Chapter 12

File Input
and Output

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 Chapter 12 Objectives

• After you have read and studied this chapter, you should
be able to
– Include a JFileChooser object in your program to let the user
specify a file.
– Write bytes to a file and read them back from the file, using
FileOutputStream and FileInputStream.
– Write values of primitive data types to a file and read them back
from the file, using DataOutputStream and DataInputStream.
– Write text data to a file and read them back from the file, using
PrintWriter and BufferedReader
– Read a text file using Scanner
– Write objects to a file and read them back from the file, using
ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream

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 The File Class
• To operate on a file, we must first create a File object (from
java.io).

Opens the file sample.dat

File inFile = new File(“sample.dat”); in the current directory.

File inFile = new File Opens the file test.dat in

(“C:/SamplePrograms/test.dat”); the directory
C:\SamplePrograms
using the generic file
separator / and providing
the full pathname.

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 Some File Methods
To see if inFile is
if ( inFile.exists( ) ) { associated to a real file
correctly.

if ( inFile.isFile() ) { To see if inFile is

associated to a file or
not. If false, it is a
directory.

File directory = new List the name of all files

File("C:/JavaPrograms/Ch12"); in the directory
C:\JavaProjects\Ch12
String filename[] = directory.list();

for (int i = 0; i < filename.length; i++) {

System.out.println(filename[i]);
}

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 The JFileChooser Class

• A javax.swing.JFileChooser object allows the

user to select a file.

JFileChooser chooser = new JFileChooser( );

chooser.showOpenDialog(null);

To start the listing from a specific directory:

JFileChooser chooser = new JFileChooser(“C:/JavaPrograms/Ch12");

chooser.showOpenDialog(null);

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 Getting Info from JFileChooser

int status = chooser.showOpenDialog(null);

if (status == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION) {
System.out.println("Open is clicked");

} else { //== JFileChooser.CANCEL_OPTION

System.out.println("Cancel is clicked");
}

File selectedFile = chooser.getSelectedFile();

File currentDirectory = chooser.getCurrentDirectory();

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 Applying a File Filter

• A file filter may be used to restrict the listing in

JFileChooser to only those files/directories that
meet the designated filtering criteria.
• To apply a file, we define a subclass of the
javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter class and
provide the accept and getDescription methods.
public boolean accept(File file)
public String getDescription( )
• See the JavaFilter class that restricts the listing to
directories and Java source files.

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 Low-Level File I/O

• To read data from or write data to a file, we must

create one of the Java stream objects and attach it
to the file.
• A stream is a sequence of data items, usually 8-bit
bytes.
• Java has two types of streams: an input stream
and an output stream.
• An input stream has a source form which the data
items come, and an output stream has a
destination to which the data items are going.
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 Streams for Low-Level File I/O

• FileOutputStream and FileInputStream are two

stream objects that facilitate file access.
• FileOutputStream allows us to output a sequence
of bytes; values of data type byte.
• FileInputStream allows us to read in an array of
bytes.

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 Sample: Low-Level File Output

//set up file and stream

File outFile = new File("sample1.data");

FileOutputStream
outStream = new FileOutputStream( outFile );

//data to save
byte[] byteArray = {10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60, 70, 80};

//write data to the stream

outStream.write( byteArray );

//output done, so close the stream

outStream.close();

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 Sample: Low-Level File Input

//set up file and stream

File inFile = new File("sample1.data");
FileInputStream inStream = new FileInputStream(inFile);

//set up an array to read data in

int fileSize = (int)inFile.length();
byte[] byteArray = new byte[fileSize];

//read data in and display them

inStream.read(byteArray);
for (int i = 0; i < fileSize; i++) {
System.out.println(byteArray[i]);
}

//input done, so close the stream

inStream.close();

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 Streams for High-Level File I/O

• FileOutputStream and DataOutputStream are

used to output primitive data values
• FileInputStream and DataInputStream are used to
input primitive data values
• To read the data back correctly, we must know the
order of the data stored and their data types

