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CBSE Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 7 Structural

Organisation in Animals PDF

Since cells have different structures depending on their functions, tissues can be broadly classified into
the following categories:

Epithelial tissue: These tissues have a surface facing a free space and are tightly packed with very little
space between cells. There are two types:

Simple epithelium: A single layer of cells that line body cavities, ducts, and tubes. They come in
three types based on cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
Compound epithelium: Consists of two or more layers and protects the skin.

Connective tissue: These tissues support and connect other tissues and organs in the body. They
include soft connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood. Connective tissues provide
strength, elasticity, and flexibility to the body. They can be classified into loose connective tissue (like
aerolar and adipose tissues), dense connective tissue, and specialized connective tissue.

Muscular tissue: Muscles are made up of long, tube-shaped fibers arranged in parallel. They are
composed of fine fibrils called myofibrils and are responsible for body movements. There are three
types:

Skeletal muscles: Bundled muscle fibers closely attached to skeletal bones.

Smooth muscles: Involuntary muscles with narrow, spindle-shaped cells that line internal organs
like blood vessels and the digestive system.
Cardiac muscles: Involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart.

Neural tissue: Neurons, or nerve cells, are the building blocks of the nervous system. They are excitable
cells that make up the neural system, providing support and protection.
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Structural Organization of Earthworm

It’s a reddish-brown terrestrial invertebrate that lives in moist sand’s upper layer and is identified by its
worm casting fecal deposits.

Morphology: The earthworm’s long cylindrical body is divided into over a hundred similar segments
called metamers. It has a dorsal blood vessel and genital openings on the ventral surface. The mouth
and prostomium, serving as a mouth cover, are at the anterior end. Segments 14-16 have a prominent
glandular band called the clitellum. There are four pairs of spermathecal apertures and single female
and male genital pores on specific segments. Each body segment has rows of S-shaped setae for
locomotion.

Anatomy: The body wall has a non-cellular cuticle, epidermis, two muscle layers, and a coelomic
epithelium. The straight alimentary canal includes a buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, gizzard,
stomach, intestine, and anus. The closed circulatory system comprises blood vessels, capillaries, and a
heart. Respiratory exchange happens through the moist skin, and excretion occurs via nephridia. The
nervous system includes ganglia and sensory organs sensitive to light, touch, and chemical stimuli.

Reproduction: Earthworms are hermaphrodites with testes, ovaries, and accessory glands.
Spermathecae store sperm, while ovaries connect to oviducts leading to female genital pores. Mutual
exchange of sperm occurs during mating, facilitated by gonadal openings. Clitellum glands produce
cocoons where fertilization, ova development, and embryonic growth occur. Cocoons release baby
worms after three weeks.

Benefits: Earthworms aerate soil, promoting root growth and soil fertility, aiding vermicomposting, and
serving as fishing bait.

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Structural Organization of Cockroach

The structural organization of a cockroach, like that of many other insects, is well-adapted for its
survival in diverse environments. Cockroaches belong to the class Insecta and the order Blattodea.
They are known for their resilience and adaptability, thriving in various habitats worldwide.

External Anatomy:

Body Segmentation: A cockroach’s body is divided into three main parts: head, thorax, and
abdomen. These segments are covered by a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, providing
protection and support.
Head: The head houses the sensory organs, mouthparts, and compound eyes. Cockroaches
have a pair of long, flexible antennae that serve as sensory organs for touch, smell, and taste.
Thorax: The thorax contains three pairs of jointed legs, which are adapted for running and
climbing. Each leg consists of segments with specialized structures for locomotion.
Abdomen: The abdomen is the largest segment of the cockroach’s body. It contains vital organs
such as the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.

Internal Anatomy:

Digestive System: Cockroaches have a complete digestive system with mouthparts adapted for
chewing. Food is ingested through the mouth and passes through the esophagus into the crop
and gizzard for storage and grinding, respectively. Digestion primarily occurs in the midgut,
where nutrients are absorbed, and undigested material passes into the hindgut for excretion.
Respiratory System: Cockroaches breathe through a system of air-filled tubes called tracheae.
These tubes deliver oxygen directly to cells throughout the body, allowing for efficient gas
exchange. Spiracles, small openings along the cockroach’s body, regulate the flow of air into the
tracheal system.
Circulatory System: Cockroaches have an open circulatory system consisting of a dorsal vessel
and a series of sinuses. Hemolymph, the insect equivalent of blood, circulates freely within the
body cavity, transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
Nervous System: Cockroaches have a well-developed nervous system consisting of a brain,
ventral nerve cord, and ganglia. Sensory receptors located on the antennae, legs, and body
surface detect environmental stimuli and transmit signals to the central nervous system for
processing.
Reproductive System: Cockroaches reproduce sexually, with males and females typically
exhibiting distinct reproductive organs. Males have reproductive structures called testes, while
females have ovaries. Fertilization occurs internally, and females produce egg cases called
oothecae, which contain multiple eggs.
Excretory System: Waste products are eliminated through a network of tubules known as
Malpighian tubules. These tubules remove nitrogenous waste and excess ions from the
hemolymph, which are then excreted as uric acid.

Behavioral Adaptations:
Nocturnal Habits: Cockroaches are primarily nocturnal, seeking shelter during the day and
becoming active at night to forage for food.
Omnivorous Diet: Cockroaches are opportunistic feeders, consuming a wide range of organic
matter, including decaying plant material, fungi, and even dead insects.
Agile Locomotion: Cockroaches are fast runners and adept climbers, enabling them to navigate
various terrains and escape predators.
Thigmotaxis: Cockroaches exhibit thigmotactic behavior, preferring confined spaces and
surfaces in contact with their bodies, which provides a sense of security.