1.
Percentage Error
Explanation: Percentage error measures how far an estimated or measured value is from the
actual value, as a percentage of the actual value.
Formula:
Percentage Error=(∣Measured Value−Actual Value∣Actual Value)×100\text{Percentage Error} =
\left( \frac{|\text{Measured Value} - \text{Actual Value}|}{\text{Actual Value}} \right) \times 100
Percent Error=(Actual Value∣Measured Value−Actual Value∣)×100
Practice:
1. A length is measured as 49 cm, but the actual length is 50 cm. Find the percentage
error.
2. The weight of a package is estimated at 8.2 kg, while its actual weight is 7.9 kg.
Calculate the percentage error.
2. Upper and Lower Bounds
Explanation: Used in measurements to consider the possible maximum and minimum values
due to rounding.
● Upper Bound: The highest possible value.
● Lower Bound: The lowest possible value.
Practice:
1. A length of 12.5 cm is rounded to 1 decimal place. Find the upper and lower bounds.
2. A time is recorded as 7.3 seconds, correct to the nearest tenth. What are its bounds?
3. Trigonometry
Explanation: Trigonometric ratios (sine, cosine, tangent) are used to calculate angles or sides
in right-angled triangles.
Formulas:
● sinθ=oppositehypotenuse\sin \theta =
\frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{hypotenuse}}sinθ=hypotenuseopposite
● cosθ=adjacenthypotenuse\cos \theta =
\frac{\text{adjacent}}{\text{hypotenuse}}cosθ=hypotenuseadjacent
● tanθ=oppositeadjacent\tan \theta =
\frac{\text{opposite}}{\text{adjacent}}tanθ=adjacentopposite
Practice:
1. Find the length of the hypotenuse if the adjacent side is 4 cm, and cosθ=0.8\cos \theta =
0.8cosθ=0.8.
2. Calculate the angle if the opposite side is 3 cm, and the hypotenuse is 5 cm.
4. Geometry
Explanation: Geometry involves the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and
shapes. Key concepts include area, perimeter, and volume.
Practice:
1. Find the area and perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 10 cm and width of 5 cm.
2. Calculate the volume of a cylinder with a radius of 7 cm and height of 10 cm (π=3.14\pi =
3.14π=3.14).
5. Pythagoras' Theorem
Explanation: Used in right-angled triangles to find the length of a side.
Formula:
a2+b2=c2a^2 + b^2 = c^2a2+b2=c2
Where ccc is the hypotenuse.
Practice:
1. A triangle has sides of 3 cm and 4 cm. Find the hypotenuse.
2. A triangle has a hypotenuse of 10 cm and one side of 6 cm. Find the other side.
6. Linear Functions (Midpoints, etc.)
Explanation: Linear functions describe straight-line relationships, often represented as
y=mx+cy = mx + cy=mx+c.
● Midpoint Formula: (x1+x22,y1+y22)\left( \frac{x_1 + x_2}{2}, \frac{y_1 + y_2}{2}
\right)(2x1+x2,2y1+y2)
Practice:
1. Find the midpoint of points A(2,3)A(2, 3)A(2,3) and B(6,7)B(6, 7)B(6,7).
2. Determine the slope (mmm) of a line passing through points (1,2)(1, 2)(1,2) and (4,5)(4,
5)(4,5).
7. Arithmetic Sequence
Explanation: A sequence where the difference between consecutive terms is constant.
Formula:
an=a+(n−1)da_n = a + (n-1)dan=a+(n−1)d
Where aaa is the first term, ddd is the common difference, and nnn is the term number.
Practice:
1. Find the 10th term of the sequence 3,7,11,…3, 7, 11, \dots3,7,11,….
2. If the 1st term is 5 and the 6th term is 25, find the common difference.
8. Geometric Sequence
Explanation: A sequence where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio (rrr).
Formula:
an=a⋅rn−1a_n = a \cdot r^{n-1}an=a⋅rn−1
Practice:
1. Find the 5th term of the sequence 2,6,18,…2, 6, 18, \dots2,6,18,….
2. If the 1st term is 4 and the 3rd term is 36, find the common ratio.
9. Compound Interest
Explanation: Used to calculate growth over time when interest is added to the principal.
Formula:
A=P(1+rn)ntA = P\left(1 + \frac{r}{n}\right)^{nt}A=P(1+nr)nt
Where AAA is the final amount, PPP is the principal, rrr is the annual interest rate, nnn is the
number of times interest is compounded per year, and ttt is the time in years.
Practice:
1. Find the total amount after 5 years if P=$1000P = \$1000P=$1000, r=5%r = 5\%r=5%,
and interest is compounded yearly.
2. A principal of $1500 grows to $2000 in 4 years. Find the annual interest rate if
compounded yearly.
10. Simple Interest
Explanation: Interest calculated only on the original principal.
Formula:
I=P⋅r⋅tI = P \cdot r \cdot tI=P⋅r⋅t
Practice:
1. Find the interest earned on $1200 invested for 3 years at an annual rate of 4%.
2. A principal of $500 earns $75 in interest after 2 years. Find the annual interest rate.