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 Setting up DataOutputStream
• A standard sequence to set up a DataOutputStream object:
File outFile = new File( "sample2.data" );
FileOutputStream outFileStream = new FileOutputStream(outFile);
DataOutputStream outDataStream = new DataOutputSteam(outFileStream);

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 Sample Output

import java.io.*;
class Ch12TestDataOutputStream {
public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {

. . . //set up outDataStream

//write values of primitive data types to the stream

outDataStream.writeInt(987654321);
outDataStream.writeLong(11111111L);
outDataStream.writeFloat(22222222F);
outDataStream.writeDouble(3333333D);
outDataStream.writeChar('A');
outDataStream.writeBoolean(true);

//output done, so close the stream

outDataStream.close();
}
}

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 Setting up DataInputStream
• A standard sequence to set up a DataInputStream object:
File inFile = new File( "sample2.data" );
FileOutputStream inFileStream = new FileOutputStream(inFile);
DataOutputStream inDataStream = new DataOutputSteam(inFileStream);

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 Sample Input

import java.io.*;
class Ch12TestDataInputStream {
public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {

. . . //set up inDataStream

//read values back from the stream and display them

System.out.println(inDataStream.readInt());
System.out.println(inDataStream.readLong());
System.out.println(inDataStream.readFloat());
System.out.println(inDataStream.readDouble());
System.out.println(inDataStream.readChar());
System.out.println(inDataStream.readBoolean());

//input done, so close the stream

inDataStream.close();
}
}

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 Reading Data Back in Right Order
• The order of write and read operations must match in order
to read the stored primitive data back correctly.

outStream.writeInteger(…);
outStream.writeLong(…);
outStream.writeChar(…);
outStream.writeBoolean(…);

<integer>
<long>
<char>
<boolean>

inStream.readInteger(…);
inStream.readLong(…);
inStream.readChar(…);
inStream.readBoolean(…);

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 Textfile Input and Output

• Instead of storing primitive data values as binary

data in a file, we can convert and store them as a
string data.
– This allows us to view the file content using any text
editor
• To output data as a string to file, we use a
PrintWriter object
• To input data from a textfile, we use FileReader
and BufferedReader classes
– From Java 5.0 (SDK 1.5), we can also use the Scanner
class for inputting textfiles

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 Sample Textfile Output
import java.io.*;
class Ch12TestPrintWriter {
public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {

//set up file and stream

File outFile = new File("sample3.data");
FileOutputStream outFileStream
= new FileOutputStream(outFile);
PrintWriter outStream = new PrintWriter(outFileStream);

//write values of primitive data types to the stream

outStream.println(987654321);
outStream.println("Hello, world.");
outStream.println(true);

//output done, so close the stream

outStream.close();
}
}

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 Sample Textfile Input
import java.io.*;
class Ch12TestBufferedReader {

public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {

//set up file and stream

File inFile = new File("sample3.data");
FileReader fileReader = new FileReader(inFile);
BufferedReader bufReader = new BufferedReader(fileReader);
String str;

str = bufReader.readLine();
int i = Integer.parseInt(str);

//similar process for other data types

bufReader.close();
}
}

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 Sample Textfile Input with Scanner
import java.io.*;

class Ch12TestScanner {

public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException {

//open the Scanner

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(new File("sample3.data"));

//get integer
int i = scanner.nextInt();

//similar process for other data types

scanner.close();
}
}

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 Object File I/O

• It is possible to store objects just as easily as you store

primitive data values.
• We use ObjectOutputStream and ObjectInputStream to
save to and load objects from a file.
• To save objects from a given class, the class declaration
must include the phrase implements Serializable. For
example,
class Person implements Serializable {
. . .
}

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 Saving Objects
File outFile
= new File("objects.data");
FileOutputStream outFileStream
= new FileOutputStream(outFile);
ObjectOutputStream outObjectStream
= new ObjectOutputStream(outFileStream);

Person person = new Person("Mr. Espresso", 20, 'M');

outObjectStream.writeObject( person );

account1 = new Account();

bank1 = new Bank(); Could save objects
from the different
outObjectStream.writeObject( account1 ); classes.
outObjectStream.writeObject( bank1 );

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 Reading Objects
File inFile
= new File("objects.data");
FileInputStream inFileStream
= new FileInputStream(inFile);
ObjectInputStream inObjectStream
= new ObjectInputStream(inFileStream);

Person person Must type cast

to the correct
= (Person) inObjectStream.readObject( );
object type.

