Certificate
This is to certify that Jayant Yadav has
successfully completed this project file
on AC GENERATOR under my
guidance and supervision. I am
satisfied with their initiative and
efforts for the completion of the
project file as a part of the curriculum
of CBSE class XII examination.
_______________________
Teacher’s Signature
Mr. B.K. Shukla
(PGT-Physics)
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks
to our mentor Mr. B.K. Shukla Sir for his
time and efforts he provided throughout
the year. Your useful advice and
suggestions were really helpful to me
during the project's completion.
In this aspect, I am eternally grateful to
you. I would like to thank my fellow
mates who made this project with me
for engaging in thoughtful discussions,
sharing ideas, and providing a
collaborative learning environment.
Thank you all for being a part of this
remarkable journey.
Jayant Yadav
XII-PCMP
Table Of Contents
[Link]. Topic Page No.
1. Introduction 5-6
2. Principle 7
3. Construction 8
4. Theory & 9- 10
Working
5. Efficiency 11
6. Energy Loss 12-13
7. Bibliography 14
AC GENERATOR
A machine that transforms mechanical energy
into electrical energy is known as an AC
generator. Mechanical energy is supplied to the
AC Generator through steam turbines, gas
turbines, and combustion engines. Alternating
electrical power in the form of alternating
voltage and current is the output.
Mechanical energy is required to rotate the coil,
which is subsequently converted into electrical
energy. The induced emf controls the flow of
induced current via the coil, which is
subsequently routed to our houses and used by
us. The emf is caused by a phenomenon known
as electromagnetic induction.
Principle of AC Generator: -
AC generators function on Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
electromotive force (EMF or voltage) is created
in a current-carrying wire that cuts a uniform
magnetic field. Rotating a conducting coil in a
static magnetic field or rotating the magnetic
field enclosing the stationary conductor can
both be used to accomplish this. Because it is
easier to extract induced alternating current
from a stationary armature coil than from a
revolving coil
.
The EMF generated is determined by the
number of armature coil turns, magnetic field
intensity, and rotating field speed.
Construction of AC Generator and
role of each of its components: -
The roles of each of these AC generator
components are listed below.
Field- The field is made up of conductor
coils that receive electricity from the source
and generate magnetic flux. The armature is
cut by the magnetic flux in the field, which
produces a voltage. This voltage is the AC
generator’s output voltage.
Armature- The portion of an AC
generator that produces voltage is known as
the armature. This component largely
comprises of wire coils large enough to
handle the generator’s full-load current.
Prime Mover- The prime mover is the
component that drives the AC generator. A
diesel engine, a steam turbine, or a motor
might all be used as the prime mover.
Rotor- The rotor is the rotating
component of the generator. The rotor is
driven by the generator’s prime mover.
Stator- An AC generator’s stator is the
stationary component. To reduce eddy
current losses, the stator core is made up of a
lamination of steel alloys or magnetic iron.
Slip Rings- Slip rings are electrical
connectors that transport electricity from and
to an AC generator’s rotor. They are primarily
used to transfer electricity from a fixed device
to a revolving one.
Working of an AC Generator:-
The flux linkage of the armature varies
continually as it revolves between the poles of
the magnet on an axis perpendicular to the
magnetic field. An electric current travels
through the galvanometer, slip rings and
brushes as a consequence. The galvanometer
changes its value from positive to negative. This
implies that the galvanometer is receiving an
alternating current. Fleming’s Right-Hand Rule
can be used to determine the direction of the
induced current.
Fleming right hand rule:-
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule states that if we
arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger
of the right-hand perpendicular to each other,
then the thumb points towards the direction of
the magnetic force, the forefinger points
towards the direction of the magnetic field and
the middle finger points towards the direction
of the current.
Advantages of AC Generators over DC
Generators
• Through transformers, AC generators may be
simply stepped up and down.
• Because of the step-up functionality, the
transmission link size in AC Generators is less.
• The losses in AC generators are lower than in
DC machines.
• An AC generator is much smaller than a DC
generator.
Difference between AC and DC
Generators: -
S.N Differentiati AC DC
o ng property generator generator
1.) Definition AC DC generator
generator is is a
a mechanical
mechanical device that
device that converts
converts mechanical
mechanical energy into
energy into DC electrical
AC power.
electrical
power.
2.) Direction of In an AC In a DC
Current generator, generator, the
the electrical
electrical current flows
current only in one
reverses direction.
direction
periodically.
3.) Basic Design In an AC In a DC
generator, generator, the
the coil coil through
through which the
which the current flows
current rotate in a
flows is fixed field. The
fixed while overall design
the magnet is very simple
moves. The but
construction construction
is simple is
and costs complex due
are less. to
commutators
and slip rings.
4.) Diagram
5.) Commutator AC DC generators
s generator have
does not commutators
have to make the
commutator current flow
s. in one
direction only.
6.) Rings AC DC generators
generators have
have commutators.
sliprings.
7.) Efficiency of Since Both brushes
Brushes sliprings and
have a commutators
smooth and of a DC
uninterrupt generator
ed surface, wear out
they do not quickly and
wear thus are less
quickly and efficient.
are highly
efficient.
8.) Short Circuit As the Since the
Possibility brushes brushes and
have high commutators
efficiency, a wear out
short circuit quickly,
is very sparking and
unlikely. short circuit
possibility is
high.
9.) Rotating The rotating The rotating
Parts part in an part in a DC
AC generator is
Generator is generally
a low heavy.
current high
resistivity
rotor.
10.) Current In an AC In a DC
Induction generator, generator, the
the output output current
current can can only be
be either induced in the
induced in rotor.
the stator or
in the rotor.
11.) Output AC DC generators
Voltage generators produce a low
produce a voltage when
high voltage compared to
which AC generator
varies in which is
amplitude constant in
and time.
The output amplitude and
frequency time i.e.
varies output
(mostly frequency is
50Hz to zero.
60Hz).
Bibliography
1. NCERT Textbook (physics) Class
XII
2. Physics Lab Manual Class XII
3. Wikipedia
4. Google Web
