Design of Reinforced Concrete SlabsIntroduction In reinforced concrete construction, slabs are used to provide flat, eS Sa le A reinforced concrete slab is a broad, flat plate, usually horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams (and is usually cast monolithically with such beams), by masonry or reinforced oes Mn Cl meee eel ete ae) ee continuously by the groundSlabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, as shown in Figure, in which case the structural action of the slab is essentially one-way, the loads being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to the opposing beams.Slabs may be supported by beams on all four sides, as shown in figure, in which case the structural action essentially becomes two-way.Concrete slabs in some cases may be carried directly by columns. Punching shear is a typical problem in flat plates.alae omen lle eM eMC Mo alae et Mea Lo) region in the vicinity of the column and often employs column capital Ried eum Cakes fee NT TMNT Rela eect Ten msn STN Case ome UMeC MCT etn Ny introducing drop panel and column capital.Joist construction consists of a monolithic combination of regularly spaced ribs and a top slab arranged to span in one direction or two orthogonal directions. OOO ema eneonsAnalysis and Design of Slabs CMT AIRY Oe On merle Roe ASEM OR UT eon BU) UNE) eNOS Ce REIN Chile e Design e Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the usual manner. So no problem in design, problem is only in analysis of c]ocme Analysis Methods: e Analysis using computer software (FEA) e SAFE, SAP 2000, ETABS etc. e ACI Approximate Method of Analysis CME) OM (-salol¢ ol mela an NASI = 1s} e Moment Coefficient Method for two way slabs e Direct Design Method for two way slabsCe] TMC WEI ELL © Definition of One way Slab (ore SRM reo RUN Re sec tes) lia CRST ooo] on two opposing sides, bending in the slab will be produced only along the side perpendicular to the direction of supports. In this case the slab will be called as one way slab© Definition of One way Slab Case 2 (Slab supported on all sides): If a slab is supported on all sides and the ratio of long to short side is equal to or greater than 2, major bending in the slab will be produced along the short direction and the slab will be called as one way slab. If the ratio is less than 2, bending will occur in both directions and the slab will be called as two way slab. CES aS imaCase 1: One way Slab Case 2: Two way Slabe Reason for more Demand (Moment) in short direction Oe eee ik SSC) Ua ol « Consider two strips along the long and short direction as shown in the figure. As these imaginary strips are part of monolithic slab, the deflection at any point, of the two orthogonal slab strips must be same: Pa eee (5/384)w,1,4/El = (5/384)w,),4/El Pan Aa Re SS Pole Mee (measure) By AC) Cam RULE ae licen onal four ecgese Reason for more Demand (Moment) in short direction A | nee Oo Sa rrr) « Substitute w, = wy (J,4/l4) in Equ. 1 Bae ea Pa Pea An Rea ee a(A7 « Thus, Bending in short direction is more than Bending in long direction. onal four edgesAnalysis of One-way Slab © Strip method of analysis: For the purpose of analysis and design, a unit strip of one way slab, cut out at right angles to the opposing beams, may be considered as a De CC ee eC The method is called as strip method of analysis. reinforcement¢ Strip method of analysis: The strip method of analysis for slabs having bending in one direction is applicable only when: a rectangular ¢ Slab is supported on two opposing sides on stiff beams or walls, « Slab is supported on all sides on stiff beams or walls with ratio of long to short side is equal or greater than 2. e Note: Strip method of analysis is not applicable to flat plates etc., even if bending is in one direction.Basic Design Steps Cele om Le) Peso oe oes.) e Calculation of Loads e Analysis e Design e Draftinggives the minimum one way slab thickness. Table [Link]—Minimum thickness of solid nonpre- stressed one-way slabs Support condition Simply supported ‘One end continuous Both ends continuous Cantilever T= Span length, defined on the next slide ee ea (0.4 + fy/100,000). Fy should be in psi1) 2) 3 Y (Al in lve Om Cr ence ot Cuneo ee un Ae Og I= ated (Mme Se Ome Ce Rt yee Toe CRC) PE ee Smee Ret kee Reo Re en I (span length) is used in calculating depth of members. J, (Clear span) is used for determining moments using ACI coefficients, PA eee cee RIN ee cn¢ Loads: One way slabs are usually designed for gravity loading. As slabs are two dimensional elements, loads are calculated per unit area . Ultimate Load is calculated as follows: Wy = 1.2Wp + 1.6W_ w, = load per unit area (small letter) W, = load per unit length (capital letter)DUC ics e The analysis is carried out for ultimate load including self weight obtained from size of the slab and the applied dead and live loads. e The maximum bending moment value is used for flexural design.