Account account1
= (Account) inObjectStream.readObject( ); Must read in the
Bank bank1 correct order.
= (Bank) inObjectStream.readObject( );

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 Saving and Loading Arrays
• Instead of processing array elements individually, it is
possible to save and load the whole array at once.

Person[] people = new Person[ N ];

//assume N already has a value

//build the people array

. . .
//save the array
outObjectStream.writeObject ( people );

//read the array

Person[ ] people = (Person[]) inObjectStream.readObject( );

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 Chapter 14
GUI and
Event-Driven
Programming

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 Objectives
• After you have read and studied this chapter, you should
be able to
– Define a subclass of JFrame to implement a customized frame
window.
– Write event-driven programs using Java's delegation-based event
model
– Arrange GUI objects on a window using layout managers and
nested panels
– Write GUI application programs using JButton, JLabel, ImageIcon,
JTextField, JTextArea, JCheckBox, JRadioButton, JComboBox,
JList, and JSlider objects from the javax.swing package
– Write GUI application programs with menus
– Write GUI application programs that process mouse events
 Graphical User Interface

• In Java, GUI-based programs are implemented by

using classes from the javax.swing and java.awt
packages.

• The Swing classes provide greater compatibility

across different operating systems. They are fully
implemented in Java, and behave the same on
different operating systems.

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 Sample GUI Objects

• Various GUI objects from the javax.swing

package.

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 JOptionPane

• Using the JOptionPane class is a simple way to

display the result of a computation to the user or
receive an input from the user.
• We use the showMessageDialog class method for
output.
• We use the showInputDialog class method for
input. This method returns the input as a String
value so we need to perform type conversion for
input of other data types

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 Using JOptionPane for Output
import javax.swing.*;
. . .

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, “I Love Java” );

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 Using JOptionPane for Output - 2
import javax.swing.*;
. . .

JOptionPane.showMessageDialog( null, “one\ntwo\nthree” );

//place newline \n to display multiple lines of output

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 JOptionPane for Input
import javax.swing.*;
. . .

String inputstr =

JOptionPane.showInputDialog( null, “What is your name?” );

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 Subclassing JFrame

• To create a customized frame window, we define

a subclass of the JFrame class.

• The JFrame class contains functionalities to

support features found in any frame window.

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 Creating a Plain JFrame

import javax.swing.*;
class Ch7DefaultJFrame {
public static void main( String[] args ) {
JFrame defaultJFrame;
defaultJFrame = new JFrame();
defaultJFrame.setVisible(true);
}
}

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 Creating a Subclass of JFrame

• To define a subclass of another class, we declare

the subclass with the reserved word extends.

import javax.swing.*;

class Ch7JFrameSubclass1 extends JFrame {

. . .
}

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 Customizing Ch14JFrameSubclass1

• An instance of Ch14JFrameSubclass1 will have the

following default characteristics:
– The title is set to My First Subclass.
– The program terminates when the close box is clicked.
– The size of the frame is 300 pixels wide by 200 pixels high.
– The frame is positioned at screen coordinate (150, 250).
• These properties are set inside the default
constructor.

Source File: Ch14JFrameSubclass1.java

 Displaying Ch14JFrameSubclass1

• Here's how a Ch14JFrameSubclass1 frame

window will appear on the screen.

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 The Content Pane of a Frame

• The content pane is where we put GUI objects

such as buttons, labels, scroll bars, and others.
• We access the content pane by calling the frame’s
getContentPane method.

This gray area is the

content pane of this
frame.

