CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
ON

STERILISATION OF WATER
USING
BLEACHING
POWDER
SUBMITTED BY: UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
NAME- KAMALESH ACHARYA MR. DIPAK KUMAR PARIDA
CLASS -XII LR DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL
ROLL NO-18 CUTTACK
SEC-A

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is certified that the project entitled "STERILIZATION OF
WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER" by Kamalesh Acharya is in
accordance with the topic allotted to him.
This project is submitted for fulfillment of the terms and
conditions laid down for the All-India Senior Secondary
Certificate Examination conducted by CBSE.
It embodies the original work done by her under the
supervision and guidance of her teacher Mr. Dipak Kumar
Parida, Department of Chemistry, LR DAV Public School.
Cuttack.

___________________________________________

Signature (Subject Teacher)

___________________________________________

Signature (Examiner)
PREFACE
I Kamalesh Acharya, a student of LR DV Public School, Cuttack.
I declare that the project entitled "STERILIZATION OF WATER
USING BLEACHING POWDER" submitted for the Chemistry
Practical paper for the All-India Senior Secondary School
Examination 2022-23, consists of the original work I did under
the supervision of my Chemistry teacher.

Name: KAMALESH ACHARYA

Class: XII
Section: A
Roll No.: 18
LR DAV School, Gandarpur, Cuttack
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude towards my respected teacher,
Mr. Dipak Kumar Parida for his constant and consistent
support, engagement, guidance, and supervision at all stages
of this project and his interest in imparting applied aspects of
Chemistry.
I am grateful to all my friends for their valuable suggestions
and constructive comment from which I have been benefitted a
lot during the tenure of the project.
I would also acknowledge the environment provided to us at
the school for which I could be able to complete the project in
the proper manner.

Name: KAMALESH ACHARYA

Class: XII
Section: A
Roll No.: 18
LR DAV School, Gandarpur, Cuttack
CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION

 THEORY

 EXPERIMENT

 CONCLUSION

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR WATER:
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out
various metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out
hemoglobin throughout the body.
A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking
and cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about
11 gallons at a time. Standing up, an average allowance of 5
gallons should be given for a man and 10 gallons for a horse or
a camel An elephant drinks 25 gallons: each mule or ox drinks
6 to 8 gallons, and each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are
minimum quantities.
One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.)
In order to fulfill such a huge water demand, it needs to be
purified and supplied in an orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for
banking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it
is very essential to identify resources of water from which we
can use water for drinking purposes. Many available resources
of water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water
contains an excess of calcium or magnesium salts or any other
organic impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which
make it unfit and unsafe for drinking.
The major drawback of this purification technique is that it
cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time
consumed for the purification process is more and it also needs
a 'blackened' surface, much like a solar cooker.

NEED FOR A STABLE PURIFICATIONS

TECHNIQUE:
Therefore, we need a purification technique that can be used
anytime and anywhere, does not require, the use of any third-
party content, and which is also economically feasible on both
normal scale and large scales.
Hence, we look at the method of purification of water using the
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known
as "CHLORINATION".

PURIFICATION OF WATER:
There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of
them are
1. Boiling
2. Filtration.
3. Bleaching powder treatment 4. SODIS (Solar Water
Disinfection)
And the list goes on.

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification

technique in use today. While in normal households it is an
efficient technique; it cannot be sued for industrial and large-
scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the water
to be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water
loss due to evaporation is almost negligible. But in industrial
or large-scale purification of water, the water loss due to
evaporation will be quite high and the amount of purified
water obtained will be very less.
Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from
water. One major drawback of this purification process is that
it cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals and
impurities that are miscible with water.

