ANTENNAS-T

VHF, UHF & MIcROWAVe D·H Ram

are
H
he Breg anged 36- 306
The antennas otesating in
Called SHF antennas paraboie Telector
band
antenna whed o the SHF
The
ete.
antennas, len antennay Cn Toge Such antennas
s in
Sn SHAF he avelength wued n
hese ae
narvw beans
Tadiates power in a
Ss
arpliationy & pl to rt radio Con'o
Tadar Provided
antenna,he eeding to antenna is
>On Such SHF
instead o§ wsing coaxia) calbles
-hreugh waveguide attenuaton Compared with wo
Coaxial cable gives less
1he
wive tx'n ine

Miciostip fntennas (MSA) ov patch Ande ona

of special metal palches placed
The antenna ohich s made o
on dielectric A ed by micro Strip is Called MierosArip
antenna
pateh wintegatd exls.
artenna s mosty sed wtth
Thi
Someimes called nteqrated antenna
Ihente s
vectargutar, thinstrip
The Tadiatng padeh may be Squart ,
dipek , civclar, ellipticad, Ariongnar or any othey

Cocda etlipha
Apole eecdangala

’1he mest inportant palch antena in

Recangular pateh
antenna
 anteonal-babricate d
eeatures '
nancw bond uoide beam yace beunded
- patch adenna is aelenent pattesn in metal
he antenna metal
by made ubgta with a Continuous
insulating dielectric
-to an
oppos li side
the
ayer, bonded o
-forms a gound planc) meta patch suspended
2,The Patch artennay basically
plaste random which proteti
plane , it s Contained a
qround
4he structure from darrages.
loo alta nualing media maderal
NariLS liyrey of
one Side of a dielect ric
g*cund plane on 4he otherside, imply
Bubstvale, hich has a
ong.
pateh antenna uses haltuoave langlh to
So iu 3imele
5: MieTOsttp antennas are gar shapes.
of
analys a predict the permancs
Simpe to mmodiby:
6These are easy to mantactune
QduentagDg
Coyt

23 Thichness pach, t A
16D

- teight of stubttraa he<a

A<3 melers

Scanned with C
fpratians' aircrattymisiles.recxcts.
st is used in Spate Cratty &
GPS
tele netv.Satelt:te Cemn & di}erent Tadar
ot s sed in
Syys' Ao optvate ovey a fe vangt of Servito, I- loG Hay
eioadeast Sateit. Aevonah'ca8
Mobile Satellte cornng, vineet maino.

Advantoges
Snall sis

3 L Cost
Easy of inytallation
polariaton & are
both inea & Cireilar
5 be Support
t Can
Capabk of deal & Aripole freg operaions
they ase mechantrall nobesb
limitotiony'

Complexy gcts enhanced due to heir onaller

The design
Sis. & ettoyt te inprove heir gw' hich is sually
Limiked o he, ange of 1to s% resutt, in add:ttonale Compld;
Thu MSAs end tire Tadiators
 is
>1he vnest Coneley secd nteo$tvíp antenna Tctanglar
apprations, ohere nall size.
-1ix csatt
oß inytallation & aero dgnamic
Constyait, low -oil antennas.
preib pateh
he se oeciicaions nterostrip
En ovder to neet
anteonas are lesed.
a dielectric
Techangulay metal pateh
Ceated around plane. matl
4hin netallie sAip placed on a

Hiaction diclecvic sheet eevred to s the substate.

areepartad a-dicloric
Tte stip & 1he 3ound piang
shect rlked as Bubslate:
shapsl pateh
be Consider a mtevostwip antenna of vectarguer
houn n g :
gelalate h

pateh

Cas ound plane drundlane

Mico sArip Peclangul
he tecd ine is also a
width, Coraxa ine condueinghere
eeds
stip
he nrmally of
toney cenductor
moller
ha
Co-axal ine is altached te he
widoly usd. radioting pateh
 can be acuved wi4t
& Cireular polarigaton
microstrip antennas mlliple

eds may be wedo gvaler Airectili

gn'dwtth in he dieteelie Scbsale
The
undes eleelions to Sone elent: ihen hey
al be
engn:
"4 ondy Smau iaclion e h e incident
!. 4he anteona is Considx to he very insticient
Rine a Cavliy athey han a tadiator.

rhe pateb acG as a TesonanE,

anenna 11eplatr

mterostip. 4x'n ine wt4b charaetesist ie

Tmnpedence is egua
h number n o elield
to he veciprocal
4x'n dines eachtield 4x'n ine ha a chaactenitic
egul to 4he