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 Changing the Background Color

• Here's how we can change the background color

of a content pane to blue:
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
contentPane.setBackground(Color.BLUE);

Source File:
Ch14JFrameSubclass2
.java

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 Placing GUI Objects on a Frame

• There are two ways to put GUI objects on the

content pane of a frame:
– Use a layout manager
• FlowLayout
• BorderLayout
• GridLayout
– Use absolute positioning
• null layout manager

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 Placing a Button
• A JButton object a GUI component that represents
a pushbutton.
• Here's an example of how we place a button with
FlowLayout.

contentPane.setLayout(
new FlowLayout());
okButton
= new JButton("OK");
cancelButton
= new JButton("CANCEL");
contentPane.add(okButton);
contentPane.add(cancelButton);

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 Event Handling

• An action involving a GUI object, such as clicking

a button, is called an event.
• The mechanism to process events is called event
handling.
• The event-handling model of Java is based on the
concept known as the delegation-based event
model.
• With this model, event handling is implemented by
two types of objects:
– event source objects
– event listener objects

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 Event Source Objects

• An event source is a GUI object where an event

occurs. We say an event source generates events.
• Buttons, text boxes, list boxes, and menus are
common event sources in GUI-based applications.
• Although possible, we do not, under normal
circumstances, define our own event sources
when writing GUI-based applications.

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 Event Listener Objects

• An event listener object is an object that includes a

method that gets executed in response to the
generated events.
• A listener must be associated, or registered, to a
source, so it can be notified when the source
generates events.

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 Connecting Source and Listener

event source event listener

notify
JButton Handler

register

A listener must be registered to a event source. Once

registered, it will get notified when the event source
generates events.

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 Event Types

• Registration and notification are specific to event types

• Mouse listener handles mouse events
• Item listener handles item selection events
• and so forth
• Among the different types of events, the action event is the
most common.
– Clicking on a button generates an action event
– Selecting a menu item generates an action event
– and so forth
• Action events are generated by action event sources and
handled by action event listeners.

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 Handling Action Events

action event action event

source
actionPerformed
listener
JButton Button
Handler

addActionListener
JButton button = new JButton("OK");
ButtonHandler handler = new ButtonHandler( );

button.addActionListener(handler);

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 ActionListener Interface

• When we call the addActionListener method of an event

source, we must pass an instance of a class that
implements the ActionListener interface.
• The ActionListener interface includes one method named
actionPerformed.
• A class that implements the ActionListener interface must
therefore provide the method body of actionPerformed.
• Since actionPerformed is the method that will be called
when an action event is generated, this is the place where
we put a code we want to be executed in response to the
generated events.

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 The ButtonHandler Class
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener {

. . .
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
JButton clickedButton = (JButton) event.getSource();

JRootPane rootPane = clickedButton.getRootPane( );

Frame frame = (JFrame) rootPane.getParent();

frame.setTitle("You clicked " + clickedButton.getText());

}
}

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 Container as Event Listener

• Instead of defining a separate event listener such

as ButtonHandler, it is much more common to
have an object that contains the event sources be
a listener.
– Example: We make this frame a listener of the action
events of the buttons it contains.
event listener
event source

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 Ch14JButtonFrameHandler

. . .
class Ch14JButtonFrameHandler extends JFrame
implements ActionListener {
. . .
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
JButton clickedButton
= (JButton) event.getSource();

String buttonText = clickedButton.getText();

setTitle("You clicked " + buttonText);

}
}

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 GUI Classes for Handling Text

• The Swing GUI classes JLabel, JTextField, and

JTextArea deal with text.
• A JLabel object displays uneditable text (or image).
• A JTextField object allows the user to enter a single line of
text.
• A JTextArea object allows the user to enter multiple lines
of text. It can also be used for displaying multiple lines of
uneditable text.

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 JTextField

• We use a JTextField object to accept a single line

to text from a user. An action event is generated
when the user presses the ENTER key.
• The getText method of JTextField is used to
retrieve the text that the user entered.

JTextField input = new JTextField( );

input.addActionListener(eventListener);
contentPane.add(input);

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 JLabel

• We use a JLabel object to display a label.