¢ Design: e Capacity > Demand e Capacity or Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor () x Nominal Strength e Demand = Load Factor x Service Load Effects e Bar spacing (in inches) = (A,/A,) * 12 (CV Ae) o-1ae =1(¢O-V eR)e Design: Bar Placement In the case of beam the No. of bars =n = AJA, ARIAS eR oat 1V 2) For a unit width b m(-)) 12" with center to center spacing “s” then the above equation will become b/s = As/Ab 12/s = As/Ab s(in) = (Ab/As) = 12 a ale Design: e Flexural Reinforcement (AC! [Link]): e Minimum Main reinforcement Requirement: Camere icra (Ag= Grass Area of concrete = bhy) e Maximum Spacing Requirement (ACI [Link]): e Main Reinforcement Peer eC am oe© Design: PMc ee Cun elee tule e Concrete shrinks as it dries out. Cae Viel ROM Ue erm aLC om Ue meee CR aR) smallest possible amounts of water and cement compatible with other requirements, such as strength and workability, and by thorough moist-curing of sufficient duration. Pea) \- NOM 1 Cel et TCC] CoE Reo el shrinkage is usually unavoidable.e Design: ¢ Shrinkage Reinforcement: Usually, however, slabs and other members are joined rigidly to other parts of the structure and cannot contract freely. This results in tension stresses known as shrinkage stresses. Since concrete is weak in tension, these temperature and shrinkage eee etal NMR SUG ReonCe oT ¢ 1 CM elcome cea e In one-way slabs, the reinforcement provided for resisting the bending moments has the desired effect of reducing shrinkage and distributing cracks. Pn oV aera tele eC ol-(e 100A eco Cot SSD necessary to provide special reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature contraction in the direction perpendicular to the main reinforcement. e This added steel is known as temperature or shrinkage reinforcement, or distribution steel.¢ Design: e Minimum — reinforcement Requirement for shrinkage and On Sores lcm ken en e Same as main reinforcement minimum requirement (ACI [Link]) e Reinforcement is placed perpendicular to main steel to control Silla ele OR Cn LIEW Ree cne Maximum Spacing Requirement (ACI [Link]): Pacer Maco ec ule e Least of Sh, or 18”Example Design the given 12 feet simply supported slab carrying a uniform service dead load (excluding self weight) of 120 psf and a uniform service live load of 100 psf. Concrete compressive strength (f,') = 3 ksi and steel yield strength (f,) = 60 ksi.e Solution: e Step No. 01: Sizes e From ACI table [Link] Cm eile] a aa eee 0) e /= span length, minimum of (/, + h,) OF lye Take /, = 11.25’ and h,; = 6” Pea Seed og ava Therefore / = 11.75" Oo eel MEO AO AOE Coll 0] 0 CO moleOme) eC e Step No. 02: Loads Self-weight of slab = (7.5 / 12) x 0.150 = 0.09375 ksf SDL = 0.120 ksf (SDL = Superimposed dead load) RAs (LL = Live Load) WAR PACc AT eee) been w, = 1.2 (0.09375 + 0.120) + (1.6 x 0.100) AUS cr ROME COeU SC UMAR cod cee eee ea oimete) Vice e Step No. 03: Analysis e For unit strip width, (01 foot of slab): COV ath A AN Yoel Bell OO oko a a = 7.497 ft-kips/ft e M,= 7.497 x 12 = 89.96 in-kip/fte Solution: ONO PUR emo e Step No. 04: Design alaed If #4 (dia 0.5") bar is to be used e Main Reinforcement: NEW EE ap) =1" oh=7.5": d=75-1=65" Pee TC AC EET) WY Zz, « Calculate “A,” by trial and success method aOme ot e Step No. 04: Design e Main Reinforcement: aa nie|e e Assume a = 0.2h; = 0.2 x 7.5 = 1.5" e A,= 89.96 / [0.9 x 60 x {6.5 — (1.5/2)}] = 0.29 in? Par Ear AA (ELA) = 0.29 x 60/ (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 0.57 inches/fte Solution: e Step No. 04: Design e Main Reinforcement: Second Trial: Pe We che WA OE AUER Ria (ORT) ERUPT + a=Af/ (0.85f,b,,) = 0.27 x 60/ (0.85 x 3 x 12) = 0.53 inches/ft Nir ealCele Le e Step No. 04: Design e Main Reinforcement: Minimum reinforcement check: ERLE EAU Da PS aa) = 0.162 in? As the design A, = 0.27 in? > 0.162 in? ¢ Therefore A, is ok.Omen re aie ed e Main Reinforcement: 7am T1e CE rML Bar Placement: No of bars =n = AJA, Bar spacing, s (in inches) = b/n; where b= 12 inches Using #4 bar, with area A,= 0.2 in? RW Oe Oe Pe eg AsOmer e Step No. 04: Design e Main Reinforcement: Maximum Spacing Requirement Least of 3h, or 18", 5) aR GAS al 7a Provided spacing is OKe Solution: e Step No. 04: Design e Shrinkage/ Reinforcement: eed 00 WUE © Agmin = 0.0018 x 12 x 7.5 = 0.162 in? e Using #4 bar, with area A,= 0.2 in? « Spacing = (0.20 / 0.162) x 12 = 14.81" say 14.5"e Solution: e Step No. 04: Design e Shrinkage/ Reinforcement: Maximum Spacing Requirement Least of 5h, or 18", 5h, = 5x 7.5 = 37.5" Provided spacing is OK« Step No. 05: Drafting SLAB PLANe Step No. 05: Drafting #4 Bars @ 14.5' cle SECTION A-A #4 Bars @ 8.5" dc SECTIONB-Bi Teun Ta eM aloe Te IV eMC olateh eUeedeeleee loot Mian Ul MelIccre on Rela UC cetera) Pe ToCeR TM UCM OME RUL MC Tell Cte c-moo 1 ROMS ur. mei ‘effective depth. SS ae = ryShrinkage Reinforcement #4 bar @ 14.5" cle Venere #4 bar @ 8.5" cic SECTONAAMain Reinforcement #4 bar @ 8.5" cle Bas @ 148 SECTIONSPractice Example foe Neu inee eMU oei eee oR] eRe NAR ely REN eC OOM Cr ee RSs TmUeTA RO ON Smt Re MT service live load of 120 psf. Concrete compressive strength (f.’) = 3 ksi ECR Re Oe OLReferences © Design of Concrete Structures 14'"/ 15 edition by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan. e Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)