Tthe characterstie Tmpedence of potch antema gien

lo ield ealy v'n lines & Es=2 4he paleh fanp is gien by
311 96.63

n
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 Micnosl rip gntennas (or) npact of di}eent
paramelers on eharaeersties

paameles , w, h , .t ,
E shewn iu
ecagul
T he Control he antenna propextiy
pateh antennas 4 hese aYe

in poct o hese paameters

:.The nalür & guantun of
accautedtoY an eicint desigo.
is to be pofery
atad ht he
st can be
aspect a tio o he Pateh
4he
Fesenant g. Contrethe impedence
4he sidHh w'
st was ao notd hat h ea pateh beoroei
sadiation patternThe otder
S

helps matimi yg etticieny the best chotce tor

-the dimenion helps us maimising he icicn

w 4.-esonant Sez.

engh &iven by
1

etective permt4i ily i inc'd by a

actor
of ''he reguired lengt dee'd by
Releetor -Andeonay' rare5
fmportant praeAic antennas in lw fref.
The most
RellectoT, Len &4}on antema s.
becones
f'veg's he siy of he high gin antenra
So Smmall . TeguiTed to ercit
antenna is
-On velee tor antenna, anothe
dipol, hon.slet , uhih excites
-4enee -ht nntenna -Sueh ay
y catled primar antenna while
-he ne}lector antenna
'seconday
he Tadiation pattero of
aantenna can
Using Retlecto1s

metallie plane sheet ay a Tlector 4he bacn,ward

Using large
Yadiaionyson he antenna Can be linnaAhs
an andema
tonproving -the tadiation pattern of
Reetor atema Cas be eþresened in
. n geeraJ
Bt he most
gomlical Cotigation.
Connonlg ed hapes aTe

O plare Relector ) Corner Reylector )Cuved or) parobdic

(or) lat sheet Rlecto.

sinplest ef 1he Relector antenna.
st is te
he
when 4he plane ellector is Kept inront of
eed 4he enegy s Tadialed in he desied direction

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 tat
laltuave dipole
Hlat
sheet

plane Re}lactoy in:41a4wove Jipok wt4h nelectorant

41athecave dipol uih re4lctor

lee
-ty O: ualtuave dipole avay
wAH pane ele ctot
f Ahe antenna a large lat shet
he dire ctiv
Can te kept iniont of e hal}uave dipode as thown mti
nain advata f plane vetlec tor is backwavd radiatitng
înc's.
Tedrced & he gin in the forwavd diveetion
divecivity urther
dipole) infsont of a plane elloctoy sheon
2 halttuave

ebaeved at at sheel is Jess fe Sensilive han

y
4he -tiin elenent. herice only a Tlectoy element can
be Ao ine'à dineclity shown wty
ese d

The polaiation of he prinavy andena c pesition wt

lrelig Surtacc is used to control the pallern chs
Covner Velector nlennas 4here
he disadvantage o plane retlector is ha
in ordey to
back & Side diecion tence
Tadiaion iu
6verCorne -his liniAalion he shape o8 1he plane
rellectoy is noditi&,3ohat he nadiation s in
4uard Jieetion ony
>The moditied 'arrangenent
Consist f 2 plane ne
Lohich ae jeined o orm a angle (eo).
Thus4he reloc tor i Knoun as Corner *elector.
Cone netlec tors

O Actve Corney etector Das uperlue

G pasSive

OAc ive Cornes R4letor i

when 2 1lat sheels interarirg at an angle a< 186, wth
dviven elerent, producing a shavp
adioation patti
4hen Bueh an at arganent is Called Active Corner
Relleetor Sn 4hi, he aperture shoJ be in he
Tang
petue

diven pt
(mve Cerne cange =90'. withek
when 2 metal shee l, intevsecling al an
any xiven eliment use i e l e e t bacy el he tnciden
wme 4owas Aourct. Such an ayangeDent
Called pasive Covnes e lector
-SIhe nain hiterenees
c b,, an Aeive &pasive Cerner
lecevs are
Abience f diveo element
fpertune
erdneleagh
cle ment hee s no dri ven element present
passhe Cerne lectoy hence Apacing she antenna from
-1he Cerner neative wtdth ef 4 be Corner wi4h an tenna
net a Concern.
balt l ConeO
5
:n,23, Tntege
-Ackualt ineuded ange vetlecBo
)86 flat hect or pla
I T Tetlecoy
o pasive Cornes
3Ta or
n:2,

lecor she) have he aperture

rhe raassive

veval wavdenglhs hee as tn

length s ezual to
oive Corner eleclors he apertur \engh

passie Retlectovs wsed ? Radar apptcations &

AcAive wide bavd application
 1ctlectoy

ylieations gf1he, inma ()

angle*q0
4lectoy witt, Cones
Covnes Te
-Constder c G9ua
Tiq heus the anatyis of
-s
elnenty (2.38 ) .
This ve Hlec toy ConyisG
dweo lement epesent
y Da which is lonlad at
paint 0.
The 3 imagcs &a drien elementi
having the Cunrent of equal moagni tude.
Samephase.
where as he cusenty in tmage oement & ) ave out ef phaye

ye):[cos(ascose) cos (as stno)O

S’ pacing each ekorre n rom the CoTTneT

--the termirad volt oge"athe center of drivenelement i genby

-
element dipole) 13-2.
colee z., - Selt impedenca ef dyiven

e to cach imaye al emain Same ie.