• A label can be a text or an image.
• When creating an image label, we pass ImageIcon
object instead of a string.
JLabel textLabel = new JLabel("Please enter your name");
contentPane.add(textLabel);

JLabel imgLabel = new JLabel(new ImageIcon("cat.gif"));

contentPane.add(imgLabel);

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 Ch14TextFrame2

JLabel
(with a text)
JLabel
(with an image)

JTextField

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 JTextArea
• We use a JTextArea object to display or allow the user to
enter multiple lines of text.
• The setText method assigns the text to a JTextArea,
replacing the current content.
• The append method appends the text to the current text.
JTextArea textArea
= new JTextArea( ); Hello
the lost world
. . .
textArea.setText("Hello\n");
textArea.append("the lost ");
textArea.append("world");
JTextArea

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 Ch14TextFrame3

• The state of a Ch14TextFrame3 window after six

words are entered.

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 Adding Scroll Bars to JTextArea

• By default a JTextArea does not have any scroll

bars. To add scroll bars, we place a JTextArea in
a JScrollPane object.

JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea();

. . .
JScrollPane scrollText = new JScrollPane(textArea);
. . .
contentPane.add(scrollText);

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 Ch14TextFrame3 with Scroll Bars
• A sample Ch14TextFrame3 window when a
JScrollPane is used.

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 Layout Managers

• The layout manager determines how the GUI

components are added to the container (such as
the content pane of a frame)
• Among the many different layout managers, the
common ones are
– FlowLayout (see Ch14FlowLayoutSample.java)
– BorderLayout (see Ch14BorderLayoutSample.java)
– GridLayout (see Ch14GridLayoutSample.java)

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 FlowLayout

• In using this layout, GUI components are placed in

left-to-right order.
– When the component does not fit on the same line, left-
to-right placement continues on the next line.
• As a default, components on each line are
centered.
• When the frame containing the component is
resized, the placement of components is adjusted
accordingly.

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 FlowLayout Sample

This shows
the placement
of five buttons
by using
FlowLayout.

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 BorderLayout

• This layout manager divides the container into five

regions: center, north, south, east, and west.
• The north and south regions expand or shrink in
height only
• The east and west regions expand or shrink in
width only
• The center region expands or shrinks on both
height and width.
• Not all regions have to be occupied.

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 BorderLayout Sample

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 GridLayout

• This layout manager places GUI components on

equal-size N by M grids.
• Components are placed in top-to-bottom, left-to-
right order.
• The number of rows and columns remains the
same after the frame is resized, but the width and
height of each region will change.

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 GridLayout Sample

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 Other Common GUI Components

• JCheckBox
– see Ch14JCheckBoxSample1.java and
Ch14JCheckBoxSample2.java
• JRadioButton
– see Ch14JRadioButtonSample.java
• JComboBox
– see Ch14JComboBoxSample.java
• JList
– see Ch14JListSample.java
• JSlider
– see Ch14JSliderSample.java

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 Menus

• The javax.swing package contains three menu-related

classes: JMenuBar, JMenu, and JMenuItem.
• JMenuBar is a bar where the menus are placed. There is
one menu bar per frame.
• JMenu (such as File or Edit) is a group of menu choices.
JMenuBar may include many JMenu objects.
• JMenuItem (such as Copy, Cut, or Paste) is an individual
menu choice in a JMenu object.
• Only the JMenuItem objects generate events.

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 Menu Components
Edit View Help

JMenuBar File Edit View Help

JMenu
JMenuItem

separator

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 Sequence for Creating Menus

1. Create a JMenuBar object and attach it to a

frame.
2. Create a JMenu object.
3. Create JMenuItem objects and add them to the
JMenu object.
4. Attach the JMenu object to the JMenuBar object.

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 Handling Mouse Events

• Mouse events include such user interactions as

– moving the mouse
– dragging the mouse (moving the mouse while the mouse button is
being pressed)
– clicking the mouse buttons.
• The MouseListener interface handles mouse button
– mouseClicked, mouseEntered, mouseExited, mousePressed, and
mouseReleased
• The MouseMotionListener interface handles mouse
movement
– mouseDragged and mouseMoved.
• See Ch14TrackMouseFrame and Ch14SketchPad
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 Assignment # 5

• Create a word processing software like MS-Word

that can create a new file, open the existing file
and atleast 10 other features available in the MS-
Word using the Swings class.
– A nice and clean GUI interface for the software
– Back-end logic for added features.
– Implement the Exception Handling specially for opening
the files.

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