forum.
Contents

Part I Transport Infrastructure: Fostering the Economic Growth

1 Road Safety Conditions and Management in India: Challenges
and Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jiten Shah, Khushbu Bhatt, Priyank Trivedi, and Said Easa
2 Port Development: History, Present and Future Challenges . . . . . . . 25
Abhijit Singh
3 Emerging Scope of Airport Infrastructure: Case of India . . . . . . . . . 35
Manish Yadav and Tarun Dhingra
4 Rail Infrastructure—Journey Since Indian Independence
and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Tarun Dhingra and Sanjeev Sharma

Part II How Power Sector is Managed in India?

5 Power Sector Infrastructure Management: Issues
and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Anil Kumar and Avishek Ghosal
6 Renewable Energy Management: An Analysis of the Status
Quo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Nikita Das
7 Energy, Climate Change and Sustainable Development in India . . . 129
Shailly Kedia and Nivedita Cholayil

Part III The Emergence of Modern Cities: Smart or Sustainable?

8 Smart City: Sustainable City for Tackling Urban Challenges . . . . . . 147
Vinay Kandpal, Vikas Tyagi, and Harmeet Kaur

xvii
xviii Contents

9 Electric Mobility and Electric Vehicles Management in India . . . . . . 159

Shikha Juyal
10 Sustainable Infrastructure Development in India: Drivers
and Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Muhammadriyaj Faniband, Kedar Vijay Marulkar,
and Pravin Jadhav

Part IV Developing Digital Infrastructure

11 Recent Trends in Digital Infrastructure in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Krishna Teja Perannagari and Vineet Gupta

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Dr. Pravin Jadhav obtained Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
(IIFT) under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India in 2015.
Dr. Jadhav was associated with IIFT from January 2008 to July 2012. In IIFT, he
did extensive research and undertook various research studies for the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Science and Technology, and the European
Union. He was also served as a researcher in the Planning Commission working
Sub-Group on Technology Intensity in India’s Manufacturing Exports, Planning
Commission for framing the 12th Five Year Plan (2012–2017).
Presently, he has been working as an assistant professor at the Institute of
Infrastructure, Technology, Research And Management (IITRAM), an Autonomous
University established by the Government of Gujarat. Currently, he is working in the
area of infrastructure planning and management.

Dr. Rahul Nath Choudhury is a trade economist currently associated with the Indian
Council of World Affairs, New Delhi as a Research Fellow. His primary research
interest includes foreign direct investments, international trade, political economy,
geo-economics, and digital trade. Rahul has diverse experience of working in both
the public and the private sector in academia and the industry in various capacities.
He has contributed to numerous book chapters and academics journals. Rahul has
been a freelance consultant for organizations like ADB, IFC, AEPC, CII, and a few
MNCs as well.

Contributors

Khushbu Bhatt Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Tech-

nology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

xix
xx Editors and Contributors

Nivedita Cholayil The Energy and Resources Institue, Darbari Seth Block, India
Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India
Nikita Das Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo,
USA
Tarun Dhingra School of Business, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies,
Dehradun, India
Said Easa Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON,
Canada
Muhammadriyaj Faniband Christ Academy Institute for Advanced Studies,
Bengaluru, India
Avishek Ghosal University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Vineet Gupta School of Business Studies, Sharda University, Noida, India
Pravin Jadhav Institute of Infrastructure, Technology, Research And Management
(IITRAM), Ahmedabad, India
Shikha Juyal NITI Aayog, New Delhi, India
Vinay Kandpal School of Business, Department of General Management, UPES,
Dehradun, India
Harmeet Kaur Management Department, Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi, India
Shailly Kedia The Energy and Resources Institue, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat
Centre, New Delhi, India
Anil Kumar University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Kedar Vijay Marulkar Department of Commerce and Management, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur, India
Krishna Teja Perannagari MICA - The School of Ideas, Ahmedabad, India
Jiten Shah Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure, Technology
Research and Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Sanjeev Sharma FA&CAO, Northern Railway, New Delhi, India
Abhijit Singh Executive Director, IPA (An Apex Body of Major Ports Under
Administrative Control of Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Govt. of
India), New Delhi, India
Priyank Trivedi Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure,
Technology Research and Management, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Vikas Tyagi Department of Management, Chandigarh University, Ajitgarh, India
Manish Yadav Department of Advanced Aviation Management, Qatar Aeronau-
tical College, Doha, Qatar
Abbreviations