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 oascoso)-cofessin0))
heo no inage ele ne nt can ekest
of electo is temove d, dinale ciy driven
hn only haltuave
Thus R: Riy e0,
lement emaing. ie.

h
E(o)

R +Rin-2 Riy

Coupirgactd polengactor
&9.he tield
Trom equ),4he ield patten depends on
pattenn ConsG o 4 obes, out of these
4 lobes, only one iy Tea) &othe& ae

But e hnoco hator Covne

io
elector, 4he Tna Tadialico
be diye ction 0-o. rom

Rin t Ri-2y
Healines of Coen Relectey i
Sirnple to Construct.
Radar &Cum'n application
, ot is used as a paysive -target tor
to ctusnthe signaderactly in the Same directiercf y
taaicic mest
choosing Q:qo°.u o hiis unig de signed t4
vehicles are
he deence ships & veduce 4he chancs f h e i
min eatt Corner Tadars
detee tion by enemy
also usedhome Av antenne. snall. Verte
3 ot s
trrnpiove ticienty,he spaci dec'd.
Do evder-to incd i is
&teed eleeeut position is
dipol &hen(e
She eed Can be a beromnel smal
nall R,
Spactng's
he
ticieney 4 red'd.
MicTOwave dishi
Para bolte Relectr (or) paraloloid (or) leetor
adiation ch's o he
inpTO ve 4he ovenall ly wsed.t is a
is most
antenna parabolte stuc Aure &
relleetor antenna ohich has he shape o pavaboleid
proþorties of panabola.
emplegs 4be obtaincd
CNe by he loceus af a point ohich
istane
he of Ahe po int 41en
Tneves to Bueh a oay that dislanee fnom Ae
called ocus pluy be
-ined potnt
sthaighl ine Called direc l~ix s Const
Ronge o porabelic velectoy
>The geoneay s a paralbolic elector
 para sola
4lere AR is he axis of
A ves te

Co : Mouth dia neles D.

Toral pt o) toeey
CnD panabola
frowy he detn o Parabola

Kvaries witb shope.

pavaboloidi 418%
’ rom he above in hen h print Source y plored at e
oes ox
real point then the vays
qelected odhe
parabol: vefoctor ren 1el wave Svont his prineipla is
Lwsed in 4he x'g antenno.

iheg he beon of I1 1as s ineide nt on a parabolie

Keleeto hen he radiatien ocus at atocal point
heleotinThis prlncplk s used in the Rr'g antenna.
sDn i g . atime axes by the
etlectod tays te travela ditance upto plare
4he directi of he paabolr is Same,
4hat means all he elecled a
ae inphase.Thcs he wave Yront at he
perture of 4he par abolie
tetlector is
unin phase -ent hus vey strorng & Cenc entvaad
bsom otincd along he axis
 lence +he pavaboe selector 's he tnost erive llw antewn
ohich produces Ceotentaled nadiation beam
aris o parabola
Tatio
The poer gain ef 4he parabeleid is a tun ef
%o diammelis o aprtue
We have studied parabolie velecto is 2-dinensiogad srucla:
On prac iea) oppleations ,a 3- struclüe o paraboic
Tlectoy aledhe 3-0 4trucliu o{ he parabelie elertas
Can be ebtained b otating he parabola areund t

Mierowave Aish, cieh pseducel sharp njes obes &

Smaller mtner lebes hoon u ti
panboleid miner lebe
vedlector
fEytamtd)

majes lolc
- : orabolei with pyamide hos
The main pupott o parabic ele cto s to conve rt
Sphesica wave into plane cuave

Ay sphesital cave
iy: plae
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 non-direclionn
antenna is
or Primary
he ecd antenna he adiation paftor
the beam widh of
non taotepie
f h e paraboleid

Da

or eirtular apetuse

orlarge unitormy illuminate d :.D= Da-qg1a

vectangar aperture
Ly lngthof vectagda apor
L

Yor ideal illuinaton no Primay eyted

’The above cqus ave
antenna s truly isotropic · he atun area ie
na e 1han
The capure area aluags
K6.65or Jipole anenna

Ac

o o cixcula parabo Lond, , : n Da

Scarned with Ca
tauves paraleli Relecto
has a sharp main Lobe suroundd
The Aiechl beam
lotes
by Seer al 5ide Radas t y also
seeal applications io Com'ny &
t has
hovee TV appications.
used in
st generates pencil be am on adiation chs of
Permn of hs dependy
antema & b Sie
pvimany diatner is wsed at
eylecto of 18 m
A paraholoid

