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The Historic development of total quality

management

By/ ‫بيشوي مجدي ميخائيل‬

Supervisor:
Dr/ Madeha
The historic development of Total Quality Management (TQM) is a fascinating
journey that spans several decades and involves the evolution of various
concepts and practices aimed at improving organizational performance and
customer satisfaction. Here is an overview of the key milestones in the historic
development of Total Quality:

Early Quality Management Concepts (1920s-1930s):

The roots of TQM can be traced back to the early 20th century when pioneers like
Walter Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming began developing statistical methods
for quality control. Shewhart introduced statistical process control charts, while
Deming emphasized the importance of statistical techniques for improving product
quality.

Post-World War II Quality Movement (1940s-1950s):

The aftermath of World War II saw a shift in focus towards quality in
manufacturing. Japanese industries, devastated by the war, embraced the
teachings of Deming and other quality experts. The Japanese Union of Scientists
and Engineers (JUSE) played a crucial role in spreading quality concepts, leading to
the establishment of the Deming Prize in 1951.

Total Quality Control (TQC) in Japan (1950s-1960s):

Japanese companies further developed and integrated quality control methods,
leading to the emergence of Total Quality Control (TQC). This approach
emphasized employee involvement, continuous improvement, and the application
of statistical methods to all aspects of production.
Introduction of Total Quality Management (TQM) (1970s-1980s):
TQM as a formal management philosophy gained prominence in the 1970s and
1980s. It integrated various quality improvement approaches and emphasized a
holistic, organization-wide commitment to quality. The contributions of quality
gurus like Joseph Juran and Philip Crosby also played a significant role in shaping
TQM principles.

ISO 9000 Standards (1987):

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the ISO 9000
series in 1987, providing a set of international standards for quality management
systems. While not specific to TQM, these standards became widely adopted and
influenced the development of TQM practices.

Six Sigma Methodology (1980s-1990s):

Six Sigma, introduced by Motorola in the 1980s and popularized by General
Electric in the 1990s under the leadership of Jack Welch, became a widely adopted
methodology for process improvement within the framework of TQM. It focuses
on reducing defects and variations in processes.

Baldrige Criteria for Performance Excellence (1987):

The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award was established in the United States
in 1987 to recognize organizations that excel in quality management. The Baldrige
Criteria provide a framework for evaluating organizational performance,
encouraging the adoption of TQM principles.

Evolution of TQM in the Information Age (2000s-Present):

In the 21st century, TQM has continued to evolve, incorporating digital
technologies, data analytics, and a more customer-centric approach. Organizations
are increasingly emphasizing agility, innovation, and adaptability as integral
components of TQM.

The historic development of Total Quality reflects a continual refinement of

principles and methodologies, driven by the pursuit of excellence and the need to
adapt to changing business environments. Today, TQM remains a dynamic and
essential aspect of modern organizational management.
Integration of Lean Principles (2000s-Present):
The principles of Lean Management, derived from the Toyota Production System,
have become closely intertwined with TQM. Lean focuses on eliminating waste,
optimizing processes, and enhancing efficiency. Organizations often combine TQM
and Lean principles to achieve comprehensive operational excellence.

Globalization and Supply Chain Integration (2000s-Present):

With the increasing globalization of business, TQM has expanded to address
challenges related to international supply chains and diverse cultural contexts.
Global organizations recognize the importance of consistent quality standards
across borders and the need for collaborative efforts in ensuring product and
service excellence.

Emphasis on Employee Engagement and Continuous Learning:

TQM has evolved to prioritize the engagement and empowerment of employees.
Organizations recognize that a committed and skilled workforce is essential for
sustained quality improvement. Continuous learning, training, and development
are integral components of TQM, fostering a culture of innovation and
adaptability.
Digital Transformation and TQM 4.0:
The advent of Industry 4.0 and digital technologies has given rise to the concept of
TQM 4.0. This involves leveraging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the
Internet of Things (IoT), and big data analytics to enhance quality management.
Real-time data insights enable quicker decision-making and proactive problem-
solving, aligning with TQM principles.

Sustainability and Social Responsibility:

In recent years, TQM has expanded its scope to include sustainability and social
responsibility. Organizations are increasingly recognizing that quality extends
beyond product or service excellence to encompass environmental stewardship,
ethical business practices, and social impact. TQM frameworks now often integrate
sustainability considerations.

Adaptation to Industry-Specific Challenges:

Different industries face unique challenges, and TQM has adapted to address these
specific needs. For instance, healthcare organizations have embraced TQM
principles to enhance patient care and safety, while the software industry has
applied TQM to improve the quality of software development processes.

Challenges and Future Trends:

TQM continues to face challenges, such as resistance to change, difficulty in
measuring intangible benefits, and the need for sustained leadership commitment.
Future trends may include increased use of advanced technologies, a focus on
agility and resilience, and a deeper integration of TQM into strategic management
processes.
In conclusion, the historic development of Total Quality Management reflects a
continuous evolution driven by the pursuit of excellence, changing business
landscapes, and advancements in management practices. TQM remains a dynamic
and adaptive approach that continues to play a crucial role in enhancing
organizational performance, customer satisfaction, and overall competitiveness.
The journey of TQM is ongoing, with organizations continually refining and
expanding their quality management practices to meet the challenges of the
modern business environment.