5G Fifth Generation
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACC Advanced Cell Chemistry
AEPS Aadhaar Enabled Payment System
AERA Airport Economic Regulatory Authority
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
AMP Automotive Mission Plan
ANS Air Navigation Services
AOCC Airport Operation Control Center
APB All-points Bulletin
API Application Programming Interface
ARFF Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BOT Built, Operate and Transfer
CEA Central Electricity Authority
CERCs Central Electricity Regulatory Commissions
CISF Central Industrial Specific Force
CNS Communication, Navigation and Surveillance
CSIA Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport
DDUGJY Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Jyoti Yojana
DGCA Directorate General of Civil Aviation
DHI Department of Heavy Industry
DIKSHA Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing
DISCOMs Electricity Distribution Companies
DSM Deviation Settlement Mechanism
DVB Delhi Vidyut Board
EBP Ethanol Blending in Petrol
EC European Commission
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
eKYC Electronic Know Your Customer

xxi
xxii Abbreviations

EoI Expression of Interest

eSign Electronic Signature
EV Electrical Vehicle
EVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment
EXIM Export-Import Bank of India
FAME Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FOD Foreign Object Debris
FOWIND Facilitating Offshore Wind in India
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GNI Gross National Income
GOI Government of India
GTAM Green Term Ahead Market
GW Gigawatt
HSM Highway Safety Manual
HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corporation
IATA International Air Transport Association
ICE Internal Combustion Engine
IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India
IDF Infrastructure Debt Fund
IEA International Energy Agency
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFCI Industrial Finance Corporation of India
IFCs Infrastructure Finance Companies
IGA Intergovernmental Agreement
IGIA Indira Gandhi International Airport
IHME Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation
IIFCL India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited
IIPDF India Infrastructure Project Development Fund
ILS Instrumental Landing System
IMPS Immediate Payment Service
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
IoT Internet of Things
IPA Indian Port Association
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPDS Integrated Power Development Scheme
IR Indian Railways
IRAP International Road Assessment Program
IRC Indian Road Congress
IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd
ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation
IT Information Technology
LCC Low-Cost Carrier
LED Light-Emitting Diode
Abbreviations xxiii

LNG Liquefied Natural Gas

MB Mega Byte
MCAs Model Concession Agreements
MCT Minimum Connecting Time
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MERC Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission
MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
MOAE Ministry of Atomic Energy
MOC Ministry of Coal
MoCA Ministry of Civil Aviation
MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
MOHIPE Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
MOP Ministry of Power
MOPNG Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
MORTH Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
MOSPI Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
MTOE Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent
MYTP Multi-Year Tariff Planning
NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NAPCC National Action Plan on Climate Change
NBFC Non-Bank Finance Company
NCEF National Clean Energy Fund
NDB National Development Bank
NEC National Economic Council
NEMMP National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
NHAI National Highway Authority of India
NIIF National Investment and Infrastructure Fund
NIP National Infrastructure Pipeline
NIWE National Institute of Wind Energy
NMT Non-Motorized Transport
NSGM National Smart Grid Mission
NSM National Solar Mission
NTKMs Net Tonne Kilometres
OA Open Access
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OEMs Original Equipment Manufactures
OTP On-Time Performance
PCIC Per Capita Investment Cost
PCS Port Community System
PFC Power Finance Corporation Ltd
PGCIL Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
PIARC Permanent International Association of Road Congress
PKMs Passenger Kilometres
PMP Phased Manufacturing Program
PPP Public–Private Partnership
xxiv Abbreviations

PV Solar Photovoltaic
RAP Road Assessment Program
RBI Reserve Bank of India
RE Renewable Energy
REC Rural Electrification Corporation
RECs Renewable Energy Certificates
ROT Runway Occupancy Time
RPO Renewable Purchase Obligation
RRECL Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited
RSI Road Safety Inspection
RSM Road Safety Management
RTM Real-Time Market
RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
SC Smart City
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SEB State Electricity Board
SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India
SECI Solar Energy Corporation of India
SERCs State Electricity Regulatory Commissions
SIDBI State Industrial Development Banks
SLNP Street Lighting National Programme
SMEV Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles
SPaRC Solar Power as a Remunerative Crop
TERI The Energy and Resources Institute
TUFC Terminal User Facility Charges
UDAY Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana
UJALA Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All
UNO United Nations Organization
UPI Uniform Payment Interface
VGF Viability Gap Funding
VNR Voluntary National Review
WHO World Health Organization