Sel' 3x10

Da

D: Gp o-65 (D
Gpindo 10og (6314. 15) = 39-19 d
Din de
avea, a paraboloid
Tor hat meutlh dianeler & Captue
GwFN f 12 obtained wshenti y operale at -s64
veylector is a
318
2-5 x\
140xo-12

Da

S,A pavabolic desh provides

iienty,nd out HPGw, Gwf &Sianer?
Sot'

Gp in dG - 1Roq.,GP
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 3wF N
Da

:.GwFN

HPGw
300-03
Da 3-6

oca bngth to the

D
rellectoy the atio of 4he
>Sn paraboloid tmportant destgnad Contraint
anoth
diamelar of apertune D s
destgned to obtained pencil &hape
The paraboloid can be he diameer d 4he apevture
Tadiation bean, by Keeptng
i*ed à changing he oc) ungth
3 possibl cses i-e. paraboloid
t have aperture of
he
O foca potnt is inside of
4he plane of oen meuth
begond he

uohen the ocal Length is Nery smalhe tocal eoinik

ias irs d. the open mouth o paraboloid as shon inti.
ot i ver dittiealt to ootain unitorm tllumination OveT a

utde ong

This Condition gives nax gain pencd shaped radiation egual to

oorigonta) & vertica plane is thoon atig .
’snhe toral largth is tvo largt,-he toral et ies begpnd ttha opermont,
"she paraboleid shown uiaC, e, t y ditticalk to diect all
1he radiotiony R a n h e
on the getlecto.
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Spill overThe wavey originaling ron tocus witl be gleefed
11eo he axis of parabola.
Cone 4he tUaves

oiyinaling frors us
may notau
parabola, his phenomena
in
s called Spil over 6houn w captwed
spillave (o) not

reed Systems paraboloid elector

a Suus Congusl 2 basic panti
velector antenna as
A povabeic Tadiation Loca ad 4heocu
a Boura of
namely
placed ak he tcy is called primary nadiata,
The Seurce adiatoy
ba elector s called Secondary i Said to be
od
parabolie relée tor a
towads
tdeal teed, t adialus ertire enevg
he elector in Bueh a way hat he entire Surtat
e4lector is illuninaled & no enerqy y adiated in
-
wnwan-Aed direcion.
no- possibla oodtothe parahalic
> practicallyhere aTe no

Teleeor antenna-he econd ay adiaton se d is not

of h irnes a paraboloid
of the eed hat can be wsed i, dipole
The sioplest tyipe parabal:c
ed for the
an tenna. Gut t is not a Suitablu
Tetlecto. Snstead of ony dipola a teed Condist ing8
dipolu wtth parasitie eBletor (like yoagi- uda antennn ca
be
 loctor
in he porabalie
widoy wsed eed wit a wave guide
ed
SThe most antenna: 9t is
andenna i torn
neguired,hen inplace of a
is 4elica antena is
circalar polarization
veckangular hoyo radiator s placed
-1he cws.
used at prtnar
bean pattarn
Ao obtain ma
at 4he Aocus System.
There
O Case grainfeed System
vintal t o s

14o1n antenna

slocved ags

porakolie

Sub redlecto
>Caregrain principa is an otead trehaigue widelgy sed in
Tleseope Conytuetion.the Some princple s used to build
Cassegroin ontenna wsed in nterouoave Teion
Casegrain eed is a dun etlector ys coith 4he large
primang eorlor baving a poraboie Artace &a Scondasy
Sureoctor wiAh a hgpebolie Cortou inordY to achieve
unit n luination fhe Primary electov
cewig Salell Com'n Astonoy
w Radio
ortan vory antenna naresAhis
exdensively
inuscd st
vadar. moneplse Uses
artenna entise he
-Dsadyorioges
Sys
Complex
evo1gipolarigatton haas
loo hoy ot
noise .
Reduces
loboy. Side
Spill 1he educe
panaboloid 3h
mo1e Surlae
is
Coregat
hos. ofposii al
-1.. Convegent
an
ishich otd1h,
vitel a bolia ava os
he -ocus oher -he
ptoeal
of
ito eles covneapond
to hic point his
) of set feed Systesi
The baraboloidal relecto Can be ted sing y antenna
uitth a Sonall jound plane on
dípolaanirmna hosoantenna

Sn both cases rellec\ed wave

from poaralboloida veleetor
Cass
mismatching &e frteracion t primavy ambenna also
he primary antenna blocn Cetral
portion od Ahe apetun
wheh oe's minor Lobe
eectively
over Come he aperture blocking ettect deu to the
dependenca on the seconda dimensiony ohe relleeoy
on he distane o teed & su relecohe

callimald
vetet

Ltoroed
Sys alu he Qre
u7hoet ation
Tegtoo o blotked sags.
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