SODIS or Solar
Water
Disinfection is recommended by the United Nations for
disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, sunlight, and a
black surface at least in hot nations with regularly intense
sunlight.
Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position
atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours
which will kill microbes in the water. The process is made even
more safe and effective if the bottom half of the bottler or the
surface it's laying on is blackened, and/or the flat surface is
made of
plastic or
metal. It's the
combination of
heat and
ultraviolet light
which kills the
organisms.
THEORY
HISTORY OF WATER PURIFICATION IN
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD:
In 1954 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread
through water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas
where sand filters were installed. British scientist John Snow
found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water pump
contamination by sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify
the water, which paved the way for water disinfection. Since
the water in the pump tasted and smell alone do not guarantee
safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments
starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and
chlorination), hence the first government regulation of public
water.
In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to
protect public health. These turned out to be a success.
Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now
applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with a
powerful jet stream.
Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration
worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation and
sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne
illnesses s cholera and typhoid became less and less common
as water chlorination won terrain thought the world. But the
victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not lose
long. After some time the negative effects of this element were
discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and it
was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory
disease. Water experts started looking for alternative water
disinfectants. N 1902 calcium hypochlorite and ferric water
mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both
coagulation and disinfection.
The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of
the greatest achievements of the 20th century. Before cities
began routinely treating drinking water with chlorine, cholera,
typhoid fever, dysentery, and hepatitis. Killed thousands of
U.S. residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and
filtration have helped to virtually eliminate these diseases in
the US and other developed countries. Meeting the goal of
clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier approach
that included: protecting source water from contamination,
appropriately treating raw water, and ensuring the safe
distribution of treated water to consumers’ taps. During the
treatment process, chlorine s added to drinking water as
elemental chlorine (chlorine gas) sodium hypochlorite solution
or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each of
these forms "free chlorine", which destroys. pathogenic
organisms.
Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of
chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with
other disinfectants. In addition to controlling diseases causing
organisms, chlorination offers several benefits including:
 Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors.
 Eliminates slime bacteria, molds, and algae that
commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of
water mains, and in storage tanks.
 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant
tastes and hinder disinfection.
 Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water.
As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide
"residual disinfectant" levels that prevent microbial re-growth
and help protect treated water throughout the distribution
system.
For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies
has greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder.
Disinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of
microorganisms that can cause serious liver diseases, such as
typhoid and cholera fever. To this day, bleaching powder
remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant,
and the disinfectant for which we have the most scientific
information. Bleaching powder is added as part of the drinking
water treatment process. However, bleaching powder also
reacts with the organic matter, present in water, such as
decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of
chemicals known as disinfection byproducts. Current scientific
data shows that the benefits of bleaching our drinking water
are much greater than any health risks from THMS and other
by-products. Although other disinfectants are available
bleaching powder remains the choice of water treatment
experts. When used with modern water filtration methods,
chlorine is effective against virtually all microorganisms.
Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small amounts of the
chemical remain in the water as it travels in the distribution
system from the treatment plant to the consumer's top, this
level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot
decontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment.
BUT WHAT IS BLEACHING POWDER AND HOW
IS IT PREPARED?
Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical
compound with the formula Ca(CIO)2. It is widely used for
water treatment and as a bleaching agent (bleaching powder).
This chemical is considered to be relative, and stable, and has

greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid

bleach).
It is prepared by either the calcium process or the sodium
process.

CALCIUM PROCESS
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 → Ca(OCl)2+ CaCl2 + H2O

SODIUM PROCESS
2Ca(OH) + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH → Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
+2NaCl
BUT HOW CAN THIS CHEMICAL BE USED TO
STERILIZE WATER?
This chemical can be used for sterilizing water using 5 drops of
bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and
allowing it to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe
for drinking. Letting it sit for several hours more will help
reduce the chlorine taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate
out. A different reference advises when using household
bleach for purification; add a single drop of bleach per quart of
water that is visibly clear or 3 drops per quart of water where
the water is not visible clear. Then allow the water to sit
undisturbed for half an hour.

WHAT ARE THE ACTUAL PROCESSES

INVOLVED IN DISINFECTING AND PURIFYING
WATER?
1. PRECHLORINATION for algae control and arresting any
biological growth.
2. ERATION along with prechlorination for removal of dissolved
iron and manganese.
3. COAGULATION - for flocculation.
4. COAGULANT ACIDS also known as 'Polyelectrolyte - to improve
coagulation and for thicker floc formation.
5. SEDIMENTATION for solids separation, that is removal of
suspended solids trapped in the flocs
6. FILTRATION- for removal of carried-over floc.
7. DISINFECTION - for killing bacteria.
EXPERIMENT
Aim:
To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for
sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water.

Requirements:
Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml
measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool. Bleaching
Powder, Glass wool, 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI solution,
different samples of water, and starch solution.

Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
1. A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is
dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known
concentration. This solution contains dissolved chlorine,
liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water.
CaOCl2 + H20 → Ca(OH) 2 + Cl2
2. The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is
determined by treating a known volume of the above solution
with an excess of 10% potassium iodide solution when an
equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus
liberated is then estimated by titrating it against a standard
solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution as an
indicator.
Cl2 + 2KI → 2KCl+I2
I2+2Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is
treated with a known volume of bleaching powder solution.
The amount of residual chlorine is determined by adding
excess potassium iodide solution and then titrating it against
standard sodium thiosulphate solution. From the readings in 2
and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence bleaching powder
required for the disinfection of a given volume of the given
sample of water can be calculated.

Procedure:
1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately
2.5g of the given sample of bleaching powder and transfer it to
a 250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension thus
obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is
diluted with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume
250ml. The solution obtained is a 1% bleaching powder
solution.
2. Take 20ml of the bleaching powder solution in a stoppered
conical flask and add it to 20ml of the 10% KI solution. Stopper
the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against
0.1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution
in the conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about
2ml of starch solution. The solution now becomes blue in color.
Continue titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat
the titration to get a set of three concordant readings.
3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered
conical flask and add it to 10ml of bleaching powder solution.
Then add 20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake
vigorously and titrate against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using
starch solution as an indicator as described in step
4. Repeat step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.

RESULT:
Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder required to
disinfect one liter of water
Sample I = 0.4634 g
Sample II= 0.8293 g
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. The medical from "Water Supply"

http://www.vlib.us/medical/scancamp/water.htm

2. "Chemistry projects"

http://www.cbseportal.com

3. Calcium hypo chloride

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleachingpowder

4. Bleach

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bleach